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{{Not to be confused|Sambal}}
{{Infobox Language
{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines}}
|name=Tina
{{redirect|Sambali|the dessert|basbousa|and|Şambali}}
|states={{flag|Philippines}}
{{cleanup lang|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Sambal
|altname= Sambali
|map=Sambal language map.png
|mapcaption=Area where Sambal is spoken
|states=[[Philippines]]
|region=[[Zambales]], [[Infanta, Pangasinan|Pangasinan]], [[Metro Manila]], [[Quezon, Palawan|Palawan]]
|region=[[Zambales]], [[Infanta, Pangasinan|Pangasinan]], [[Metro Manila]], [[Quezon, Palawan|Palawan]]
|ethnicity=[[Sambal people|Sambal]]
|speakers=~70,000&#150;75,000<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=xsb Ethnologue report for language code:xsb<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name=interclausalrelationships>http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/sipl/SIPL_3-1_058-085.pdf</ref>
|speakers=70,000
|date=2000
|ref=e25
|familycolor=Austronesian
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
Line 9: Line 19:
|fam4=[[Central Luzon languages|Central Luzon]]
|fam4=[[Central Luzon languages|Central Luzon]]
|fam5=[[Sambalic languages|Sambalic]]
|fam5=[[Sambalic languages|Sambalic]]
|minority= Philippines (as a [[regional language]])
|agency=[[Commission on the Filipino Language]]
|agency=[[Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino]]
|iso2=phi|iso3=xsb}}
|iso3=xsb
'''Tina''' is a [[Sambalic language]] spoken by approximately 70,000 to 75,000 people,<ref name=interclausalrelationships/><ref name=sil2000>[[SIL International|SIL]] 2000</ref> primarily in the [[Zambales|Zambal]] [[Municipalities of the Philippines|municipalities]] of [[Santa Cruz, Zambales|Santa Cruz]], [[Candelaria, Zambales|Candelaria]], [[Masinloc]], [[Palauig]], and [[Iba, Zambales|Iba]], and in the [[Pangasinan|Pangasinense]] municipality of [[Infanta, Pangasinan|Infanta]] in the [[Philippines]]; speakers can also be found in [[Quezon, Palawan]].
|glotto=tina1248
|glottorefname=Tina Sambal
|notice=IPA
}}

'''Sambal''' or '''Sambali''' is a [[Sambalic language]] spoken primarily in the [[Zambales|Zambal]] [[Municipalities of the Philippines|municipalities]] of [[Santa Cruz, Zambales|Santa Cruz]], [[Candelaria, Zambales|Candelaria]], [[Masinloc]], [[Palauig]], and [[Iba, Zambales|Iba]], in the [[Pangasinan|Pangasinense]] municipality of [[Infanta, Pangasinan|Infanta]], and areas of [[Pampanga]] in the boundary with Zambales in the [[Philippines]]; speakers can also be found in [[Panitian]], [[Quezon, Palawan]] and Barangay Mandaragat or Buncag of [[Puerto Princesa City|Puerto Princesa]].{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} The speakers of the language are decreasing due to the fact that many of the speakers are shifting to [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and [[ilocano language|Ilocano]].

The first European-produced reference grammar of any [[Languages of the Philippines|indigenous language of the Philippines]] was that of Zambal, published ''circa'' 1601.<ref name=mojarro>{{cite web|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/05/03/opinion/columns/the-spanish-friars-and-philippine-languages/1842164|last=Mojarro Romero|first=Jorge|date=2022-05-03|title=The Spanish Friars and Philippine Languages|newspaper=[[Manila Times]]}}</ref>

== Dialects ==
''[[Ethnologue]]'' reports Santa Cruz, Masinloc and Iba as dialects of the language.<ref name=e25/>

==Name==
The language is occasionally referred to as ''zambal'', which is the [[Spanish language in the Philippines|hispanized]] form of ''Sambal''.

