Mile: Difference between revisions

mile
mile
	A milestone in the City of Westminster showing the distance from Kensington Road to Hounslow and Hyde Park Corner in miles
General information
Unit system	British imperial/US customary
Unit of	length
Symbol	mi. or mi, (rarely) m
Conversions
1 mi. or mi in ...	... is equal to ...
SI units	1609.344 m
imperial/US units	63360 in; 5280 ft; 1760 yd; 80 ch; 8 fur;
US survey mile	0.999998 survey mile
nautical units	≈ 0.86898 nmi

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The mile, sometimes the international mile or statute mile to distinguish it from other miles, is a British imperial unit and United States customary unit of length; both are based on the older English unit of length equal to 5,280 English feet, or 1,760 yards. The statute mile was standardised between the Commonwealth of Nations and the United States by an international agreement in 1959, when it was formally redefined with respect to SI units as exactly 1,609.344 metres.

With qualifiers, mile is also used to describe or translate a wide range of units derived from or roughly equivalent to the Roman mile (roughly 1.48 km), such as the nautical mile (now 1.852 km exactly), the Italian mile (roughly 1.852 km), and the Chinese mile (now 500 m exactly). The Romans divided their mile into 5,000 pedēs ("feet"), but the greater importance of furlongs in the Elizabethan-era England meant that the statute mile was made equivalent to 8 furlongs or 5,280 feet in 1593. This form of the mile then spread across the British Empire, some successor states of which continue to employ the mile. The US Geological Survey now employs the metre for official purposes, but legacy data from its 1927 geodetic datum has meant that a separate US survey mile (⁠6336/3937⁠ km) continues to see some use, although it was officially phased out in 2022. While most countries replaced the mile with the kilometre when switching to the International System of Units (SI), the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and a number of countries with fewer than one million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories or have close historical ties with the UK or US.

Name

The modern English word mile derives from Middle English myle and Old English mīl, which was cognate with all other Germanic terms for miles. These derived from the nominal ellipsis form of mīlle passus 'mile' or mīlia passuum 'miles', the Roman mile of one thousand paces.^[1]

The present international mile is usually what is understood by the unqualified term mile. When this distance needs to be distinguished from the nautical mile, the international mile may also be described as a land mile or statute mile.^[2] In British English, statute mile may refer to the present international mile or to any other form of English mile since the 1593 Act of Parliament, which set it as a distance of 1,760 yards. Under American law, however, statute mile refers to the US survey mile.^[3] Foreign and historical units translated into English as miles usually employ a qualifier to describe the kind of mile being used but this may be omitted if it is obvious from the context, such as a discussion of the 2nd-century Antonine Itinerary describing its distances in terms of miles rather than Roman miles.

Abbreviation

The mile has been variously abbreviated in English—with and without a trailing period—as "mi", "M", "ml", and "m".^[4] The American National Institute of Standards and Technology now uses and recommends "mi" to avoid confusion with the SI metre (m) and millilitre (ml).^[5] However, derived units such as miles per hour or miles per gallon continue to be abbreviated as "mph" and "mpg" rather than "mi/h" and "mi/gal". In the United Kingdom, road signs use "m" as the abbreviation for mile though height and width restrictions also use "m" as the symbol for the metre, which may be displayed alongside feet and inches.^[6] The BBC style holds that "there is no acceptable abbreviation for 'miles'" and so it should be spelled out when used in describing areas.^[7]

Historical

Roman

The Roman mile (mille passus, lit. "thousand paces"; abbr. m.p.; also milia passuum^{[n 2]} and mille) consisted of a thousand paces as measured by every other step—as in the total distance of the left foot hitting the ground 1,000 times.^[9] When Roman legionaries were well-fed and harshly driven in good weather, they thus created longer miles. The distance was indirectly standardised by Agrippa's establishment of a standard Roman foot (Agrippa's own) in 29 BC,^[10] and the definition of a pace as 5 feet. An Imperial Roman mile thus denoted 5,000 Roman feet. Surveyors and specialised equipment such as the decempeda and dioptra then spread its use.^[11]

In modern times, Agrippa's Imperial Roman mile was empirically estimated to have been about 1,618 yards (1,479 m; 4,854 ft; 0.919 mi) in length, slightly less than the 1,760 yards (1,609 m; 5,280 ft) of the modern international mile.^[12]

In Hellenic areas of the Empire, the Roman mile (Greek: μίλιον, mílion) was used beside the native Greek units as equivalent to 8 stadia of 600 Greek feet. The mílion continued to be used as a Byzantine unit and was also used as the name of the zero mile marker for the Byzantine Empire, the Milion, located at the head of the Mese near Hagia Sophia.

