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{{More footnotes|date=May 2015}}
{{More footnotes|date=May 2015}}
{{Expand Romanian|Pavel Crușeveanu|date=September 2010}}
{{Expand Romanian|topic=bio|Pavel Crușeveanu|date=September 2010}}
{{Family name hatnote|Aleksandrovich|Krushevan|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
[[Image:Pavel Krushevan.jpg|thumb|Pavel Krushevan]]
{{Infobox person
| name = Pavel Krushevan
| image = Pavel Krushevan.jpg
| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->
| caption =
| native_name = Павел Крушеван
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name -->
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1860|1|27}}
| birth_place = [[Gindeshty]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1909|6|18|1860|1|27}}
| death_place = [[Russian Empire]]
| nationality = <!-- use only when necessary per [[WP:INFONAT]] -->
| native_name_lang = ru
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
{{The Protocols}}
{{The Protocols}}
'''Pavel Aleksandrovich Krushevan''' ({{lang-ru|Павел Александрович Крушеван}}; {{lang-ro|Pavel Cruşeveanu}}) ({{OldStyleDate|27 January|1860|15 January}} – {{OldStyleDate|18 June|1909|5 June}}) was a journalist, editor, publisher and an official in [[Imperial Russia]]. He was an active [[Black Hundred]]ist and was known for his [[far-right]], [[ultra-nationalist]] and openly [[antisemitic]] views and was the first publisher of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Michelis|first1=Cesare G. De|title=The non-existent manuscript: a study of the Protocols of the sages of Zion|date=2004|publisher=Univ. of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=0803217277|pages=76–80}}</ref>
'''Pavel Aleksandrovich Krushevan''' ({{langx|ru|Павел Александрович Крушеван}}; {{langx|ro|Pavel Crușeveanu}}) ({{OldStyleDate|27 January|1860|15 January}} – {{OldStyleDate|18 June|1909|5 June}}) was a journalist, editor, publisher and an official in [[Imperial Russia]]. He was an active [[Black Hundred]]ist and known for his [[far-right]], [[ultra-nationalist]] and openly [[antisemitic]] views. He was the first publisher of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Michelis|first1=Cesare G. De|title=The non-existent manuscript: a study of the Protocols of the sages of Zion|date=2004|publisher=Univ. of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=0803217277|pages=76–80}}</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
Born Pavolaki Krushevan into a family of impoverished Russianized [[Moldavia]]n aristocrats{{fact|date=May 2020}} in the village of [[Gindeshty]], [[Soroksky Uyezd|Soroksky]], in the [[Bessarabia Governorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Ghindești]], [[Florești District|Florești]], [[Moldova]]), where he completed four grades of school. Krushevan's half-sister Sarah Borenstein (born Anastasia Krushevan) was a "pious Jewish woman" who had [[Conversion to Judaism|converted to Judaism]]. Sarah was married to Chaim Borenstein, the son of a [[shohet]]. Sarah alleged that her brother and her parents "beat her and threatened to drive her from their home" after they discovered her relationship with Chaim. Krushevan's newspaper published daily attacks on Sarah and Chaim, accusing the Jewish community of kidnapping Sarah, and offered a financial reward to anyone who could track down his sister "dead or alive." Sarah and Chaim fled Russia due to the threats, settling in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], US.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/archive/convert-to-judaism-says-brothers-balked-love-led-to-kishinev-pogrom |title=Convert to Judaism Says Brother's Balked Love Led to Kishinev Pogrom |date=20 March 2015 |publisher=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] |accessdate=2022-09-01}}</ref>
Born Pavolaki Krushevan into a family of impoverished Russianized Moldavian aristocrats{{fact}} in the village Gindeshty (now [[Ghindeşti]], [[Floreşti district]], [[Moldova]]) [[Bessarabia]]n [[guberniya]] (село Гиндешты Сорокского уезда Бессарабской губ.), he completed four grades of school.