Sambal had also for a time been referred to as ''Tina'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agagas |first=Pascual |url=http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/sipl/SIPL_2-2_032-034.pdf |title=Folktale Texts |date=1978 |publisher=Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics |others=Text analysis by Margarete Schuster and Hella Goschnick |editor-last=Antworth |editor-first=Evan L. |series=Studies in Philippine Linguistics, Vol. 2, No. 2 |location=Manila |pages=32–43 |chapter=Tina Sambal |type=Language text |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102213712/http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/sipl/SIPL_2-2_032-034.pdf |archive-date=2005-11-02}}</ref> a term still encountered in older sources. The term, however, which means 'bleached' in the [[Botolan Zambal|Botolan]] variety of the language,<ref name=callme/> is considered offensive. The [[pejorative]] term was first used in the late 1970s by researchers from the [[Summer Institute of Linguistics]] (now SIL International).<ref name="callme">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2010 |title=Call me Sambal |url=http://angsambal.wordpress.com/2010/12/16/call-me-sambal/ |access-date=14 April 2018 |website=Call me Sambal}}</ref> Sambals would not normally recognize the reference.<ref name="interclausalrelationships">{{Cite journal |last=Elgincolin |first=Priscilla R. |last2=Goshnick |first2=Hella E. |date=1979 |title=Interclausal Relationships in Tina Sambal |url=http://www.philippines.sil.org/resources/archives/25991 |journal=Studies in Philippine Linguistics |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=84}}</ref>

==External relationships==
Sambal language is most closely related to [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] and to a classic form of [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] still spoken in [[Tanay, Rizal|Tanay]] in the province of [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]]. This has been interpreted to mean that [[Sambal people|Sambal speakers]] had once inhabited that area, later being displaced by migrating [[Tagalog people|Tagalog settlers]], pushing the original inhabitants northward to the modern province of Zambales,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/ebook_subcont.php?subcont_Id=33 |title=Sambal |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121084810/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/ebook_subcont.php?subcont_Id=33 |archive-date=2008-01-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> in turn, displacing the [[Aeta peoples|Aetas]]. In Zambales, Sambal speakers were almost displaced by Tagalog settlers once again who migrated along with Ilocano settlers to repopulate the less-populated Zambales valley, leading to the assimilation of Sambals to the Tagalog and Ilocano settlers and to the modern decline of Sambal cultural identity and language.<ref name="Reed">{{cite book |last1=Reed |first1=William Allan |title=Negritos of Zambales |date=1904 |publisher=Bureau of Public Printing, U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=24–29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/amp/story/more-articles/tantingco-the-kapampangan-in-us |title=Tantingco: The Kapampangan in Us |access-date=2024-01-23 |archive-date=2024-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123034705/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/amp/story/more-articles/tantingco-the-kapampangan-in-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://subliblog.com/2019/08/04/zambales-province-home-province-of-subic-bay-and-mt-pinatubo/ Zambales Province, Home Province of Subic Bay and Mt. Pinatubo]</ref> There is also a possible relationship between the Sambal speakers and the population of the island provinces of Marinduque and Romblon based on commonalities in some traditions and practices.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Sambali has 19 [[phoneme]]s: 16 [[consonant]]s and three [[vowel]]s. Syllable structure is relatively simple.
{{IPA notice}}
Tina has 19 [[phoneme]]s: 16 [[consonant]]s and three [[vowel]]s. Syllable structure is relatively simple.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
Tina has three vowels. They are:
Sambali has three vowels. They are:
*/a/ an [[open front unrounded vowel]] similar to [[North American English|English]] ‘f'''a'''ther’
*/a/ an [[open front unrounded vowel]] similar to [[North American English|English]] 'f'''a'''ther'
*/i/ a [[close front unrounded vowel]] similar to English ‘mach'''i'''ne’
*/i/ a [[close front unrounded vowel]] similar to English 'mach'''i'''ne'
*/u/ (written as ‘o’) a [[Close back rounded vowel|close back unrounded vowel]] similar to English ‘fl'''u'''te’
*/u/ (written as ‘o’) a [[Close back rounded vowel|close back unrounded vowel]] similar to English 'fl'''u'''te'


There are five main [[diphthong]]s: {{IPA|/aɪ/}}, {{IPA|/uɪ/}}, {{IPA|/aʊ/}}, /ij/, and {{IPA|/iʊ/}}.
There are five main [[diphthong]]s: {{IPA|/aɪ/}}, {{IPA|/uɪ/}}, {{IPA|/aʊ/}}, /ij/, and {{IPA|/iʊ/}}.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Below is a chart of Tina consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The [[velar nasal]] occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.
Below is a chart of Sambal consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The [[velar nasal]] occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.


