Achomi language: Difference between revisions
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| altname = Larestani, Khodmooni |
| altname = Larestani, Khodmooni |
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| image = Achomi.svg |
| image = Achomi.svg |
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| states = * |
| states = *[[Iran]] |
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*[[United Arab Emirates]] |
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*{{flag|UAE}} |
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* |
*[[Bahrain]] |
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* |
*[[Kuwait]] |
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* |
*[[Oman]] |
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*[[Qatar]] |
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| region = [[Fars Province|Fars]], [[Hormozgan]], [[Bushehr]], [[Kerman]], [[Dubai]]<ref https://borderlessblogger.com/2014/05/20/notes-on-a-journey-thru-larestan-iran//> |
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*[[Saudi Arabia]] |
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| region = [[Fars Province|Fars]], [[Hormozgan]], [[Bushehr]], [[Kerman]], [[Dubai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://borderlessblogger.com/2014/05/20/notes-on-a-journey-thru-larestan-iran|title= Larestan, Iran}}</ref> |
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| speakers = {{sigfig|121,000|2}} |
| speakers = {{sigfig|121,000|2}} |
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| date = 2021 |
| date = 2021 |
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| dia8 = Lengeyi |
| dia8 = Lengeyi |
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| dia9 = Ashnezi |
| dia9 = Ashnezi |
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| dia10 = |
| dia10 = Ruydari |
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| dia11 = Bastaki |
| dia11 = Bastaki |
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| familycolor = Indo-European |
| familycolor = Indo-European |
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| glotto = lari1253 |
| glotto = lari1253 |
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| glottorefname = Larestani |
| glottorefname = Larestani |
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| ethnicity = [[Achomi people]], [[Ajam]] |
| ethnicity = [[Achomi people|Achomi Persians]], [[Ajam]] |
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| nativename = اچُمی , |
| nativename = اچُمی ,𐬀𐬗𐬊𐬨𐬉 ,خودمونی |
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| fam1 = [[Indo-European]] |
| fam1 = [[Indo-European]] |
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| ancestor = [[Middle Persian]] |
| ancestor = [[Middle Persian]] |
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| map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg |
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| mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Achomi is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}} |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Achomi''' ({{lang-fa|اچُمی}}), also known as '''Khodmooni'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5G0GDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|title=Governance in Immigrant Family Businesses: Enterprise, Ethnicity and Family Dynamics|last1=Halkias|first1=Daphne|last2=Adendorff|first2=Christian|date=2016-04-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317125952|pages=10|language=en}}</ref> and '''Larestani,'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Endangered Languages Project - Lari - larestani |url=https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4531/guide/9095 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.endangeredlanguages.com |language=en}}</ref> is a Persian and [[Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern Iranian]] language spoken by [[Achomi people|people]] in southern [[Fars Province|Fars]] and western [[Hormozgan Province|Hormozgan]] and by significant numbers of [[Ajam]] citizens in the [[UAE]], [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], and other neighbouring countries.<ref name="khodmooni"/><ref name="khodo"/> |
'''Achomi''' ({{lang-fa|اچُمی}}), also known as '''Khodmooni'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5G0GDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10|title=Governance in Immigrant Family Businesses: Enterprise, Ethnicity and Family Dynamics|last1=Halkias|first1=Daphne|last2=Adendorff|first2=Christian|date=2016-04-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317125952|pages=10|language=en}}</ref> and '''Larestani,'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Endangered Languages Project - Lari - larestani |url=https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4531/guide/9095 |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.endangeredlanguages.com |language=en}}</ref> is a Persian and [[Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern Iranian]] language spoken by [[Achomi people|people]] in southern [[Fars Province|Fars]] and western [[Hormozgan Province|Hormozgan]] and by significant numbers of [[Ajam]] citizens in the [[UAE]], [[Bahrain]], [[Kuwait]], and other neighbouring countries.<ref name="khodmooni"/><ref name="khodo"/> |
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It is the predominant language of [[Gerash County|Gerash]], [[Larestan County|Larestan]], [[Lamerd County|Lamerd]], [[Khonj County|Khonj]], and [[Evaz County|Evaz]] counties in Fars and [[Bastak County]] in Hormozgan Province.<ref name="khodmooni">{{cite web |url=https://www.neelwafurat.com/itempage.aspx?id=lbb391342-388816&search=books|title=كتاب تاريخ جنوب فارس لارستان وبستك|author=Mehran|date=2 March 2023|language=Arabic}}</ref><ref name="khodo">{{cite web |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=USI2LPGol30|title=كتاب تاريخ جنوب فارس لارستان وبستك|author=khodo mania|website=[[YouTube]] |date=27 April 2023|language=Arabic}}</ref> |
It is the predominant language of [[Gerash County|Gerash]], [[Larestan County|Larestan]], [[Lamerd County|Lamerd]], [[Khonj County|Khonj]], and [[Evaz County|Evaz]] counties in Fars and [[Bastak County]] and [[Ruydar]] in Hormozgan Province.<ref name="khodmooni">{{cite web |url=https://www.neelwafurat.com/itempage.aspx?id=lbb391342-388816&search=books|title=كتاب تاريخ جنوب فارس لارستان وبستك|author=Mehran|date=2 March 2023|language=Arabic}}</ref><ref name="khodo">{{cite web |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=USI2LPGol30|title=كتاب تاريخ جنوب فارس لارستان وبستك|author=khodo mania|website=[[YouTube]] |date=27 April 2023|language=Arabic}}</ref> |