Krushevan served as a clerk in [[Chişinău]] City [[Duma]]. His writings were first published in 1882. In 1887–1896, he worked as a journalist in newspapers ''Минский листок'' (Minsky Listok, ''The [[Minsk]] Post''), ''Виленский вестник'' (Vilensky Vestnik, ''The [[Vilnius]] News''), and ''Бессарабский вестник'' (Bessarabsky Vestnik, ''The Bessarabia News'').<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davitt|first1=Michael|title=Within the Pale|date=1903|publisher=A S Barnes|location=New York|pages=97}}</ref>
Krushevan served as a clerk in [[Kishinev]] (now Chișinău) City [[Duma]]. His writings were first published in 1882. From 1887 to 1896, he worked as a journalist at the newspapers ''Minsky Listok'' ({{lang|ru|Минский листок}}, "The [[Minsk]] Post"), ''Vilensky Vestnik'' ({{lang|ru|Виленский вестник}}, "The [[Vilna]] News"), and ''Bessarabsky Vestnik'' ({{lang|ru|Бессарабский вестник}}, "The [[Bessarabia]] News").<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davitt|first1=Michael|title=Within the Pale|date=1903|publisher=A S Barnes|location=New York|pages=97}}</ref>


During the decade that followed, Krushevan founded and served as a publisher and editor of several newspapers:
During the decade that followed, Krushevan founded and served as a publisher and editor of several newspapers:
* In 1897, Chişinău daily newspaper ''Бессарабец'' (Bessarabets, ''The Bessarabian'') which published materials fomenting anti-Semitism. Krushevan was reported as being one of the initiators of the [[Kishinev pogrom]] in April 1903.<ref> Davitt, M. (1903). Within The Pale: The True Story of the Anti-Semitic Persecutions in Russia. New York: The Jewish Publication Society of America. Retrieved from http://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30-180013272008 </ref>
* In 1897, a Chișinău daily newspaper ''Bessarabets'' ({{lang|ru|Бессарабец}}, "The Bessarabian") which published materials fomenting anti-Semitism. Krushevan was reported as being one of the initiators of the [[Kishinev pogrom]] in April 1903.<ref> Davitt, M. (1903). Within The Pale: The True Story of the Anti-Semitic Persecutions in Russia. New York: The Jewish Publication Society of America. Retrieved from http://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30-180013272008 </ref>
* In 1903, [[Saint Petersburg]] daily newspaper ''[[Znamya (newspaper)|Znamya]]'', where the first (abridged) edition of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' was published in series from August 28–September 7 [[Old Style|O.S.]], 1903.<ref name="Cesare">{{cite book| author=Cesare G. De Michelis, Richard Newhouse| title=The non-existent manuscript: a study of the Protocols of the sages of Zion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9uG1jsrOenwC&dq=The+Non-Existent+Manuscript&source=gbs_navlinks_s|page=19}}</ref>
* In 1903, [[Saint Petersburg]] daily newspaper ''[[Znamya (newspaper)|Znamya]]'', where the first (abridged) edition of ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' was published in series from 28 August to 7 September [[Old Style|O.S.]] 1903.<ref name="Cesare">{{cite book| author=Cesare G. De Michelis, Richard Newhouse| title=The non-existent manuscript: a study of the Protocols of the sages of Zion| date=January 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9uG1jsrOenwC&q=The+Non-Existent+Manuscript|page=19| publisher=U of Nebraska Press| isbn=0803217277}}</ref>
* In 1906, Kishinev newspaper "Друг" (Droog, ''The Friend'').
* In 1906, Kishinev newspaper ''Drug'' ({{lang|ru|Друг}}, "The Friend").


Krushevan promoted ultra-nationalist and racist views and was brought to court numerous times for slander, verbal offenses and physical threats. After a homicidal attempt by a P. S. Dashevsky<!-- year?-->, it was reported that Krushevan lived in constant fear, kept weapons close at hand and was accompanied by a personal cook out of fear to be poisoned.
Krushevan promoted ultra-nationalist and racist views and was brought to court numerous times for slander, verbal offenses and physical threats. After a homicide attempt by a Pinkhus Dashevsky<!-- year?-->, it was reported that Krushevan lived in constant fear, kept weapons close at hand and was accompanied by a personal cook out of fear to be poisoned.


