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{{Short description|Currency forced on the inmates of the Łódź Ghetto}}
{{copy edit|date=January 2021|for=Invalid Currency symbol in lead, Russian language in reference heading}}
'''Lodz Ghetto mark''' ({{Lang-de|Mark}}, {{Lang-pl|Marka getta łódzkiego}}) was a [[surrogate currency]] that circulated in the [[Łódź Ghetto|Lodz Ghetto]] in 1940—1944 until the Ghetto was liquidated in August 1944. It was divided into 100 pfennig ({{Lang-de|pfennig}}). The notes had no value outside the Ghetto, and could not be exchanged into other currencies.
'''Łódź Ghetto mark''' ({{Langx|de|Mark}}, {{Langx|pl|Marka getta łódzkiego}}) was a [[scrip|surrogate currency]] that circulated in the [[Łódź Ghetto]] in 1940—1944 until the Ghetto was liquidated in August 1944. It was divided into 100 pfennig ({{Langx|de|pfennig}}). The notes had no value outside the Ghetto, and could not be exchanged into other currencies.


== Special ghetto currency ==
== Special ghetto currency ==
[[File:10rpzincrev.jpg|100px|thumb|right|The 10 Rpf coin of the Third Reich was used as a prototype for the earliest Ghetto coins.]]
When the ghetto was created, its inhabitants were forced to exchange their cash and valuables for the ghetto mark. Other large ghettos in Poland adopted a different approach: they were allowed to use banknotes of the Polish zloty and small denominations of the German Reichsmark with unique stamps indicating that this currency can only be used in the ghetto. This was an effective way to strip ghetto residents of their possessions while preventing them from fleeing. Outside of Poland, only the [[Terezín Ghetto|Terezin Ghetto]] is known to use its own surrogate currency.
When the ghetto was established, its residents were compelled to surrender their cash and valuable possessions in exchange for the ghetto mark. In contrast, other significant ghettos in Poland adopted a distinct approach, permitting the use of Polish zloty banknotes and small denominations of the German Reichsmark with unique stamps indicating their exclusive validity within the confines of the ghetto. This was an effective way to strip ghetto residents of their possessions while preventing them from fleeing. Outside of Poland, only the [[Terezín Ghetto|Terezin Ghetto]] is known to have used its own surrogate currency.


Early coins' design strongly resembled the Reichspfennig of the Third Reich, which annoyed the occupation authorities. Other coins were designed by Morduch Glazer (1890-1950).
The earliest 10 pfennig coins' design strongly resembled the [[Reichsmark#Coins|Reichspfennig]] of the Third Reich, and the occupation authorities demanded a new design. Further coins were designed by Morduch Glazer (1890–1950).


The initial design of the banknotes was proposed by Wincenty Brauner, a member of the pre-war art group J<span lang="pl" style="font-style:italic;">ung Jidysz</span>, and featured a man breaking apart his chains; this design was rejected by German authorities. The final design was developed by Ignacy Gutman, head of the Ghetto's construction department: it featured a [[Menorah (Temple)|Menorah]] and a [[Star of David]] in the corner. [printing forms for coins were engraved by Pinkus Szwarc.
The initial design of the banknotes was proposed by Wincenty Brauner, a member of the pre-war art group <span lang="pl" style="font-style:italic;">Jung Jidysz</span>, and featured a man breaking apart his chains; this design was rejected by German authorities. The final design was developed by Ignacy Gutman, head of the Ghetto's construction department: it featured a [[Menorah (Temple)|Menorah]] and a [[Star of David]] in the corner. Printing forms for coins were engraved by Pinkus Szwarc.