{|class="wikitable" border="1"
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Sambal consonants
|-
|-
|colspan=2|
!colspan=2|
|[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
|[[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
|[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
|[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
|rowspan=2 | [[Stop consonant|Stops]]
!rowspan=2 | [[Stop consonant|Stops]]
|Voiceless
!Voiceless
|{{IPA link|p}}
|p
|{{IPA link|t}}
|t
|
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
|k
| (-) {{IPA|[ʔ]}}
| (-) [{{IPA link|ʔ}}]
|-
|-
|Voiced
!Voiced
|{{IPA link|b}}
|b
|{{IPA link|d}}
|d
|
|
|{{IPA link|g}}
|g
|
|
|-
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Affricate consonant|Affricates]]
!rowspan=2 | [[Affricate consonant|Affricates]]
|Voiceless
!Voiceless
|
|
|
|
|(ts) {{IPA|[]}}
|(ts) [{{IPA link|tʃ}}]
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|Voiced
!Voiced
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricatives]]
!colspan=2 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricatives]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|s}}
|s
|
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|h}}
|h
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Nasal consonant|Nasals]]
!colspan=2 | [[Nasal stop|Nasals]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|m
|{{IPA link|n}}
|n
|
|
|ng {{IPA|[ŋ]}}
|ng [{{IPA link|ŋ}}]
|
|
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Lateral consonant|Laterals]]
!colspan=2 | [[Lateral consonant|Laterals]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|l
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Flap consonant|Flaps]]
!colspan=2 | [[Flap consonant|Flaps]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}}
|r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| colspan=2 | [[Semivowel]]s
!colspan=2 | [[Semivowel]]s
|{{IPA link|w}}
|w
|
|
|y {{IPA|[j]}}
|y [{{IPA link|j}}]
|
|
|
|
Line 106: Line 135:


===Stress===
===Stress===
Stress is phonemic in Tina. Stress on words is very important, they differentiate words with the same spellings, but with different meanings, e.g. ''hikó'' (I) and ''híko'' (elbow).
Stress is phonemic in Sambal. Word stress is very important; it differentiates [[Homonym|homonyms]], e.g. {{Lang|xsb|hikó}} ('I') and {{Lang|xsb|híko}} ('elbow').

===Historical sound changes===
===Historical sound changes===
Many words pronounced with {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/g/}} in [[Filipino language|Filipino]] and [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] are pronounced with {{IPA|/h/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}, respectively, in their cognates in Tina. Compare ''hiko'' and ''ba-yo'' with the Filipino ''siko'' and ''bago''.
Many words pronounced with {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} in [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] and [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] are pronounced with {{IPA|/h/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}, respectively, in their cognates in Sambal. Compare {{Lang|xsb|hiko}} and {{Lang|xsb|ba-yo}} with the Tagalog {{Lang|tl|siko}} and {{Lang|tl|bago}}.


==Grammar==<!-- These seem to be examples with Sambal, Tagalog and/or Cebuano mixed together. Language templates should be added along with "Sambal:", "Tagalog:", etc. to clarify -->
==Grammar==
{{confusing section|date=October 2018}}


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
===Personal Pronouns===
===Zambal pronouns===
====Common singular pronouns====
===Demonstrative Pronouns===
===Enclitic Particles===
===Existential===
===Interrogative Words===
'''Tina - Filipino - English'''


* ang, 'yung (iyong) – yay hikon-mong, ya-rin hikon-moy
Ayti - Saan - Where
* ng, n'ung (niyong) – nin kon-moyo
* Sa – ha
* Nasa – Ison ha ('near'), Itaw ha ('far')


====Common plural pronouns====
==Vocabulary==

The language gets its name from the [[Botolan language|Botolan]] term ''tina'', which means "bleached," referring to the fact that, compared to Botolan, Tina is heavily interspersed with [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]]- and [[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]]-origin words.<ref name=interclausalrelationships/>
* ang mgá, 'yung mgá (iyong mgá) – yay + first letter of plural word + ''aw''
* (e.g. yay bawbabayi – ang mga babae; yay lawlalaki – ang mga lalaki)
* ng mgá, n'ung mgá (niyong mgá) – nin yay + first letter of plural word + ''aw''
* (e.g. nin bawbabayi – ng mga babae, nin lawlalaki – ng mga lalaki)
* sa mgá – ha first letter of plural word + ''aw'' (e.g. habawbabayi – sa mga babae, halawlalaki – sa mga ki)
* Nasa mga – Iti, ison, itaw + pronoun

====Personal singular pronouns====

* Si – hi
* Ni – Ni
* Kay – Kun ni
* Na kay – hikun

====Personal plural====

* Sina – Hila
* Nina – ni
* Kina – Kun li
* Nakina – Hikunla

Note: In a general conversation, ''hi'' is usually omitted or contracted from the pronoun: e.g. Hikunla tana hiya rin (sa kanila na lang iyan) is simply ‘kunla tana ‘ya-rin or even shorter, as ‘kunlay na rin.