In 1903 a riot started after an incident on February 6 when a Christian Russian boy, Mikhail Rybachenko, was found murdered in the town of [[Dubăsari]], about 25 miles north of Chişinău. Although it was clear that the boy had been killed by a relative (who was later found), ''Бессарабец'', published by Krushevan, insinuated that he was killed by the Jews instigating the Kishinev pogrom.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davitt|first1=Michael|title=Within the Pale|date=1903|publisher=A S Barnes|location=New York|pages=97–100}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Urussov|first1=Serge Demitiyvich|title=Memoirs of a Russian Governor|date=1908|publisher=harper & Bros.|location=New York&London|pages=42–55}}</ref>
In 1903 a riot started after an incident on 6 February when a Christian Russian boy, Mikhail Rybachenko, was found murdered in the town of [[Dubossary]] (now Dubăsari), about 25 miles north of Kishinev. Although it was clear that the boy had been killed by a relative (who was later found), Krushevan's ''Bessarabets'' insinuated that he was killed by the Jews, which instigated the [[Kishinev pogrom]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davitt|first1=Michael|title=Within the Pale|date=1903|publisher=A S Barnes|location=New York|pages=97–100}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Urussov|first1=Serge Demitiyvich|title=Memoirs of a Russian Governor|date=1908|publisher=harper & Bros.|location=New York&London|pages=42–55}}</ref>


In 1905 Krushevan organized the Bessarabian Patriotic League. He founded the Bessarabian branch of the [[Union of the Russian People]].
In 1905 Krushevan organized the Bessarabian Patriotic League. He founded the Bessarabian branch of the [[Union of the Russian People]].
Line 34: Line 53:
* Rosenthal, Herman and Rosenthal, Max, [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=247&letter=K "Kishinef (Kishinev)"], in the ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' (1901–1906)
* Rosenthal, Herman and Rosenthal, Max, [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=247&letter=K "Kishinef (Kishinev)"], in the ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]'' (1901–1906)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051129052051/http://www.forward.com/issues/2003/03.08.22/oped1.html Century of Hatred: 'Protocols' Live To Poison Yet Another Generation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051129052051/http://www.forward.com/issues/2003/03.08.22/oped1.html Century of Hatred: 'Protocols' Live To Poison Yet Another Generation]
* Davitt, Michael, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HKBCAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false "Within the Pale"]
* Davitt, Michael, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HKBCAAAAYAAJ "Within the Pale"]
* Urussof, Prince Serge Dmitriyevich [https://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/urussov/u_mrg000.shtml "Memoirs of a Russian Governor"]
* Urussof, Prince Serge Dmitriyevich [https://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/urussov/u_mrg000.shtml "Memoirs of a Russian Governor"]


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[[Category:People from Soroksky Uyezd]]
[[Category:People from Soroksky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Members of the Union of the Russian People]]
[[Category:Members of the Union of the Russian People]]
[[Category:Members of the State Duma (Russian Empire)]]
[[Category:Members of the 2nd State Duma of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Politicians of the Bessarabia Governorate]]
[[Category:Politicians from the Bessarabia Governorate]]
[[Category:Russian conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Russian conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Russian journalists]]
[[Category:Russian male journalists]]
[[Category:Moldovan journalists]]
[[Category:Moldovan journalists]]
[[Category:Moldovan newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Moldovan newspaper editors]]
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[[Category:Antisemitism in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Kishinev pogrom]]
[[Category:Kishinev pogrom]]
[[Category:Proponents of scientific racism]]
[[Category:White supremacists]]

Latest revision as of 15:33, 29 October 2024

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Aleksandrovich and the family name is Krushevan.
Pavel Krushevan
Павел Крушеван
Born(1860-01-27)January 27, 1860
Gindeshty, Russian Empire
DiedJune 18, 1909(1909-06-18) (aged 49)
Russian Empire
The Protocols
First publication of The Protocols
Writers, editors, and publishers associated with The Protocols
Debunkers of The Protocols
Commentaries on The Protocols