The Roman mile spread throughout Europe, with its local variations giving rise to the different units.^{[citation needed]} Also arising from the Roman mile is the milestone. All roads radiated out from the Roman Forum throughout the Empire – 50,000 (Roman) miles of stone-paved roads. At every mile was placed a shaped stone. Originally, these were obelisks made from granite, marble, or whatever local stone was available. On these was carved a Roman numeral, indicating the number of miles from the centre of Rome – the Forum. Hence, one can know how far one is from Rome.^[13]

Italian

The Italian mile (miglio, pl. miglia) was traditionally considered a direct continuation of the Roman mile, equal to 1000 paces,^[14] although its actual value over time or between regions could vary greatly.^[15] It was often used in international contexts from the Middle Ages into the 17th century^[14] and is thus also known as the "geographical mile",^[16] although the geographical mile is now a separate standard unit.

Arabic

The Arabic mile (الميل, al-mīl) was not the common Arabic unit of length; instead, Arabs and Persians traditionally used the longer parasang or "Arabic league". The Arabic mile was, however, used by medieval geographers and scientists and constituted a kind of precursor to the nautical or geographical mile. It extended the Roman mile to fit an astronomical approximation of 1 arcminute of latitude measured directly north-and-south along a meridian. Although the precise value of the approximation remains disputed, it was somewhere between 1.8 and 2.0 km.

English

The "old English mile" of the medieval and early modern periods varied but seems to have measured about 1.3 international miles (2.1 km).^[17]^[18] The old English mile varied over time and location within England.^[18] The old English mile has also been defined as 79,200 or 79,320 inches (1.25 or 1.2519 statute miles).^[19] The English long continued the Roman computations of the mile as 5,000 feet, 1,000 paces, or 8 longer divisions, which they equated with their "furrow's length" or furlong.^[20]

The origins of English units are "extremely vague and uncertain",^[21]^{[citation needed]} but seem to have been a combination of the Roman system with native British and Germanic systems both derived from multiples of the barleycorn.^{[n 3]} Probably by the reign of Edgar in the 10th century, the nominal prototype physical standard of English length was an arm-length iron bar (a yardstick) held by the king at Winchester;^[22]^[21] the foot was then one-third of its length. Henry I was said to have made a new standard in 1101 based on his own arm.^[21] Following the issuance of Magna Carta in 1215, the barons of Parliament directed John and his son to keep the king's standard measure (Mensura Domini Regis) and weight at the Exchequer,^[21] which thereafter verified local standards until its abolition in the 19th century. New brass standards are known to have been constructed under Henry VII and Elizabeth I.^[24]

Arnold's c. 1500 Customs of London recorded a mile shorter than previous ones, coming to 0.947 international miles (5,000 feet) or 1.524 km.^[20]

Statute

The English statute mile was established by a Weights and Measures Act of Parliament in 1593 during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. The act on the Composition of Yards and Perches had shortened the length of the foot and its associated measures, causing the two methods of determining the mile to diverge.^[25] Owing to the importance of the surveyor's rod in deeds and surveying undertaken under Henry VIII,^[26] decreasing the length of the rod by 1⁄11 would have amounted to a significant tax increase. Parliament instead opted to maintain the mile of 8 furlongs (which were derived from the rod) and to increase the number of feet per mile from the old Roman value.^[27] The applicable passage of the statute reads: "A Mile shall contain eight Furlongs, every Furlong forty Poles,^{[n 4]} and every Pole shall contain sixteen Foot and an half."^[29] The statute mile therefore contained 5,280 feet or 1,760 yards.^[20] The distance was not uniformly adopted. Robert Morden had multiple scales on his 17th-century maps which included continuing local values: his map of Hampshire, for example, bore two different "miles" with a ratio of 1 : 1.23^[30] and his map of Dorset had three scales with a ratio of 1 : 1.23 : 1.41.^[31] In both cases, the traditional local units remained longer than the statute mile. The English statute mile was superseded in 1959 by the international mile by international agreement.