Order # 70 of June 24 1940 was issued by [[Chaim Rumkowski|Chaim Runkowski]], and urged Ghetto residents to exchange their money into the Ghetto marks.<ref name="Augustowska">{{Cite web|last=Anna Augustowska|date=2011-04-17|title=Monety z łódzkiego getta|url=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1364,monety-z-lodzkiego-getta/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622055423/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1364,monety-z-lodzkiego-getta|archive-date=2013-06-22|access-date=2014-11-28|publisher=Wirtualny Sztetl|language=pl}}</ref> The use of other money in the Ghetto was punishable by death penalty.
Order # 70 of June 24, 1940, was issued by [[Chaim Rumkowski]], and urged Ghetto residents to exchange their money into the Ghetto marks.<ref name="Augustowska">{{Cite web|last=Anna Augustowska|date=2011-04-17|title=Monety z łódzkiego getta|url=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1364,monety-z-lodzkiego-getta/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622055423/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1364,monety-z-lodzkiego-getta|archive-date=2013-06-22|access-date=2014-11-28|publisher=Wirtualny Sztetl|language=pl}}</ref> The use of other money in the Ghetto was punishable by death.


== Coins ==
== Coins ==
* Coins were issued in the following denominations: 10 pfennig, 5, 10 and 20 mark.<ref name="К">{{cite book| author = Czesław Kamiński. | chapter = | chapter-url = | format = | url = | title = Ilustrowany Katalog Monet Polskich 1916—1987 | orig-year = | agency = | edition = |location= Warszawa |date = 1988 |publisher= Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza |at= |volume= |issue = | pages = 43—45| page = | series = | isbn = 8303026410| ref = }}</ref>
* Coins were issued in the following denominations: 10 pfennig, 5, 10 and 20 mark.<ref name="К">{{cite book| author = Czesław Kamiński. | chapter = | chapter-url = | format = | url = | title = Ilustrowany Katalog Monet Polskich 1916—1987 | orig-year = | agency = | edition = |location= Warszawa |date = 1988 |publisher= Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza |volume= | pages = 43–45| series = | isbn = 8303026410}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lodz Ghetto coins<ref name="К" />
|+Łódź Ghetto coins<ref name="К" />
!Year
!Year
!Nominal
!Nominal
Line 24: Line 25:
!Circulation
!Circulation
!Edge
!Edge
!# in<br /><br />Parchimowicz catalog<ref>{{Book|author=Janusz Parchimowicz.|title=Katalog monet polskich obiegowych i kolekcjonerskich od 1916|place=Szczecin|publisher=Wydawnictwo Nefryt|год=1997|isbn=8390570939}}</ref>
!# in<br /><br />Parchimowicz catalog<ref>{{cite book|author=Janusz Parchimowicz.|title=Katalog monet polskich obiegowych i kolekcjonerskich od 1916|place=Szczecin|publisher=Wydawnictwo Nefryt|year=1997|isbn=8390570939}}</ref>
!Note
!Note
|-
|-
Line 36: Line 37:
| rowspan="8" |smooth
| rowspan="8" |smooth
| rowspan="2" |13
| rowspan="2" |13
|
|-
|-
|[[File:10_fenigów_1942_typ_II_getto_w_Łodzi.jpg|150x150px]]
|[[File:10_fenigów_1942_typ_II_getto_w_Łodzi.jpg|150x150px]]
Line 42: Line 42:
|100 000
|100 000
|smooth
|smooth
|
|-
|-
| rowspan="6" |1943
| rowspan="6" |1943
Line 69: Line 68:
|100 000
|100 000
|15a
|15a
|thickness 1.6-1.7 mm<br /><br />includes 15b and 15c
|thickness 1.6-1.7&nbsp;mm<br /><br />includes 15b and 15c
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |3,4
| rowspan="2" |3,4
|100 000
|100 000
|15b
|15b
|thickness 2.1—2.2 mm<br /><br />includes 15a and 15c
|thickness 2.1—2.2&nbsp;mm<br /><br />includes 15a and 15c
|-
|-
|[[File:Lodz_10M.jpg|center|150x150px]]
|[[File:Lodz_10M.jpg|center|150x150px]]
Line 80: Line 79:
|100 000
|100 000
|15c
|15c
|thickness 2.1—2.2 mm<br /><br />includes 15a and 15b
|thickness 2.1—2.2&nbsp;mm<br /><br />includes 15a and 15b
|-
|-
|20 марок
|20 mark
|[[File:Pologne,_20_Mark_du_Ghetto_de_Lodz.jpg|center|150x150px]]
|[[File:Pologne,_20_Mark_du_Ghetto_de_Lodz.jpg|center|150x150px]]
|AL
|AL
Line 97: Line 96:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lodz Ghetto banknotes
|+Łódź Ghetto banknotes
!Emission date
!Emission date
!Series
!Series
Line 104: Line 103:
!Reverse
!Reverse
!# in catalog<br /><br />of Parchimowicz/Borkowski
!# in catalog<br /><br />of Parchimowicz/Borkowski
!Notes
|-
|-
| rowspan="8" |May 15, 1940
| rowspan="8" |May 15, 1940
Line 112: Line 110:
|[[File:50_fening_awers.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:50_fening_awers.jpg|200x200px]]
|156
|156
|
|-
|-
|
|
| rowspan="2" |1 Марка
| rowspan="2" |1 mark
|[[File:1_marka_1940_rewers.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:1_marka_1940_rewers.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:1_marka_1940_awers.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:1_marka_1940_awers.jpg|200x200px]]
| rowspan="2" |157
| rowspan="2" |157
|
|-
|-
|A
|A
|[[File:1_Marka_-awers.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:1_Marka_-awers.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:1_Marka-rewers.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:1_Marka-rewers.jpg|200x200px]]
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 131: Line 126:
|[[File:2_marki_1940_getto_01.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:2_marki_1940_getto_01.jpg|200x200px]]
|158
|158
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 138: Line 132:
|[[File:5_marek_1940_awers.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:5_marek_1940_awers.jpg|200x200px]]
|159
|159
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 145: Line 138:
|[[File:Getto_Litzmannstadt_10_marek_-_rewers.JPG|200x200px]]
|[[File:Getto_Litzmannstadt_10_marek_-_rewers.JPG|200x200px]]
|160
|160
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 152: Line 144:
|[[File:Getto_Litzmannstadt_20_marek_-_rewers.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:Getto_Litzmannstadt_20_marek_-_rewers.jpg|200x200px]]
|161
|161
|
|-
|-
|
|
Line 159: Line 150:
|[[File:1940_getto.jpg|200x200px]]
|[[File:1940_getto.jpg|200x200px]]
|162
|162
|
|}
|}