Example:

'The man arrived.' Dumating ang lalaki:

# Nakalato hiyay lalaki or nakalato ‘yay lalaki or ‘yay tawo.
# Linu-mato hiyay lalaki; or
# Lin’mato ‘yay lalaki or ‘yay tawo.

* Yay (referring to object)
* Hiyay (singular person)
* Hikamon (plural second person)
* Hilay (plural third person)

Nakita ni Juan si Maria – Na-kit ni Juan hi Maria. 'John saw Mary.'

Note that in Philippine languages, even the names of people require an article.

====Plural nominal article====
'Helen and Robert will go to Miguel's house.'

* Pupunta sina Elena at Roberto sa bahay ni Miguel.
* Maku hila Elena tan Roberto ha bali ni Miguel.
* Pupunta ako – maku-ko
* Papunta – ma-mako
* Punta – mako
* Pumupunta – ampako
* Pupuntahan – ampaku-tawan\makuku-son

'Father has the keys.'

* Nasaan ang mga aklat?
* Ayti yay lawlibro?
* Na kay Tatay ang mga susi.
* Hikun niTatay yay sawsusi or ‘Kunni Tatay yay sawsusi

'That baby is healthy.'

* Malusog ang sanggol.
* Maganda yay lalaman nya-nin makating/makalog.

====Pronouns====
Personal pronouns are categorized by case. The indirect forms also function as the genitive.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |
! Singular
! Dual
! Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1st person
! Exclusive
| rowspan="2" | ako – hiko<br />ko – ko<br />akin – hikunko (shortened to ‘kunko)
| rowspan="2" | kita – ta, kunta
| kami – hikami or ‘kami<br />namin – mi<br />amin – hikunmi or ‘kunmi
|-
! Inclusive
| tayo – hitamo or ‘tamo<br />natin – hikuntamo or ‘kuntamo<br />atin – hikuntamo or ‘kuntamo
|-
! colspan="2" | 2nd person
| ikáw – hika<br />mo – mo<br />iyó – hikunmo or ‘kunmo
| colspan="2" | kayo – hikamo or ‘kamo<br />ninyo – moyo<br />inyo – hikunmoyo or ‘kunmoyo
|-
! colspan="2" | 3rd person
| siya – hiya<br />niya – naya<br />kaniya – hikunnaya or ‘kunnaya
| colspan="2" | silá – hila<br />nilá – la<br />kanilá – hikunla or ‘kunla
|}

Examples:

'I wrote.'
:Sulat is hulat (Masinloc) or sulat (Sta. Cruz)
:Sumulat ako. Humulat ko or Sumulat ko.

:Sinulatan ako ng liham. Hinulatan nya hiko or hinulatan nya’ ko.
:'He/She wrote me a letter.' Hinomulat ya ‘kunko, nanulat ya kunko, or hinulatan mya ko.

:Ibibigay ko sa kaniyá. Ebi ko ‘kunna (hikuna).
:'I will give it to him/her.'

Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can take the place of the genitive pronoun but they precede the word they modify.

:Ang bahay ko. Yay bali ko.
:Ang aking bahay. Yay ‘kunkon bali.
:'My house.'

===Interrogative words===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sambal
!Tagalog
!English
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Ayri/Ayti}}
|{{Lang|tl|Saan}}
|Where
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Anya}}
|{{Lang|tl|Ano}}
|What
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Anta/Ongkot}}
|{{Lang|tl|Bakit}}
|Why
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Hino}}
|{{Lang|tl|Sino}}
|Who
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Nakano}}
|{{Lang|tl|Kailan}}
|When
|}


==Sample texts==
==Sample texts==
===Philippine national proverb===
===Philippine national proverb===
Below is a translation in Tina of the Philippine national proverb<ref>[http://iloko.tripod.com/philproverb.html National Philippine Proverb in Various Philippine Languages<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> “He who does not acknowledge his beginnings will not reach his destination, followed by the original in [[Filipino language|Filipino]].
Below is a translation in Sambal of the Philippine national proverb<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rubino |first=Carl |date=n.d. |title=The Philippine National Proverb: Translated Into Various Philippine Languages |url=http://iloko.tripod.com/philproverb.html |access-date=14 April 2018 |website=iloko.tripod.com}}</ref> "He who does not acknowledge his beginnings will not reach his destination," followed by the original in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]].
*Tina: “Hay kay tanda mamanomtom ha pinangibatan, kay immabot ha kakaon.
*Sambal: {{Lang|xsb|Hay kay tanda mamanomtom ha pinang-ibatan, kay maka-lato ha ampako-taw-an.}}
*Filipino: “Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.
*Tagalog: {{Lang|tl|Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.}}