Welsh

The Welsh mile (milltir or milldir) was 3 statute miles and 1,470 yards long (6.17 km). It comprised 9,000 paces (cam), each of 3 Welsh feet (troedfedd) of 9 inches (modfeddi).^[32] (The Welsh inch is usually reckoned as equivalent to the English inch.) Along with other Welsh units, it was said to have been codified under Dyfnwal the Bald and Silent and retained unchanged by Hywel the Good.^[33] Along with other Welsh units, it was discontinued following the conquest of Wales by Edward I of England in the 13th century.

Scots

The Scots mile was longer than the English mile,^[35] as mentioned by Robert Burns in the first verse of his poem "Tam o' Shanter". It comprised 8 (Scots) furlongs divided into 320 falls or faws (Scots rods).^[36] It varied from place to place but the most accepted equivalencies are 1,976 Imperial yards (1.123 statute miles or 1.81 km). It was legally abolished three times: first by a 1685 act of the Scottish Parliament,^[37] again by the 1707 Treaty of Union with England,^[38] and finally by the Weights and Measures Act 1824.^[35] It had continued in use as a customary unit through the 18th century but had become obsolete by its final abolition.

Irish

The Irish mile (míle or míle Gaelach) measured 2,240 yards: approximately 1.27 statute miles or 2.048 kilometres.^[39]^[40] It was used in Ireland from the 16th century plantations until the 19th century, with residual use into the 20th century. The units were based on "English measure" but used a linear perch measuring 7 yards (6.4 m) as opposed to the English rod of 5.5 yards (5.0 m).^[40]

Dutch

The Dutch mile (mijl) has had different definitions throughout history. One of the older definitions was 5,600 ells. But the length of an ell was not standardised, so that the length of a mile could range between 3,280 m and 4,280 m. In the sixteenth, the Dutch had three different miles: small (kleine), medium (middelbaar/gemeen), and large (groote). The Dutch kleine mile had the historical definition of one hour's walking (uur gaans), which was defined as 24 stadia, 3000 paces, or 15,000 Amsterdam or Rhineland feet (respectively 4,250 m or 4,710 m). The common Dutch mile was 32 stadia, 4,000 paces, or 20,000 feet (5,660 m or 6,280 m). The large mile was defined as 5000 paces.^[41] The common Dutch mile was preferred by mariners, equating with 15 to one degree of latitude or one degree of longitude on the equator. This was originally based upon Ptolemy's underestimate of the Earth's circumference. The ratio of 15 Dutch miles to a degree remained fixed while the length of the mile was changed as with improved calculations of the circumference of the Earth. In 1617, Willebrord Snellius calculated a degree of the circumference of the Earth at 28,500 Rijnlantsche Roeden (within 3.5% of the actual value), which resulted in a Dutch mile of 1900 rods.^[42] By the mid-seventeenth century, map scales assigned 2000 rods to the common Dutch mile, which equalled around 7,535 m (reducing the discrepancy with latitude measurement to less than 2%). The metric system was introduced in the Netherlands in 1816, and the metric mile became a synonym for the kilometre, being exactly 1,000 m. Since 1870, the term mijl was replaced by the equivalent kilometer. Today, the word mijl is no longer used, except as part of certain proverbs and compound terms like mijlenver ("miles away").

German

The German mile (Meile) was 24,000 German feet. The standardised Austrian mile used in southern Germany and the Austrian Empire was 7.586 km; the Prussian mile used in northern Germany was 7.5325 km. Following its standardisation by Ole Rømer in the late 17th century, the Danish mile (mil) was precisely equal to the Prussian mile and likewise divided into 24,000 feet.^[43] These were sometimes treated as equivalent to 7.5 km. Earlier values had varied: the Sjællandske miil, for instance, had been 11.13 km. The Germans also used a longer version of the geographical mile.

Breslau

The Breslau mile, used in Breslau, and from 1630 officially in all of Silesia, equal to 11,250 ells, or about 6,700 meters. The mile equaled the distance from the Piaskowa Gate all the way to Psie Pole (Hundsfeld). By rolling a circle with a radius of 5 ells through Piaskowa Island, Ostrów Tumski and suburban tracts, passing eight bridges on the way, the standard Breslau mile was determined.^[44]^[45]

Saxon

The Saxon post mile (kursächsische Postmeile or Polizeimeile, introduced on occasion of a survey of the Saxon roads in the 1700s, corresponded to 2,000 Dresden rods, equivalent to 9.062 kilometres.^[46]

Hungarian

The Hungarian mile (mérföld or magyar mérföld) varied from 8.3790 km to 8.9374 km before being standardised as 8.3536 km.