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Moreover, many cities, towns, and villages in Iran have their own particular dialect, such as Larestan, Khonj, Gerash, and [[Banaruiyeh]]. The majority of Achomi speakers are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]], with a minority being [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]].<ref name="lari">{{cite web |url=http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12996/IR|title=Larestani, Lari in Iran}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalprayerdigest.org/index.php/issue/day/Larestani-people-of-Iran/|title=Larestani people of Iran|quote=The Larestani people are predominantly Sunni Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalprayerdigest.org/index.php/issue/day/Larestani-People/|title=Larestani|quote=While most people in Iran are Shi’ite Muslims, the Larestani are Sunnis.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHxsWspxGIIC&q=laristan+sunni+fars&pg=PA225|title=Islamic Desk Reference|pages=225|isbn=9004097384|editor-last1=Van Donzel|editor-first1=E. J.|date=January 1994|publisher=Brill }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Information of the people of Bushehr province|url=http://www.ost-boushehr.ir/?p=27|access-date=2020-12-17|archive-date=2021-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501034336/http://www.ost-boushehr.ir/?p=27|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bushehr Governor's Website|url=http://samad.ostb.ir/?part=menu&inc=menu&id=169|access-date=2020-12-17|archive-date=2021-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429055709/http://samad.ostb.ir/?part=menu&inc=menu&id=169|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bushehr Province Justice Website|url=https://dadgostari-bs.eadl.ir/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87-%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C-2/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1}}{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyrus The Great International Open Academy|url=https://cgio.academy/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C/}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
Moreover, many cities, towns, and villages in Iran have their own particular dialect, such as Larestan, Khonj, Gerash, and [[Banaruiyeh]]. The majority of Achomi speakers are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]], with a minority being [[Shia Islam|Shia Muslims]].<ref name="lari">{{cite web |url=http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/12996/IR|title=Larestani, Lari in Iran}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalprayerdigest.org/index.php/issue/day/Larestani-people-of-Iran/|title=Larestani people of Iran|quote=The Larestani people are predominantly Sunni Muslims.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalprayerdigest.org/index.php/issue/day/Larestani-People/|title=Larestani|quote=While most people in Iran are Shi’ite Muslims, the Larestani are Sunnis.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHxsWspxGIIC&q=laristan+sunni+fars&pg=PA225|title=Islamic Desk Reference|pages=225|isbn=9004097384|editor-last1=Van Donzel|editor-first1=E. J.|date=January 1994|publisher=Brill }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Information of the people of Bushehr province|url=http://www.ost-boushehr.ir/?p=27|access-date=2020-12-17|archive-date=2021-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501034336/http://www.ost-boushehr.ir/?p=27|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bushehr Governor's Website|url=http://samad.ostb.ir/?part=menu&inc=menu&id=169|access-date=2020-12-17|archive-date=2021-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429055709/http://samad.ostb.ir/?part=menu&inc=menu&id=169|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bushehr Province Justice Website|url=https://dadgostari-bs.eadl.ir/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87-%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C-2/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1}}{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyrus The Great International Open Academy|url=https://cgio.academy/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C/}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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== Etymology and name of the language == |
== Etymology and name of the language == |
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There are different ways to refer to this language. |
There are different ways to refer to this language. |
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*Achomi: Native speakers often refer to [[Endonym|their language]] as |
*Achomi: Native speakers often refer to [[Endonym|their language]] as "ačomī", which means "I go" in the language.<ref name=":22" /> Other explanations for this name are the language's frequent usage of the [tʃ] consonant, and that Arabs, with whom these people traded, called them 'Ajam', which means non-Arab.<ref name=":3" /> |
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*Khodmooni: In GCC states surrounding the [[Persian Gulf]], Achomis are referred to as Khodmooni'.<ref name=":0" /> This translates to "of our own kind".<ref name=":0" /><ref name="khodmooni" /><ref name="khodo" /> |
*Khodmooni: In GCC states surrounding the [[Persian Gulf]], Achomis are referred to as Khodmooni'.<ref name=":0" /> This translates to "of our own kind".<ref name=":0" /><ref name="khodmooni" /><ref name="khodo" /> |
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The language is a branch of the Pahlavi language.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=ICEHM: International Centre of Economics, Humanities and Management|url=http://icehm.org/siteadmin/upload/4853ED0115115.pdf|access-date=2020-12-10|website=icehm.org|doi=10.15242/icehm.ed0115115}}</ref> This means that it shares the ergative structure of Pahlavi.<ref name=":1" /> It is also an analytical language.<ref name=":22" /> This can be linked back to its membership in the southwestern branch of Middle-Iranian languages.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":1" /> |
The language is a branch of the Pahlavi language.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=ICEHM: International Centre of Economics, Humanities and Management|url=http://icehm.org/siteadmin/upload/4853ED0115115.pdf|access-date=2020-12-10|website=icehm.org|doi=10.15242/icehm.ed0115115}}</ref> This means that it shares the ergative structure of Pahlavi.<ref name=":1" /> It is also an analytical language.<ref name=":22" /> This can be linked back to its membership in the southwestern branch of Middle-Iranian languages.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":1" /> |
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Except for the regional accent, pronunciation of certain words, and a slight variation in grammar, this old language has been the common language of the Southwestern Pars Province and parts of Hormozgan Province for nearly 1,800 years despite the various conquests of the region since the fall of the Sassanid Empire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1699797|title=Iranian and Arab in the Gulf : endangered language, windtowers, and fish sauce}}</ref> |