=== The Lord's Prayer ===


===The Lord’s Prayer===
====Version from Matthew====
====Version from Matthew====
Ama mi a ison ha langit,<br />
{{Poem quote|text={{Lang|xsb|Ama mi an ison ha langit,
sambawon a ngalan mo.<br />
sambawon a ngalan mo.
Ma-kit mi na komon a pa-mag-ari mo.<br />
Ma-kit mi na komon a pa-mag-ari mo.
Ma-honol komon a kalabayan mo iti ha lota<br />
Ma-honol komon a kalabayan mo iti ha lota
a bilang anamaot ison ha langit.<br />
a bilang anamaot ison ha langit.
Biyan mo kami komon nin<br />
Biyan mo kami komon nin
pa-mangan mi para konan yadtin awlo;<br />
pa-mangan mi para konan yadtin awlo;
tan patawaron mo kami komon ha kawkasalanan mi<br />
tan patawaron mo kami komon ha kawkasalanan mi
a bilang anamaot ha pa-matawad mi<br />
a bilang anamaot ha pa-matawad mi
konlan ampagkasalanan komi.<br />
konlan ampagkasalanan komi.
Tan komon ando mo aboloyan a matokso kami,<br />
Tan komon ando mo aboloyan a matokso kami,
nokay masbali ipa-lilih mo kamin kay makagawa doka,<br />
nokay masbali ipa-lilih mo kamin kay makagawa doka,
''ta ikon moy kaarian, kapangyarian tan karangalan a homin''<br />
ta ikon moy kaarian, kapangyarian tan karangalan a homin
''panganggawan.'' Amen.<ref name="TinaAmaNamin">[http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-sambal-tina.html Sambal, Tina<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
panganggawan. Amen.}}<ref name="TinaAmaNamin">{{Cite web |title=Sambal, Tinà (Tina, Sambali) |url=http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-sambal-tina.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211084903/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/JPN-sambal-tina.html |archive-date=11 February 2018 |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=Christus Rex}}</ref>}}


====Version from Luke====
====Version from Luke====
Ama mi, maipatnag komon a banal mon kapangyarian.<br />
{{Poem quote|text={{Lang|xsb|Ama mi, maipatnag komon a banal mon kapangyarian.
Lomato ana komon a awlon sikay mag-ari.<br />
Lomato ana komon an awlon sikay mag-ari.
Biyan mo kamin pa-mangan mi sa inawlo-awlo.<br />
Biyan mo kamin pa-mangan mi sa inawlo-awlo.
Inga-rowan mo kami sa kawkasalanan mi bilang<br />
Inga-rowan mo kami sa kawkasalanan mi bilang
pa-nginganga-ro mi konlan nagkasalanan komi<br />
pa-nginganga-ro mi konlan nagkasalanan komi
tan ando mo kami aboloyan manabo sa tokso.<br />
tan ando mo kami aboloyan manabo sa tokso.
Wamoyo.<ref name="TinaAmaNamin"/>
Wamoyo.}}<ref name="TinaAmaNamin" />}}

== Examples ==


==Examples==
===Loan words===
===Numbers===
===Numbers===
Sambal numbers are listed below.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Sambal numbers
!Sambal
!English
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|A`sa}}
|One
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Luwa}}
|Two
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Tulo}}
|Three
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|A`pat}}
|Four
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Lima}}
|Five
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|A`num}}
|Six
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Pito}}
|Seven
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Walo}}
|Eight
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Siyam}}
|Nine
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Mapulo}}
|Ten
|}

===Common expressions===
===Common expressions===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sambal
!Tagalog
!English
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Kay ko tanda}} ''/'' {{Lang|xsb|Tanda ko}}
|{{Lang|tl|Hindi ko alam}} ''/'' {{Lang|tl|Alam ko}}
|I don't know / I know
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Papo}}
|{{Lang|tl|Lola/lolo}}
|Grandparent
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Kaka}}
|{{Lang|tl|Ate/kuya/pinsan}}
|Sibling or cousin
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Akay ko labay}} ''/'' {{Lang|xsb|Labay ko}}
|{{Lang|tl|Hindi ko gusto}} ''/'' {{Lang|tl|Gusto ko}}
|I don't like / I like
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Murong tamoy na}}
|{{Lang|tl|Uwi/balik na tayo}}
|Let's go home/back
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Hadilap}}
|{{Lang|tl|Bukas}}
|Tomorrow
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Hawanin}}
|{{Lang|tl|Ngayon}}
|Now/today
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Naapon}}
|{{Lang|tl|Kahapon}}
|Yesterday
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Ya}}
|{{Lang|tl|Oo}}
|Yes
|-
|{{Lang|xsb|Ka`i}}
|{{Lang|tl|Hindi}}
|No
|}
==See also==
==See also==
*[[Sambal people]]
*[[Zambales]]
*[[Languages of the Philippines]]
*[[Languages of the Philippines]]

==References==
==References==

{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
* Elgincolin, Sotera B & Priscilla R; Goshnick , Hella. (1988). ''English-Tina Sambal-Pilipino dictionary''. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
* Goschnick, Hella E. (1989). ''The poetic conventions of Tina Sambal''. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines, Special Monograph Issue, 27.