Portuguese

The Portuguese mile (milha) used in Portugal and Brazil was 2.0873 km prior to metrication.^[47]

Russian

The Russian mile (миля or русская миля, russkaya milya) was 7.468 km, divided into 7 versts.

Croatian

The Croatian mile (hrvatska milja), first devised by the Jesuit Stjepan Glavač on a 1673 map, is the length of an arc of the equator subtended by ⁠1/10⁠° or 11.13 km exactly.^[48]^[49] The previous Croatian mile, now known as the "ban mile" (banska milja), had been the Austrian mile given above.^[50]

Ottoman

The Ottoman mile was 1,894.35 m (1.17709 mi), which was equal to 5,000 Ottoman foot. After 1933, the Ottoman mile was replaced with the modern Turkish mile (1,853.181 m).

Japanese

The CJK Compatibility Unicode block contains square-format versions of Japanese names for measurement units as written in katakana script. Among them, there is U+3344 ㍄ SQUARE MAIRU, after マイル mairu.

International

The international mile is precisely equal to 1.609344 km (or ⁠25146/15625⁠ km as a fraction).^[52] It was established as part of the 1959 international yard and pound agreement reached by the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa,^[53] which resolved small but measurable differences that had arisen from separate physical standards each country had maintained for the yard.^[54] As with the earlier statute mile, it continues to comprise 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet.

The old Imperial value of the yard was used in converting measurements to metric values in India in a 1976 Act of the Indian Parliament.^[55] However, the current National Topographic Database of the Survey of India is based on the metric WGS-84 datum,^[56] which is also used by the Global Positioning System.

The difference from the previous standards was 2 ppm, or about 3.2 millimetres (1⁄8 inch) per mile. The US standard was slightly longer and the old Imperial standards had been slightly shorter than the international mile. When the international mile was introduced in English-speaking countries, the basic geodetic datum in America was the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27). This had been constructed by triangulation based on the definition of the foot in the Mendenhall Order of 1893, with 1 foot = ⁠1200/3937⁠ (≈0.304800609601) metres and the definition was retained for data derived from NAD27, but renamed the US survey foot to distinguish it from the international foot.^[57]^{[n 5]} Thus a survey mile = ⁠1200/3937⁠ × 5280 (≈1609.347218694) metres. An international mile = 1609.344 / (⁠1200/3937⁠ × 5280) (=0.999998) survey miles.

The exact length of the land mile varied slightly among English-speaking countries until the international yard and pound agreement in 1959 established the yard as exactly 0.9144 metres, giving a mile of exactly 1,609.344 metres. The US adopted this international mile for most purposes, but retained the pre-1959 mile for some land-survey data, terming it the U. S. survey mile. In the United States, statute mile normally refers to the survey mile,^[58] about 3.219 mm (1⁄8 inch) longer than the international mile (the international mile is exactly 0.0002% less than the US survey mile).

While most countries abandoned the mile when switching to the metric system, the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as Liberia, Myanmar,^[59] the United Kingdom^[60] and the United States.^[61] It is also used in a number of territories with less than a million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories, or have close historical ties with the UK or US: American Samoa,^[62] Bahamas,^[63] Belize,^[64] British Virgin Islands,^[65] Cayman Islands,^[66] Dominica,^[66] Falkland Islands,^[67] Grenada,^[68] Guam,^[69] The N. Mariana Islands,^[70] Samoa,^[71] St. Lucia,^[72] St. Vincent & The Grenadines,^[73] St. Helena,^[74] St. Kitts & Nevis,^[75] the Turks & Caicos Islands,^[76] and the US Virgin Islands.^[77] The mile is even encountered in Canada, though this is predominantly in rail transport and horse racing, as the roadways have been metricated since 1977.^[78]^[79]^[80]^[81] Ireland gradually replaced miles with kilometres, including in speed measurements; the process was completed in 2005.