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== Dialects == |
== Dialects == |
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Achomi has many dialects.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Rahimi|first1=Ali| |
Achomi has many dialects.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Rahimi |first1=Ali |url=http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.1.1342.0566 |title=A Study of Personal Pronouns of Larestani Language as an Endangered Iranian Language |last2=Tayebeh Mansoori |date=2016 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.1342.0566}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> These dialects correspond to Larestan's different towns.<ref name=":1" /> Examples of these dialects include Lari, Evazi, Gerashi, Khonji and Bastaki.<ref name=":2" />These dialectical variations may present themselves through pronunciation.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> There may also be grammatical and word differences between the dialects.<ref name=":2" /> Hence, if the speaker is from [[Evaz]], they are referred as speaking Evazi, and if they are from Bastak their dialect is known as Bastaki.<ref name=":0" /> |
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An example of a dialectal variation: in some particular regions, Achomi people say ''raftom'' for "I went" (very similar to the [[Persian language|Persian]] ''raftam''), but in some other regions, just as Lar people, they say {{transl|fa|chedem}} ([[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]: ''dichim'' or ''dechim)'' instead. |
An example of a dialectal variation: in some particular regions, Achomi people say ''raftom'' for "I went" (very similar to the [[Persian language|Persian]] ''raftam''), but in some other regions, just as Lar people, they say {{transl|fa|chedem}} ([[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]: ''dichim'' or ''dechim)'' instead. |
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== Samples == |
== Samples == |
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=== |
=== Vocabulary === |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+Pronouns |
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!English |
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!Achomi |
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![[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |
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![[New Persian]] |
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|- |
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|I/me |
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|{{Lang-fa|اُم |translit=om|label=none}} |
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|{{Lang-ku|mi / min|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
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|{{Lang-fa|من|translit=man|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
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{{Lang-fa|مو|translit=mo|label=[[Bushehri Persian|Bushehri Farsi]]}} |
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|- |
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|You |
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|{{Lang-fa|اُت |translit=ot|label=none}} |
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|{{Lang-ku|tu / te|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
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|{{Lang-fa|تو|translit=toe|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
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|- |
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|He/she |
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|{{Lang-fa|اُش |translit=osh|label=none}} |
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|{{Lang-ku|wi|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
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|{{Lang-fa|او|translit=ou|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
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|- |
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|We |
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|{{Lang-fa|مُ |translit=mo|label=none}} |
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|{{Lang-ku|me|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
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|{{Lang-fa|ما|translit=ma|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
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|- |
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|You (plural) |
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|{{Lang-fa|تُ |translit=to|label=none}} |
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|{{Lang-ku|we|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
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|{{Lang-fa|شما|translit=shoma|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
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|- |
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|They |
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|{{Lang-fa|شُ |translit=sho|label=none}} |
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|{{Lang-ku|wan|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
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|{{Lang-fa|آنها|translit=aneha|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
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{{Lang-fa|اینا|translit=ena|label=[[Tehrani accent|Tehrani]]/[[Iranian Persian|Iranian Farsi]]}} |
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|} |
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=== Grammatical features === |
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To make simple past verbs |
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==== Past tense verbs ==== |
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The ids (om / ot / osh / mo / to / sho) + The simple past root of the first type |
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===== First type ===== |
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Example: |
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To make [[simple past]] verbs |
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The ids (om / ot / osh / mo / to / sho) + The simple past root of the first type. |
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Omgot: I said |
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Example: |
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Oshbu: He/She won |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+ |
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!English |
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!Achomi |
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![[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |
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![[New Persian]] |
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|- |