==External links==
==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Sambal phrasebook|Sambal|a phrasebook}}
*{{PDF|[http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/plb_download.html Publications in Tina and other Philippine languages]}}
* [https://philippines.sil.org/resources/search/code/xsb Zambal-language resources at the SIL]
*Sample recordings from the GRN Network in [http://globalrecordings.net/program/C07931 Tina] and its [http://globalrecordings.net/program/C08311 Candelariero sub-variety]


{{Sambalic languages}}
{{Central Luzon languages}}
{{Philippine languages}}
{{Austronesian languages}}
{{Languages of the Philippines}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Tina Language}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sambal}}
[[Category:Languages of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Languages of Zambales]]
[[Category:Sambalic languages]]
[[Category:Sambalic languages]]

[[th:ภาษาตีนา]]

Latest revision as of 13:24, 29 October 2024

Sambal
Sambali
Native toPhilippines
RegionZambales, Pangasinan, Metro Manila, Palawan
EthnicitySambal
Native speakers
70,000 (2000)[1]
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Philippines (as a regional language)
Regulated byKomisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-3xsb
Glottologtina1248
Area where Sambal is spoken
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Sambal or Sambali is a Sambalic language spoken primarily in the Zambal municipalities of Santa Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc, Palauig, and Iba, in the Pangasinense municipality of Infanta, and areas of Pampanga in the boundary with Zambales in the Philippines; speakers can also be found in Panitian, Quezon, Palawan and Barangay Mandaragat or Buncag of Puerto Princesa.[citation needed] The speakers of the language are decreasing due to the fact that many of the speakers are shifting to Tagalog and Ilocano.

The first European-produced reference grammar of any indigenous language of the Philippines was that of Zambal, published circa 1601.[2]

Dialects

[edit]

Ethnologue reports Santa Cruz, Masinloc and Iba as dialects of the language.[1]

Name

[edit]

The language is occasionally referred to as zambal, which is the hispanized form of Sambal.

Sambal had also for a time been referred to as Tina,[3] a term still encountered in older sources. The term, however, which means 'bleached' in the Botolan variety of the language,[4] is considered offensive. The pejorative term was first used in the late 1970s by researchers from the Summer Institute of Linguistics (now SIL International).[4] Sambals would not normally recognize the reference.[5]

External relationships

[edit]

Sambal language is most closely related to Kapampangan and to a classic form of Tagalog still spoken in Tanay in the province of Rizal. This has been interpreted to mean that Sambal speakers had once inhabited that area, later being displaced by migrating Tagalog settlers, pushing the original inhabitants northward to the modern province of Zambales,[6] in turn, displacing the Aetas. In Zambales, Sambal speakers were almost displaced by Tagalog settlers once again who migrated along with Ilocano settlers to repopulate the less-populated Zambales valley, leading to the assimilation of Sambals to the Tagalog and Ilocano settlers and to the modern decline of Sambal cultural identity and language.[7][8][9] There is also a possible relationship between the Sambal speakers and the population of the island provinces of Marinduque and Romblon based on commonalities in some traditions and practices.

Phonology

[edit]

Sambali has 19 phonemes: 16 consonants and three vowels. Syllable structure is relatively simple.

Vowels

[edit]

Sambali has three vowels. They are:

There are five main diphthongs: /aɪ/, /uɪ/, /aʊ/, /ij/, and /iʊ/.

Consonants

[edit]

Below is a chart of Sambal consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.

Sambal consonants
Bilabial Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
Stops Voiceless p t k (-) [ʔ]
Voiced b d g
Affricates Voiceless (ts) []
Voiced
Fricatives s h
Nasals m n ng [ŋ]
Laterals l
Flaps ɾ
Semivowels w y [j]

Note: Consonants [d] and [ɾ] sometimes interchange, as they were once allophones. Dy is pronounced [dʒ], ny [ɲ], sy [ʃ], and ty [tʃ].

Stress

[edit]

Stress is phonemic in Sambal. Word stress is very important; it differentiates homonyms, e.g. hikó ('I') and híko ('elbow').