== See also ==
== References ==
* [[Terezin Ghetto banknotes]]

== Примечания ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


== Web links ==
== External links ==
* [https://www.holocaust.org.uk/lodz-ghetto-50-pfennig-note A brief history of the ghetto notes and further links]
* [https://www.holocaust.org.uk/lodz-ghetto-50-pfennig-note A brief history of the ghetto notes and further links]
* {{Cite web|last=Anna Augustowska|date=2011-04-17|title=Monety z łódzkiego getta|url=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1364,monety-z-lodzkiego-getta/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622055423/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1364,monety-z-lodzkiego-getta|archive-date=2013-06-22|access-date=2014-11-28|publisher=Wirtualny Sztetl|language=pl}}
* {{Cite web|last=Anna Augustowska|date=2011-04-17|title=Monety z łódzkiego getta|url=http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1364,monety-z-lodzkiego-getta/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622055423/http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/cms/wiedza/1364,monety-z-lodzkiego-getta|archive-date=2013-06-22|access-date=2014-11-28|publisher=Wirtualny Sztetl|language=pl}}
* {{Cite web|last=Jerzy Chałupski|title=Monety łódzkiego getta|url=https://e-numizmatyka.pl/portal/strona-glowna/monety/lista-artykulow/Monety-lodzkiego-getta.html|access-date=2014-11-13|publisher=e-numizmatyka.pl|language=pl}}
* {{Cite web|last=Jerzy Chałupski|title=Monety łódzkiego getta|url=https://e-numizmatyka.pl/portal/strona-glowna/monety/lista-artykulow/Monety-lodzkiego-getta.html|access-date=2014-11-13|publisher=e-numizmatyka.pl|language=pl|archive-date=2014-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021909/https://e-numizmatyka.pl/portal/strona-glowna/monety/lista-artykulow/Monety-lodzkiego-getta.html|url-status=dead}}