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|I told |
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|{{Lang-fa|اُم گُت|translit=om got|label=none}} |
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|{{Lang-ku|مِن گُت|translit=Min got|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
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{{Lang-ku|گوتم|translit=got am|label=[[Sorani]]}} |
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|{{Lang-fa|گفتم/من گفتَم|translit=goftam/man goftam|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
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|- |
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|He/she won |
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|{{Lang-fa|اُش بو|translit=Osh bu|label=none}} |
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|{{Lang-ku|Wî/wê qezenc kir|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
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{{Lang-ku|ئەو سەرکەوت|translit=iew serkewt|label=[[Sorani]]}} |
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|{{Lang-fa|او برنده شد|translit=o barandeh shod|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
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|- |
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|You ate (plural) |
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|{{Lang-fa|تُ خا|translit=To kha|label=none}} |
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|{{Lang-ku|تی خوار|translit=Te xwar|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
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{{Lang-ku|تون خوارن|translit=to xwardnt xward|label=[[Sorani]]}} |
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|{{Lang-fa|شما خورده اید|translit=shma khordeh id|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
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{{Lang-fa|شما خوردین|translit=shoma khorden|label=[[Tehrani accent|Tehrani]]/[[Iranian Persian|Iranian Farsi]]}} |
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|} |
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===== Second type ===== |
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Tokha: You (has to be more than two people) ate |
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The root of the [[Simple past|past simple]] second type + ids (em / esh / ruleless / am / ee / en) |
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And ... |
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The root of the past simple second type + ids (em / esh / ruleless / am / ee / en) |
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Example: |
Example: |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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!English |
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!Achomi |
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![[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |
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![[New Persian]] |
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|- |
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|Went (I) |
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|{{Lang-fa|چِد اِم|translit=Ched em|label=none}} |
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|{{Lang-ku|çûm|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
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|{{Lang-fa|رفتهام|translit=raftah-am|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
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{{Lang-fa|رفتَم|translit=raftam|label=[[Tehrani accent|Tehrani]]/[[Iranian Persian|Iranian Farsi]]}} |
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{{Lang-fa|رفتُم|translit=raftom|label=[[Bushehri Persian|Bushehri Farsi]]}} |
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Chedem: I went |
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|- |
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|Went (you) |
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Chedesh: You (singular) went |
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|{{Lang-fa|چِد اِش|translit=Ched esh|label=none}} |
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|{{Lang-ku|çûyî|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
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Chu: He/She went |
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|{{Lang-fa|رفتی|translit=rafti|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
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|- |
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Chedam: We went |
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|Went (she/he) |
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|{{Lang-fa|چو|translit=Chu|label=none}} |
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Chedee: You (plural) went |
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|{{Lang-ku|çû|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
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|{{Lang-fa|رفت|translit=raft|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
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Cheden: They went |
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|- |
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|Went (we) |
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|{{Lang-fa|چِد اَم|translit=Ched am|label=none}} |
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|{{Lang-ku|çûn|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
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|{{Lang-fa|رفتیم|translit=raftim|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
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|- |
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|Went (you-plural) |
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|{{Lang-fa|چِد ای|translit=Ched ee|label=none}} |
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|{{Lang-ku|çûyî|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
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|{{Lang-fa|رفته اید|translit=rafteh id|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
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{{Lang-fa|رفتین|translit=rafteen|label=[[Tehrani accent|Tehrani]]/[[Iranian Persian|Iranian Farsi]]}} |
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|- |
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|Went (they) |
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|{{Lang-fa|چِد اِن|translit=Ched en|label=none}} |
|||
|{{Lang-ku|çûn|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|رفتند|translit=raftand|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
|||
{{Lang-fa|رفتن|translit=raftan|label=[[Tehrani accent|Tehrani]]/[[Iranian Persian|Iranian Farsi]]}} |
|||
|} |
|||
And... |
And... |
||
==== Ergativity ==== |
==== Ergativity ==== |
||
To create an ergative verb in past tense we can use the verb root plus its proper prefix. |