Historical sound changes

[edit]

Many words pronounced with /s/ and /ɡ/ in Cebuano and Tagalog are pronounced with /h/ and /j/, respectively, in their cognates in Sambal. Compare hiko and ba-yo with the Tagalog siko and bago.

Grammar

[edit]

Nouns

[edit]

Zambal pronouns

[edit]

Common singular pronouns

[edit]
  • ang, 'yung (iyong) – yay hikon-mong, ya-rin hikon-moy
  • ng, n'ung (niyong) – nin kon-moyo
  • Sa – ha
  • Nasa – Ison ha ('near'), Itaw ha ('far')

Common plural pronouns

[edit]
  • ang mgá, 'yung mgá (iyong mgá) – yay + first letter of plural word + aw
  • (e.g. yay bawbabayi – ang mga babae; yay lawlalaki – ang mga lalaki)
  • ng mgá, n'ung mgá (niyong mgá) – nin yay + first letter of plural word + aw
  • (e.g. nin bawbabayi – ng mga babae, nin lawlalaki – ng mga lalaki)
  • sa mgá – ha first letter of plural word + aw (e.g. habawbabayi – sa mga babae, halawlalaki – sa mga ki)
  • Nasa mga – Iti, ison, itaw + pronoun

Personal singular pronouns

[edit]
  • Si – hi
  • Ni – Ni
  • Kay – Kun ni
  • Na kay – hikun

Personal plural

[edit]
  • Sina – Hila
  • Nina – ni
  • Kina – Kun li
  • Nakina – Hikunla

Note: In a general conversation, hi is usually omitted or contracted from the pronoun: e.g. Hikunla tana hiya rin (sa kanila na lang iyan) is simply ‘kunla tana ‘ya-rin or even shorter, as ‘kunlay na rin.

Example:

'The man arrived.' Dumating ang lalaki:

  1. Nakalato hiyay lalaki or nakalato ‘yay lalaki or ‘yay tawo.
  2. Linu-mato hiyay lalaki; or
  3. Lin’mato ‘yay lalaki or ‘yay tawo.
  • Yay (referring to object)
  • Hiyay (singular person)
  • Hikamon (plural second person)
  • Hilay (plural third person)

Nakita ni Juan si Maria – Na-kit ni Juan hi Maria. 'John saw Mary.'

Note that in Philippine languages, even the names of people require an article.

Plural nominal article

[edit]

'Helen and Robert will go to Miguel's house.'

  • Pupunta sina Elena at Roberto sa bahay ni Miguel.
  • Maku hila Elena tan Roberto ha bali ni Miguel.
  • Pupunta ako – maku-ko
  • Papunta – ma-mako
  • Punta – mako
  • Pumupunta – ampako
  • Pupuntahan – ampaku-tawan\makuku-son

'Father has the keys.'

  • Nasaan ang mga aklat?
  • Ayti yay lawlibro?
  • Na kay Tatay ang mga susi.
  • Hikun niTatay yay sawsusi or ‘Kunni Tatay yay sawsusi

'That baby is healthy.'

  • Malusog ang sanggol.
  • Maganda yay lalaman nya-nin makating/makalog.

Pronouns

[edit]

Personal pronouns are categorized by case. The indirect forms also function as the genitive.

Singular Dual Plural
1st person Exclusive ako – hiko
ko – ko
akin – hikunko (shortened to ‘kunko)
kita – ta, kunta kami – hikami or ‘kami
namin – mi
amin – hikunmi or ‘kunmi
Inclusive tayo – hitamo or ‘tamo
natin – hikuntamo or ‘kuntamo
atin – hikuntamo or ‘kuntamo
2nd person ikáw – hika
mo – mo
iyó – hikunmo or ‘kunmo
kayo – hikamo or ‘kamo
ninyo – moyo
inyo – hikunmoyo or ‘kunmoyo
3rd person siya – hiya
niya – naya
kaniya – hikunnaya or ‘kunnaya
silá – hila
nilá – la
kanilá – hikunla or ‘kunla

Examples:

'I wrote.'

Sulat is hulat (Masinloc) or sulat (Sta. Cruz)
Sumulat ako. Humulat ko or Sumulat ko.
Sinulatan ako ng liham. Hinulatan nya hiko or hinulatan nya’ ko.
'He/She wrote me a letter.' Hinomulat ya ‘kunko, nanulat ya kunko, or hinulatan mya ko.
Ibibigay ko sa kaniyá. Ebi ko ‘kunna (hikuna).
'I will give it to him/her.'

Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can take the place of the genitive pronoun but they precede the word they modify.

Ang bahay ko. Yay bali ko.
Ang aking bahay. Yay ‘kunkon bali.
'My house.'

Interrogative words

[edit]
Sambal Tagalog English
Ayri/Ayti Saan Where
Anya Ano What
Anta/Ongkot Bakit Why
Hino Sino Who
Nakano Kailan When

Sample texts

[edit]

Philippine national proverb

[edit]

Below is a translation in Sambal of the Philippine national proverb[10] "He who does not acknowledge his beginnings will not reach his destination," followed by the original in Tagalog.

  • Sambal: Hay kay tanda mamanomtom ha pinang-ibatan, kay maka-lato ha ampako-taw-an.
  • Tagalog: Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating sa paroroonan.

The Lord's Prayer

[edit]

Version from Matthew

[edit]

Ama mi an ison ha langit,
sambawon a ngalan mo.
Ma-kit mi na komon a pa-mag-ari mo.
Ma-honol komon a kalabayan mo iti ha lota
a bilang anamaot ison ha langit.
Biyan mo kami komon nin
pa-mangan mi para konan yadtin awlo;
tan patawaron mo kami komon ha kawkasalanan mi
a bilang anamaot ha pa-matawad mi
konlan ampagkasalanan komi.
Tan komon ando mo aboloyan a matokso kami,
nokay masbali ipa-lilih mo kamin kay makagawa doka,
ta ikon moy kaarian, kapangyarian tan karangalan a homin
panganggawan. Amen.
[11]

Version from Luke

[edit]

Ama mi, maipatnag komon a banal mon kapangyarian.
Lomato ana komon an awlon sikay mag-ari.
Biyan mo kamin pa-mangan mi sa inawlo-awlo.
Inga-rowan mo kami sa kawkasalanan mi bilang
pa-nginganga-ro mi konlan nagkasalanan komi
tan ando mo kami aboloyan manabo sa tokso.
Wamoyo.
[11]

Examples

[edit]

Numbers

[edit]

Sambal numbers are listed below.

Sambal numbers
Sambal English
A`sa One
Luwa Two
Tulo Three
A`pat Four
Lima Five
A`num Six
Pito Seven
Walo Eight
Siyam Nine
Mapulo Ten

Common expressions

[edit]
Sambal Tagalog English
Kay ko tanda / Tanda ko Hindi ko alam / Alam ko I don't know / I know
Papo Lola/lolo Grandparent
Kaka Ate/kuya/pinsan Sibling or cousin
Akay ko labay / Labay ko Hindi ko gusto / Gusto ko I don't like / I like
Murong tamoy na Uwi/balik na tayo Let's go home/back
Hadilap Bukas Tomorrow
Hawanin Ngayon Now/today
Naapon Kahapon Yesterday
Ya Oo Yes
Ka`i Hindi No

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Sambal at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Mojarro Romero, Jorge (2022-05-03). "The Spanish Friars and Philippine Languages". Manila Times.
  3. ^ Agagas, Pascual (1978). "Tina Sambal". In Antworth, Evan L. (ed.). Folktale Texts (PDF) (Language text). Studies in Philippine Linguistics, Vol. 2, No. 2. Text analysis by Margarete Schuster and Hella Goschnick. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines and Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 32–43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-11-02.
  4. ^ a b "Call me Sambal". Call me Sambal. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  5. ^ Elgincolin, Priscilla R.; Goshnick, Hella E. (1979). "Interclausal Relationships in Tina Sambal". Studies in Philippine Linguistics. 3 (1): 84.
  6. ^ "Sambal". National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Archived from the original on 2008-01-21.
  7. ^ Reed, William Allan (1904). Negritos of Zambales. Bureau of Public Printing, U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 24–29.
  8. ^ "Tantingco: The Kapampangan in Us". Archived from the original on 2024-01-23. Retrieved 2024-01-23.
  9. ^ Zambales Province, Home Province of Subic Bay and Mt. Pinatubo
  10. ^ Rubino, Carl (n.d.). "The Philippine National Proverb: Translated Into Various Philippine Languages". iloko.tripod.com. Retrieved 14 April 2018.
  11. ^ a b "Sambal, Tinà (Tina, Sambali)". Christus Rex. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  • Elgincolin, Sotera B & Priscilla R; Goshnick , Hella. (1988). English-Tina Sambal-Pilipino dictionary. Summer Institute of Linguistics.
  • Goschnick, Hella E. (1989). The poetic conventions of Tina Sambal. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines, Special Monograph Issue, 27.
[edit]