US survey

The US survey mile is 5,280 US survey feet, or 1,609.347 metres and 0.30480061 metres respectively.^[82] Both are very slightly longer than the international mile and international foot. In the United States, the term statute mile formally refers to the survey mile,^[3] but for most purposes, the difference of less than 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) between the survey mile and the international mile (1609.344 metres exactly) is insignificant—one international mile is 0.999998 US survey miles—so statute mile can be used for either. But in some cases, such as in the US State Plane Coordinate Systems (SPCSs), which can stretch over hundreds of miles,^[83] the accumulated difference can be significant, so it is important to note that the reference is to the US survey mile.

The United States redefined its yard in 1893, and this resulted in US and Imperial measures of distance having very slightly different lengths.

The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83), which replaced the NAD27, is defined in metres. State Plane Coordinate Systems were then updated, but the National Geodetic Survey left individual states to decide which (if any) definition of the foot they would use. All State Plane Coordinate Systems are defined in metres, and 42 of the 50 states only use the metre-based State Plane Coordinate Systems. However, eight states also have State Plane Coordinate Systems defined in feet, seven of them in US survey feet and one in international feet.^[83]

State legislation in the US is important for determining which conversion factor from the metric datum is to be used for land surveying and real estate transactions, even though the difference (2 ppm) is hardly significant, given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances (usually much less than a mile). Twenty-four states have legislated that surveying measures be based on the US survey foot, eight have legislated that they be based on the international foot, and eighteen have not specified which conversion factor to use.^[83]

SPCS 83 legislation refers to state legislation that has been passed or updated using the newer 1983 NAD data. Most states have done so. Two states, Alaska and Missouri, and two jurisdictions, Guam and Puerto Rico, do not specify which foot to use.^[83] Two states, Alabama and Hawaii, and four jurisdictions, Washington, DC, US Virgin Islands, American Samoa and Northern Mariana Islands, do not have SPCS 83 legislation.^[83]

In October 2019, US National Geodetic Survey and National Institute of Standards and Technology announced their joint intent to retire the US survey foot and US survey mile, as permitted by their 1959 decision, with effect on January 1, 2023.^[84]^[85]^[86]

Nautical

The nautical mile was originally defined as one minute of arc along a meridian of the Earth.^[87] Navigators use dividers to step off the distance between two points on the navigational chart, then place the open dividers against the minutes-of-latitude scale at the edge of the chart, and read off the distance in nautical miles.^[88] The Earth is not perfectly spherical but an oblate spheroid, so the length of a minute of latitude increases by 1% from the equator to the poles, as seen for example in the WGS84 ellipsoid, with 1,843 metres (6,046 ft) at the equator, 1,862 metres (6,108 ft) at the poles and average 1,852 metres (6,076 ft).

Since 1929 the international nautical mile is defined by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference in Monaco as exactly 1,852 metres (which is 1.151 miles or 6,076.12 feet). ^[89] In the United States, the nautical mile was defined in the 19th century as 6,080.2 feet (1,853.24 m), whereas in the United Kingdom, the Admiralty nautical mile was defined as 6,080 feet (1,853.18 m) and was about one minute of latitude in the latitudes of the south of the UK. Other nations had different definitions of the nautical mile.

Related units

The nautical mile per hour is known as the knot. Nautical miles and knots are almost universally used for aeronautical and maritime navigation, because of their relationship with degrees and minutes of latitude and the convenience of using the latitude scale on a map for distance measuring.

The data mile is used in radar-related subjects and is equal to 6,000 feet (1.8288 kilometres).^[90] The radar mile is a unit of time (in the same way that the light year is a unit of distance), equal to the time required for a radar pulse to travel a distance of two miles (one mile each way). Thus, the radar statute mile is 10.8 μs and the radar nautical mile is 12.4 μs.^[91]

Geographical

The geographical mile is based upon the length of a meridian of latitude. The German geographical mile (geographische Meile) was previously 1⁄15° of latitude (7.4127 km).^[92]

Metric

The informal term "metric mile" is used in some countries, in sports such as track and field athletics and speed skating, to denote a distance of 1,500 metres (0.932 miles). The 1500 meters is the premier middle distance running event in Olympic sports. In United States high-school competition, the term is sometimes used for a race of 1,600 metres (0.994 miles).^[93]

Scandinavian

The Scandinavian mile (mil) remains in common use in Norway and Sweden, where it has meant precisely 10 km since metrication in 1889.^[43] It is used in informal situations and in measurements of fuel consumption, which are often given as litres per mil. In formal situations (such as official road signs) only kilometres are given.