To create an [[Labile verb|ergative verb]] in past tense we can use the verb root plus its proper prefix. |
||
omgot (om+got), Kurdish (mi got or min got) = I told ... |
|||
{{transl|fa|italic=no|otgot}} (om+got), Kurdish ({{transl|ku|italic=no|tu got or te got}}) = You told... |
|||
{{transl|fa|italic=no|oshgot}} (osh+got), Kurdish ({{transl|ku|italic=no|wi got}}) = He told... |
|||
{{transl|fa|italic=no|mogot}} (mo+got), Kurdish ({{transl|ku|italic=no|me got}}) = We told... |
|||
{{transl|fa|italic=no|togot}} (to+got), Kurdish pl ({{transl|ku|italic=no|we got}}) = You (pl) told |
|||
{{transl|fa|italic=no|shogot}} (sho+got), Kurdish ({{transl|ku|italic=no|wa-n got}}) = They told |
|||
For example, in Achomi, the root for the verb "to tell" is "''got"'' (''gota'' equals "tell"). |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
!English |
|||
!Achomi |
|||
![[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |
|||
![[New Persian]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|I told |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|اُم گُت|translit=om got|label=none}} |
|||
|{{Lang-ku|mi/min got|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|گفتم/من گفتم|translit=goftam/man goftam|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|You told |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|اُت گُت|translit=ot got|label=none}} |
|||
|{{Lang-ku|tu/te got|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|شما گفتید|translit=shma goftid|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
|||
{{Lang-fa|تو گفتی|translit=to gofti|label=[[Tehrani accent|Tehrani]]/[[Iranian Persian|Iranian Farsi]]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|He/she told |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|اُش گُت|translit=osh got|label=none}} |
|||
|{{Lang-ku|wi got|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|او گفت|translit=o goft|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|We told |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|مُ گُت|translit=mo got|label=none}} |
|||
|{{Lang-ku|me got|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|گفتیم/ما گفتیم|translit=goftim/ma goftim|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|You (plural) told |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|تُ گُت|translit=to got|label=none}} |
|||
|{{Lang-ku|we got|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|شما گفتید|translit=shoma goftid|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
|||
{{Lang-fa|شما گفتید|translit=shoma gofteen|label=[[Tehrani accent|Tehrani]]/[[Iranian Persian|Iranian Farsi]]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|They told |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|شُ گُت|translit=sho got|label=none}} |
|||
|{{Lang-ku|wan got|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|گفتند/آنها گفتند|translit=goftand/aneya goftand|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
|||
{{Lang-fa|گفتن/اینا گفتن|translit=goftan/ena goftan|label=[[Tehrani accent|Tehrani]]/[[Iranian Persian|Iranian Farsi]]}} |
|||
|} |
|||
Another example: "deda" means "see," and "dee" Kurdish (Deed or dee) is the root verb. So: |
Another example: "deda" means "see," and "dee" Kurdish (Deed or dee) is the root verb. So: |
||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
!English |
|||
!Achomi |
|||
![[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] |
|||
![[New Persian]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|I saw |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|اُم دِی|translit=om dee|label=none}} |
|||
|{{Lang-ku|mi/min deed/dee|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|دیدم/من دیدم|translit=didam/man didam|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|You saw |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|اُت دِی|translit=ot dee|label=none}} |
|||
|{{Lang-ku|tu/te dee|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|دیدی/شما دیدید|translit=didi/shoma didid|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|He/she saw |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|اُش دِی|translit=osh dee|label=none}} |
|||
|{{Lang-ku|wi dee|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|We saw |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|مُ دِی|translit=mo dee|label=none}} |
|||
|{{Lang-ku|me dee|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|You (plural) saw |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|تُ دِی|translit=to dee|label=none}} |
|||
|{{Lang-ku|we dee|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
|||
| |
|||
|- |
|||
|They saw |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|شُ دِی|translit=sho dee|label=none}} |
|||
|{{Lang-ku|wan dee|translit=|label=[[Kurmanji]]}} |
|||
| |
|||
|} |
|||
==== Simple present ==== |
|||
omdee = I saw, Kurdish ({{transl|ku|italic=no|mi deed, mi dee, min deed, min dee}}) |
|||
To create a [[simple present]] or continued present tense of a transitive verb, here's another example: |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
!English |
|||
!Achomi |
|||
!Kurdish ([[Kurmanji|Karmanji]]) |
|||
![[New Persian]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|I am telling... |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|اَ گُت اِم|translit=a got a'em|label=none}} |
|||
|Ez dibêjim... |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|دارم میگم...|translit=daram migam|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|You are telling... |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|اَ گُت اِش|translit=a got a'esh|label=none}} |
|||
|Tu dibêjî... |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|تو داری میگی...|translit=to dari migi|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|He/she is telling... |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|اَ گُت اَی|translit=a got ay|label=none}} |
|||
|Ew dibêje ... |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|داره میگه...|translit=dareh migeh...|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
|||
{{Lang-fa|هاسی میگه...|translit=hasey migah|label=[[Bushehri Persian|Bushehri Farsi]]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|We are telling |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|اَ گُت اَم|translit=a got a'am|label=none}} |
|||
|Em dibêjin |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|داریم می گوییم|translit=darim mi guyim|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
|||
{{Lang-fa|داریم میگیم|translit=darim mi gim|label=[[Tehrani accent|Tehrani]]/[[Iranian Persian|Iranian Farsi]]}} |
|||
{{Lang-fa|هاسی/هاسیم میگیم...|translit=hasey\hasim migim|label=[[Bushehri Persian|Bushehri Farsi]]}} |
|||
otdee= you saw, Kurdish (tu-te dee).... |
|||
|- |
|||
|You (pl) are telling... |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|اَ گُت اِی|translit=a got ee|label=none}} |
|||
|Tu dibêjî |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|شما می گویید|translit=shma mi guyid|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