Pavel Aleksandrovich Krushevan (Russian: Павел Александрович Крушеван; Romanian: Pavel Crușeveanu) (27 January [O.S. 15 January] 1860 – 18 June [O.S. 5 June] 1909) was a journalist, editor, publisher and an official in Imperial Russia. He was an active Black Hundredist and known for his far-right, ultra-nationalist and openly antisemitic views. He was the first publisher of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.[1]

Biography

[edit]

Born Pavolaki Krushevan into a family of impoverished Russianized Moldavian aristocrats[citation needed] in the village of Gindeshty, Soroksky, in the Bessarabia Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Ghindești, Florești, Moldova), where he completed four grades of school. Krushevan's half-sister Sarah Borenstein (born Anastasia Krushevan) was a "pious Jewish woman" who had converted to Judaism. Sarah was married to Chaim Borenstein, the son of a shohet. Sarah alleged that her brother and her parents "beat her and threatened to drive her from their home" after they discovered her relationship with Chaim. Krushevan's newspaper published daily attacks on Sarah and Chaim, accusing the Jewish community of kidnapping Sarah, and offered a financial reward to anyone who could track down his sister "dead or alive." Sarah and Chaim fled Russia due to the threats, settling in Baltimore, Maryland, US.[2]

Krushevan served as a clerk in Kishinev (now Chișinău) City Duma. His writings were first published in 1882. From 1887 to 1896, he worked as a journalist at the newspapers Minsky Listok (Минский листок, "The Minsk Post"), Vilensky Vestnik (Виленский вестник, "The Vilna News"), and Bessarabsky Vestnik (Бессарабский вестник, "The Bessarabia News").[3]

During the decade that followed, Krushevan founded and served as a publisher and editor of several newspapers:

  • In 1897, a Chișinău daily newspaper Bessarabets (Бессарабец, "The Bessarabian") which published materials fomenting anti-Semitism. Krushevan was reported as being one of the initiators of the Kishinev pogrom in April 1903.[4]
  • In 1903, Saint Petersburg daily newspaper Znamya, where the first (abridged) edition of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion was published in series from 28 August to 7 September O.S. 1903.[5]
  • In 1906, Kishinev newspaper Drug (Друг, "The Friend").

Krushevan promoted ultra-nationalist and racist views and was brought to court numerous times for slander, verbal offenses and physical threats. After a homicide attempt by a Pinkhus Dashevsky, it was reported that Krushevan lived in constant fear, kept weapons close at hand and was accompanied by a personal cook out of fear to be poisoned.

In 1903 a riot started after an incident on 6 February when a Christian Russian boy, Mikhail Rybachenko, was found murdered in the town of Dubossary (now Dubăsari), about 25 miles north of Kishinev. Although it was clear that the boy had been killed by a relative (who was later found), Krushevan's Bessarabets insinuated that he was killed by the Jews, which instigated the Kishinev pogrom.[6][7]

In 1905 Krushevan organized the Bessarabian Patriotic League. He founded the Bessarabian branch of the Union of the Russian People.

From 1906 to 1909 he served as a speaker of Kishinev city in the Duma. In 1907 Krushevan was elected to represent Kishinev in the 2nd Russian State Duma.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Michelis, Cesare G. De (2004). The non-existent manuscript: a study of the Protocols of the sages of Zion. Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press. pp. 76–80. ISBN 0803217277.
  2. ^ "Convert to Judaism Says Brother's Balked Love Led to Kishinev Pogrom". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 20 March 2015. Retrieved 2022-09-01.
  3. ^ Davitt, Michael (1903). Within the Pale. New York: A S Barnes. p. 97.
  4. ^ Davitt, M. (1903). Within The Pale: The True Story of the Anti-Semitic Persecutions in Russia. New York: The Jewish Publication Society of America. Retrieved from http://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/urn/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30-180013272008
  5. ^ Cesare G. De Michelis, Richard Newhouse (January 2004). The non-existent manuscript: a study of the Protocols of the sages of Zion. U of Nebraska Press. p. 19. ISBN 0803217277.
  6. ^ Davitt, Michael (1903). Within the Pale. New York: A S Barnes. pp. 97–100.
  7. ^ Urussov, Serge Demitiyvich (1908). Memoirs of a Russian Governor. New York&London: harper & Bros. pp. 42–55.
[edit]
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