The Swedish mile was standardised as 36,000 Swedish feet or 10.6884 kilometres (6.6415 miles) in 1649; before that it varied by province from about 6 to 14.485 km.^[43]

Before metrication, the Norwegian mile was 11.298 kilometres (7.020 miles).

The traditional Finnish peninkulma was translated as Swedish: mil and also set equal to 10 km during metrication in 1887, but is much less commonly used.

Comparison table

A comparison of the different lengths for a "mile", in different countries and at different times in history, is given in the table below. Leagues are also included in this list because, in terms of length, they fall in between the short West European miles and the long North, Central and Eastern European miles.

Length (m)	Name	Country used	From	To	Definition	Remarks
0500	lǐ	mainland China	1984	today	1,500 chi	In Chinese, this unit and the imperial mile are written using the same word (里), with a qualifier to distinguish between systems if needed
0960–1,152	Talmudic mil	Land of Israel/Canaan		today	2,000 amot (cubits)	Biblical and Talmudic units of measurement
01,480	mille passus, milliarium	Roman Empire				Ancient Roman units of measurement
01,486.6	miglio^[94]	Sicily
01,524	London mile	England
01,609.3426	(statute) mile	England/UK	1592	1959	1,760 yards	Over the course of time, the length of a yard changed several times and consequently so did the English, and from 1824, the imperial mile. The statute mile was introduced in 1592 during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I
01,609.344	mile	some English speaking countries^{[citation needed]}	1959	today	1,760 yards	On 1 July 1959, the imperial mile was standardized to an exact length in metres. This figure corresponds to 5280 feet at 25.4 millimeters per inch.
01,609.3472	(statute) mile	United States	1893	2022	1,760 yards	From 1959 also called the US Survey Mile. From then, its only utility has been land survey, before it was the standard mile. From 1893, its exact length in metres was: ⁠3600/3937⁠ × 1760
01,807	Scots mile	Scotland		1685	5,920 feet
01,820		Italy
01,852	nautical mile	international		today	approx. 1 minute of arc	Measured at a circumference of 40,000 km. Abbreviation: NM, nm
01,852.3	(for comparison)				1 meridian minute
01,853.181	nautical mile	Turkey
01,855.4	(for comparison)				1 equatorial minute	Although the NM was defined on the basis of the minute, it varies from the equatorial minute, because at that time the circumference of the equator could only be estimated at 40,000 km.
02,065		Portugal
02,220	Gallo-Roman league	Gallo-Roman culture			1.5 miles	Under the reign of Emperor Septimius Severus, this replaced the Roman mile as the official unit of distance in the Gallic and Germanic provinces, although there were regional and temporal variations.^[95]
02,470		Sardinia, Piemont
02,622		Scotland
02,880		Ireland
03,780		Flanders
03,898	French lieue (post league)	France			2,000 "body lengths"
03,927	Ri	Japan			12,960 shaku
04,000	general or metric league
04,000	legue	Guatemala
04,190	legue	Mexico^[96]			= 2,500 tresas = 5,000 varas
04,444.8	landleuge				1⁄25° of a circle of longitude
04,452.2	lieue commune	France				Units of measurement in France before the French Revolution
04,513	legue	Paraguay
04,513	legua	Chile,^[96] (Guatemala, Haiti)			= 36 cuadros = 5,400 varas
04,808		Switzerland
04,828	English land league	England			3 miles
04,800 04,900	Germanic rasta, also doppelleuge (double league)
05,000	légua nova	Portugal^[96]
05,196	legua	Bolivia^[96]			= 40 ladres
05,152	legua Argentina	Argentina, Buenos Aires^[96]			= 6,000 varas
05,154	legue	Uruguay
05,200	Bolivian legua	Bolivia
05,370	legue	Venezuela
05,500	Portuguese legua	Portugal
05,510	legue	Ecuador
05,510	Ecuadorian legua	Ecuador
05,532.5	Landleuge (state league)	Prussia				Obsolete German units of measurement
05,540	legue	Honduras