|||
{{Lang-fa|شما میگین|translit=shma migin|label=[[Tehrani accent|Tehrani]]/[[Iranian Persian|Iranian Farsi]]}} |
|||
|- |
|||
|They are telling... |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|اَ گُت اِن|translit=a got a'en|label=none}} |
|||
|Ew dibêjin ... |
|||
|{{Lang-fa|دارند می گویند|translit=darand mi guyand|label=[[Standard Persian|Standard Farsi]]}} |
|||
{{Lang-fa|دارن میگن|translit=daran mi gan|label=[[Tehrani accent|Tehrani]]/[[Iranian Persian|Iranian Farsi]]}} |
|||
|} |
|||
For the verb "see" ("deda"): |
|||
adead'em, adeda'esh, adeaday,... |
|||
To create a simple present or continued present tense of a transitive verb, here's another example: |
|||
=== Sentences === |
|||
agota'em (a+got+aem):I am telling... |
|||
{| class="wikitable" |
|||
|+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SpcVsyB6nQ&t=899s Source Material] |
|||
!English |
|||
!Achomi |
|||
![[New Persian]] |
|||
|- |
|||
|The fox said: I don’t need it, I have a home already. |
|||
|ریبای اُش گُت: مَم نای خونَه مِن |
|||
|فارسی (معیار): روباه گفت: من نیازی ندارم، من خانهای دارم. |
|||
فارسی (بوشهری): روباه گفت: مو نیازی ندارُم، مو خونهای دارُم. |
|||
فارسی (تهرانی): روباه گفت: من نیازی ندارم، خونه دارم. |
|||
agota'esh (a+got+aesh): You are telling... |
|||
|- |
|||
|He didn’t know what to do, he thought he could go to the aunt camel’s house. |
|||
|اُشنا فَمی چُنگ بُکُن اِران فِک کَت اُچی اَ خونَهی دامونِ اُشتُری |
|||
|فارسی (معیار): او نمیدانست چه کار کند، فکر کرد میتواند برود به خانهی خاله شتر |
|||
فارسی (تهرانی): اون نمیدونست چی کار کنه، فکر کرد میتونه بره خونهی خاله شتر |
|||
agotay (a+got+ay): He is telling... |
|||
|- |
|||
|The aunt camel opened the door, he/she said: where did you come from? |
|||
agota'am (a+got+a'am): We are telling... |
|||
|دامون اُشتُری در واز اُشکی، اوی گُت: از کَ هُندش |
|||
|فارسی (معیار): خاله شتر در را باز کرد، او گفت: از کجا آمدی؟ |
|||
agotay (a+got+ay): You (pl) are telling... |
|||
|} |
|||
agota'en (a+got+a'en): They are telling... |
|||
For the verb "see" ("deda"): |
|||
adead'em, adeda'esh, adeaday,... |
|||
==See also== |
==See also== |
||
*[[Kuwaiti Persian]] |
*[[Kuwaiti Persian]] |
||
*[[Kumzari language]] |
*[[Kumzari language]] |
||
== External links == |
|||
* [https://www.instagram.com/reel/DBmBri_NMWd/?igsh=MWlicThqZ3RudTU1OA== Radio Achomestan] on [[Instagram]]. |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
Latest revision as of 01:58, 29 October 2024
Achomi | |
---|---|
Larestani, Khodmooni | |
اچُمی ,𐬀𐬗𐬊𐬨𐬉 ,خودمونی | |
Native to | |
Region | Fars, Hormozgan, Bushehr, Kerman, Dubai[1] |
Ethnicity | Achomi Persians, Ajam |
Native speakers | 120,000 (2021)[2] |
Early form | |
Dialects |
|
Pahlavi scripts, Persian alphabet (Nastaʿlīq)[2] | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | lrl |
Glottolog | lari1253 |
ELP | Lari |
Achomi is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |
Achomi (Persian: اچُمی), also known as Khodmooni[3] and Larestani,[4] is a Persian and Southwestern Iranian language spoken by people in southern Fars and western Hormozgan and by significant numbers of Ajam citizens in the UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait, and other neighbouring countries.[5][6]
It is the predominant language of Gerash, Larestan, Lamerd, Khonj, and Evaz counties in Fars and Bastak County and Ruydar in Hormozgan Province.[5][6]
Moreover, many cities, towns, and villages in Iran have their own particular dialect, such as Larestan, Khonj, Gerash, and Banaruiyeh. The majority of Achomi speakers are Sunni Muslims, with a minority being Shia Muslims.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
Etymology and name of the language
[edit]There are different ways to refer to this language.
- Achomi: Native speakers often refer to their language as "ačomī", which means "I go" in the language.[15] Other explanations for this name are the language's frequent usage of the [tʃ] consonant, and that Arabs, with whom these people traded, called them 'Ajam', which means non-Arab.[16]
- Khodmooni: In GCC states surrounding the Persian Gulf, Achomis are referred to as Khodmooni'.[3] This translates to "of our own kind".[3][5][6]
- Lari: This language is sometimes called Lari.[17] To reiterate, 'Lar' originates from 'Lad' which means "the origin of everything".[18] It is also important to note that Lari can be used to refer to a dialect or a language.[15]
History
[edit]The Achomi language can be considered a descendant of the Sassanid Persian language or Middle Persian.[19]
Achomi language and its various local dialects such as Lari, Evazi, Khonji, Gerashi, Bastaki, etc., is the branch of the Middle Persian (Pahlavi) language of the Sassanid Empire.[20]
Today, the language is known as an endangered language.[17] In particular, UNESCO refers to it as a "definitely endangered" language with approximately 1,180,000 speakers.[17] It also does not have official language status in Iran. This is because Iran only recognizes standard Persian as an official language. However, Iran allows the use of minority languages, such as Achomi, in the media and the education system (alongside Persian).[21] Nevertheless, Achomi remains an endangered language with many dialectal differences gradually disappearing because of the domination of Persian.[17][22]
Many Iranians moved to GCC States in order to pursue better economic opportunities.[23] This included Achomis.[3] These Achomis are often multilingual.[3] Achomi migrants still speak this language in their homes, however, this variety has been influenced by the Arabic language a little but is mutually intelligible with standard Persian.[20]
Classification
[edit]The language is a branch of the Pahlavi language.[18] This means that it shares the ergative structure of Pahlavi.[18] It is also an analytical language.[15] This can be linked back to its membership in the southwestern branch of Middle-Iranian languages.[15][18]
Except for the regional accent, pronunciation of certain words, and a slight variation in grammar, this old language has been the common language of the Southwestern Pars Province and parts of Hormozgan Province for nearly 1,800 years despite the various conquests of the region since the fall of the Sassanid Empire.[24]
Dialects
[edit]Achomi has many dialects.[22][16][18] These dialects correspond to Larestan's different towns.[18] Examples of these dialects include Lari, Evazi, Gerashi, Khonji and Bastaki.[22]These dialectical variations may present themselves through pronunciation.[18][16] There may also be grammatical and word differences between the dialects.[22] Hence, if the speaker is from Evaz, they are referred as speaking Evazi, and if they are from Bastak their dialect is known as Bastaki.[3]
An example of a dialectal variation: in some particular regions, Achomi people say raftom for "I went" (very similar to the Persian raftam), but in some other regions, just as Lar people, they say chedem (Kurdish: dichim or dechim) instead.