{{Mark}}
{{Mark}}
{{Portal bar|Money|Numismatics}}


[[Category:Łódź Ghetto]]
[[Category:Łódź Ghetto]]

Latest revision as of 15:31, 27 October 2024

Łódź Ghetto mark (German: Mark, Polish: Marka getta łódzkiego) was a surrogate currency that circulated in the Łódź Ghetto in 1940—1944 until the Ghetto was liquidated in August 1944. It was divided into 100 pfennig (German: pfennig). The notes had no value outside the Ghetto, and could not be exchanged into other currencies.

Special ghetto currency

[edit]
The 10 Rpf coin of the Third Reich was used as a prototype for the earliest Ghetto coins.

When the ghetto was established, its residents were compelled to surrender their cash and valuable possessions in exchange for the ghetto mark. In contrast, other significant ghettos in Poland adopted a distinct approach, permitting the use of Polish zloty banknotes and small denominations of the German Reichsmark with unique stamps indicating their exclusive validity within the confines of the ghetto. This was an effective way to strip ghetto residents of their possessions while preventing them from fleeing. Outside of Poland, only the Terezin Ghetto is known to have used its own surrogate currency.

The earliest 10 pfennig coins' design strongly resembled the Reichspfennig of the Third Reich, and the occupation authorities demanded a new design. Further coins were designed by Morduch Glazer (1890–1950).

The initial design of the banknotes was proposed by Wincenty Brauner, a member of the pre-war art group Jung Jidysz, and featured a man breaking apart his chains; this design was rejected by German authorities. The final design was developed by Ignacy Gutman, head of the Ghetto's construction department: it featured a Menorah and a Star of David in the corner. Printing forms for coins were engraved by Pinkus Szwarc.

Order # 70 of June 24, 1940, was issued by Chaim Rumkowski, and urged Ghetto residents to exchange their money into the Ghetto marks.[1] The use of other money in the Ghetto was punishable by death.

Coins

[edit]
  • Coins were issued in the following denominations: 10 pfennig, 5, 10 and 20 mark.[2]
Łódź Ghetto coins[2]
Year Nominal Image Metal Diameter Weight Circulation Edge # in

Parchimowicz catalog[3] 		Note
1942 10 pfennig AL-Mg 19,1 0,76 100 000 smooth 13
21 100 000 smooth
1943 5 mark AL 22,5 1,57 32 000 000 14a includes 14b
AL-Mg 22,7 1,03 32 000 000 14b

includes 14a

10 mark AL 28,3 2,6 100 000 15a thickness 1.6-1.7 mm

includes 15b and 15c
3,4 100 000 15b thickness 2.1—2.2 mm

includes 15a and 15c
AL-Mg 100 000 15c thickness 2.1—2.2 mm

includes 15a and 15b
20 mark
AL 33,45 6,98 600 16

Banknotes

[edit]
  • Notes were issued in the following denominations: 50 pfennig, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 mark.
Łódź Ghetto banknotes
Emission date Series Nominal Obverse Reverse # in catalog

of Parchimowicz/Borkowski
May 15, 1940 50 pfennig 156
1 mark 157
A
2 mark 158
5 mark 159
10 mark 160
20 mark 161
50 mark 162

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Anna Augustowska (2011-04-17). "Monety z łódzkiego getta" (in Polish). Wirtualny Sztetl. Archived from the original on 2013-06-22. Retrieved 2014-11-28.
  2. ^ a b Czesław Kamiński. (1988). Ilustrowany Katalog Monet Polskich 1916—1987. Warszawa: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. pp. 43–45. ISBN 8303026410.
  3. ^ Janusz Parchimowicz. (1997). Katalog monet polskich obiegowych i kolekcjonerskich od 1916. Szczecin: Wydawnictwo Nefryt. ISBN 8390570939.
[edit]
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