Samples
[edit]Vocabulary
[edit]English | Achomi | Kurdish | New Persian |
---|---|---|---|
I/me | اُم, om | Kurmanji: mi / min | Standard Farsi: من, romanized: man
Bushehri Farsi: مو, romanized: mo |
You | اُت, ot | Kurmanji: tu / te | Standard Farsi: تو, romanized: toe |
He/she | اُش, osh | Kurmanji: wi | Standard Farsi: او, romanized: ou |
We | مُ, mo | Kurmanji: me | Standard Farsi: ما, romanized: ma |
You (plural) | تُ, to | Kurmanji: we | Standard Farsi: شما, romanized: shoma |
They | شُ, sho | Kurmanji: wan | Standard Farsi: آنها, romanized: aneha
Tehrani/Iranian Farsi: اینا, romanized: ena |
Grammatical features
[edit]Past tense verbs
[edit]First type
[edit]To make simple past verbs
The ids (om / ot / osh / mo / to / sho) + The simple past root of the first type.
Example:
English | Achomi | Kurdish | New Persian |
---|---|---|---|
I told | اُم گُت, om got | Kurmanji: مِن گُت, romanized: Min got
Sorani: گوتم, romanized: got am |
Standard Farsi: گفتم/من گفتَم, romanized: goftam/man goftam |
He/she won | اُش بو, Osh bu | Kurmanji: Wî/wê qezenc kir
Sorani: ئەو سەرکەوت, romanized: iew serkewt |
Standard Farsi: او برنده شد, romanized: o barandeh shod |
You ate (plural) | تُ خا, To kha | Kurmanji: تی خوار, romanized: Te xwar
Sorani: تون خوارن, romanized: to xwardnt xward |
Standard Farsi: شما خورده اید, romanized: shma khordeh id
Tehrani/Iranian Farsi: شما خوردین, romanized: shoma khorden |
Second type
[edit]The root of the past simple second type + ids (em / esh / ruleless / am / ee / en)
Example:
English | Achomi | Kurdish | New Persian |
---|---|---|---|
Went (I) | چِد اِم, Ched em | Kurmanji: çûm | Standard Farsi: رفتهام, romanized: raftah-am
Tehrani/Iranian Farsi: رفتَم, romanized: raftam Bushehri Farsi: رفتُم, romanized: raftom |
Went (you) | چِد اِش, Ched esh | Kurmanji: çûyî | Standard Farsi: رفتی, romanized: rafti |
Went (she/he) | چو, Chu | Kurmanji: çû | Standard Farsi: رفت, romanized: raft |
Went (we) | چِد اَم, Ched am | Kurmanji: çûn | Standard Farsi: رفتیم, romanized: raftim |
Went (you-plural) | چِد ای, Ched ee | Kurmanji: çûyî | Standard Farsi: رفته اید, romanized: rafteh id
Tehrani/Iranian Farsi: رفتین, romanized: rafteen |
Went (they) | چِد اِن, Ched en | Kurmanji: çûn | Standard Farsi: رفتند, romanized: raftand
Tehrani/Iranian Farsi: رفتن, romanized: raftan |
And...
Ergativity
[edit]To create an ergative verb in past tense we can use the verb root plus its proper prefix.
For example, in Achomi, the root for the verb "to tell" is "got" (gota equals "tell").
English | Achomi | Kurdish | New Persian |
---|---|---|---|
I told | اُم گُت, om got | Kurmanji: mi/min got | Standard Farsi: گفتم/من گفتم, romanized: goftam/man goftam |
You told | اُت گُت, ot got | Kurmanji: tu/te got | Standard Farsi: شما گفتید, romanized: shma goftid
Tehrani/Iranian Farsi: تو گفتی, romanized: to gofti |
He/she told | اُش گُت, osh got | Kurmanji: wi got | Standard Farsi: او گفت, romanized: o goft |
We told | مُ گُت, mo got | Kurmanji: me got | Standard Farsi: گفتیم/ما گفتیم, romanized: goftim/ma goftim |
You (plural) told | تُ گُت, to got | Kurmanji: we got | Standard Farsi: شما گفتید, romanized: shoma goftid
Tehrani/Iranian Farsi: شما گفتید, romanized: shoma gofteen |
They told | شُ گُت, sho got | Kurmanji: wan got | Standard Farsi: گفتند/آنها گفتند, romanized: goftand/aneya goftand
Tehrani/Iranian Farsi: گفتن/اینا گفتن, romanized: goftan/ena goftan |
Another example: "deda" means "see," and "dee" Kurdish (Deed or dee) is the root verb. So:
English | Achomi | Kurdish | New Persian |
---|---|---|---|
I saw | اُم دِی, om dee | Kurmanji: mi/min deed/dee | Standard Farsi: دیدم/من دیدم, romanized: didam/man didam |
You saw | اُت دِی, ot dee | Kurmanji: tu/te dee | Standard Farsi: دیدی/شما دیدید, romanized: didi/shoma didid |
He/she saw | اُش دِی, osh dee | Kurmanji: wi dee | |
We saw | مُ دِی, mo dee | Kurmanji: me dee | |
You (plural) saw | تُ دِی, to dee | Kurmanji: we dee | |
They saw | شُ دِی, sho dee | Kurmanji: wan dee |
Simple present
[edit]To create a simple present or continued present tense of a transitive verb, here's another example:
English | Achomi | Kurdish (Karmanji) | New Persian |
---|---|---|---|
I am telling... | اَ گُت اِم, a got a'em | Ez dibêjim... | Standard Farsi: دارم میگم..., romanized: daram migam |
You are telling... | اَ گُت اِش, a got a'esh | Tu dibêjî... | Standard Farsi: تو داری میگی..., romanized: to dari migi |
He/she is telling... | اَ گُت اَی, a got ay | Ew dibêje ... | Standard Farsi: داره میگه..., romanized: dareh migeh...
Bushehri Farsi: هاسی میگه..., romanized: hasey migah |
We are telling | اَ گُت اَم, a got a'am | Em dibêjin | Standard Farsi: داریم می گوییم, romanized: darim mi guyim
Tehrani/Iranian Farsi: داریم میگیم, romanized: darim mi gim Bushehri Farsi: هاسی/هاسیم میگیم..., romanized: hasey\hasim migim |
You (pl) are telling... | اَ گُت اِی, a got ee | Tu dibêjî | Standard Farsi: شما می گویید, romanized: shma mi guyid
Tehrani/Iranian Farsi: شما میگین, romanized: shma migin |
They are telling... | اَ گُت اِن, a got a'en | Ew dibêjin ... | Standard Farsi: دارند می گویند, romanized: darand mi guyand
Tehrani/Iranian Farsi: دارن میگن, romanized: daran mi gan |
For the verb "see" ("deda"):
adead'em, adeda'esh, adeaday,...
Sentences
[edit]English | Achomi | New Persian |
---|---|---|
The fox said: I don’t need it, I have a home already. | ریبای اُش گُت: مَم نای خونَه مِن | فارسی (معیار): روباه گفت: من نیازی ندارم، من خانهای دارم.
فارسی (بوشهری): روباه گفت: مو نیازی ندارُم، مو خونهای دارُم. فارسی (تهرانی): روباه گفت: من نیازی ندارم، خونه دارم. |
He didn’t know what to do, he thought he could go to the aunt camel’s house. | اُشنا فَمی چُنگ بُکُن اِران فِک کَت اُچی اَ خونَهی دامونِ اُشتُری | فارسی (معیار): او نمیدانست چه کار کند، فکر کرد میتواند برود به خانهی خاله شتر
فارسی (تهرانی): اون نمیدونست چی کار کنه، فکر کرد میتونه بره خونهی خاله شتر |
The aunt camel opened the door, he/she said: where did you come from? | دامون اُشتُری در واز اُشکی، اوی گُت: از کَ هُندش | فارسی (معیار): خاله شتر در را باز کرد، او گفت: از کجا آمدی؟ |
See also
[edit]External links
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Larestan, Iran".
- ^ a b Achomi at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- ^ a b c d e f Halkias, Daphne; Adendorff, Christian (2016-04-22). Governance in Immigrant Family Businesses: Enterprise, Ethnicity and Family Dynamics. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 9781317125952.
- ^ "Endangered Languages Project - Lari - larestani". www.endangeredlanguages.com. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
- ^ a b c Mehran (2 March 2023). "كتاب تاريخ جنوب فارس لارستان وبستك" (in Arabic).
- ^ a b c khodo mania (27 April 2023). "كتاب تاريخ جنوب فارس لارستان وبستك". YouTube (in Arabic).
- ^ "Larestani, Lari in Iran".
- ^ "Larestani people of Iran".
The Larestani people are predominantly Sunni Muslims.
- ^ "Larestani".
While most people in Iran are Shi'ite Muslims, the Larestani are Sunnis.
- ^ Van Donzel, E. J., ed. (January 1994). Islamic Desk Reference. Brill. p. 225. ISBN 9004097384.
- ^ "Information of the people of Bushehr province". Archived from the original on 2021-05-01. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
- ^ "Bushehr Governor's Website". Archived from the original on 2021-04-29. Retrieved 2020-12-17.
- ^ "Bushehr Province Justice Website".[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Cyrus The Great International Open Academy".[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d Moridi, Behzad (2009). "The Dialects of Lar (The State of Research)". Iran & the Caucasus. 13 (2): 335–340. doi:10.1163/157338410X12625876281389. ISSN 1609-8498. JSTOR 25703812.
- ^ a b c Rahimi, Ali; Tayebeh Mansoori (2016). A Study of Personal Pronouns of Larestani Language as an Endangered Iranian Language. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.1342.0566.
- ^ a b c d "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
- ^ a b c d e f g "ICEHM: International Centre of Economics, Humanities and Management" (PDF). icehm.org. doi:10.15242/icehm.ed0115115. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
- ^ گويش مردم اوز. نسرين انصاف پور و محمد رفيع ضيايى 1396
- ^ a b Wikipedia, Source (2013). Southwestern Iranian Languages: Persian Dialects and Varieties, Persian Language, Tajik Language, Dari, Persianate Society, Tajik Alphabet, Old Persia. General Books. ISBN 9781230641287.
- ^ "Islamic Parliament of Iran - Constitution". en.parliran.ir. Archived from the original on 2016-10-27. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
- ^ a b c d Moridi, Behzad (2009). "The Dialects of Lar (The State of Research)". Iran & the Caucasus. 13 (2): 335–340. doi:10.1163/157338410X12625876281389. ISSN 1609-8498. JSTOR 25703812.
- ^ Worrall, James; Saleh, Alam (2019). "Persian Pride and Prejudice: Identity Maintenance and Interest Calculations among Iranians in the United Arab Emirates". International Migration Review. 54 (2): 496–526. doi:10.1177/0197918319860154. ISSN 0197-9183. S2CID 203427429.
- ^ "Iranian and Arab in the Gulf : endangered language, windtowers, and fish sauce".