05,556	Seeleuge (nautical league)				1⁄20° of a circle of longitude 3 nautical miles
05,570	legua	Spain and Chile				Spanish customary units
05,572	legua	Colombia^[96]			= 3 Millas
05,572.7	legue	Peru^[96]			= 20,000 feet
05,572.7	legua Antigua old league	Spain^[96]			= 3 millas = 15,000 feet
05,590	légua	Brazil^[96]			= 5,000 varas = 2,500 bracas
05,600	Brazilian legua	Brazil
05,685	Fersah (Turkish league)	Ottoman Empire		1933	4 Turkish miles	Derived from Persian parasang
05,840^[97]	Dutch mile	Holland
06,170	milltir	Wales		13thC	9,000 camau ( = 27,000 troedfeddi = 243,000 inches)	Eclipsed by the conquest of Wales by Edward I
06,197	légua antiga	Portugal^[96]			= 3 milhas = 24 estadios
06,240	Persian legue	Persia
06,277		Luxembourg
06,280		Belgium
06,687.24	legua nueva new league, since 1766	Spain^[96]			= 8,000 varas
06,700	Breslau mile	Silesia	1630	1872		Also known as mila wrocławska in Polish
06,797	Landvermessermeile (state survey mile)	Saxony				Obsolete German units of measurement
07,400		Netherlands
07,409	(for comparison)				4 meridian minutes
07,419.2		Kingdom of Hanover				Obsolete German units of measurement
07,419.4		Duchy of Brunswick				Obsolete German units of measurement
07,420.4 07,414.9		Bavaria				Obsolete German units of measurement
07,420.439	geographic mile				1⁄15 equatorial grads ^{[dubious – discuss]}
07,421.6	(for comparison)				4 equatorial minutes
07,448.7		Württemberg				Obsolete German units of measurement
07,450		Hohenzollern				Obsolete German units of measurement
07,467.6		Russia			7 verst	Obsolete Russian units of measurement
07,480		Bohemia
07,500	kleine / neue Postmeile (small/new postal mile)	Saxony		1840		German Empire, North German Confederation, Grand Duchy of Hesse, Russia. Obsolete German units of measurement
07,532.5	Land(es)meile (German state mile)	Denmark, Hamburg, Prussia				Primarily for Denmark defined by Ole Rømer. Obsolete German units of measurement
07,585.9	Postmeile (post mile)	Austro-Hungary				Austrian units of measurement
07,850	Milă	Romania
08,534.31	Mila	Poland	1819			7146 meters before 1819, also equaled 7 verst^[98]
08,800		Schleswig-Holstein				Obsolete German units of measurement
08,888.89		Baden				Obsolete German units of measurement
09,062	mittlere Post- / Polizeimeile (middle post mile or police mile)	Saxony		1722		Obsolete German units of measurement
09,206.3		Electorate of Hesse				Obsolete German units of measurement
09,261.4	(for comparison)				5 meridian minutes
09,277	(for comparison)				5 equatorial minutes
09,323	alte Landmeile (old state mile)	Hanover		1836		Obsolete German units of measurement
09,347	alte Landmeile (old state mile)	Hanover		1836		Obsolete German units of measurement
09,869.6		Oldenburg
10,000	metric mile, Scandinavian mile	Norway, Sweden		today		Still commonly used today, e.g. for road distances; equates to the myriametre
10,044	große Meile (great mile)	Westphalia				Obsolete German units of measurement
10,670		Finland
10,688.54	mil	Sweden		1889		In normal speech, "mil" means a Scandinavian mile of 10 km.
11,113.7	(for comparison)				6 meridian minutes
11,132.4	(for comparison)				6 equatorial minutes
11,299	mil	Norway				was equivalent to 3,000 Rhenish rods.

Similar units:

1,066.8 m – verst, see also obsolete Russian units of measurement

Idioms

The mile is still used in a variety of idioms, even in English-speaking countries that have moved from the Imperial to the metric system (for example, Australia, Canada, or New Zealand). These idioms include:

A country mile is used colloquially to denote a very long distance.
"A miss is as good as a mile" (failure by a narrow margin is no better than any other failure)
"Give him an inch and he'll take a mile" – a corruption of "Give him an inch and he'll take an ell"^[99]^[100] (the person in question will become greedy if shown generosity)
"Missed by a mile" (missed by a wide margin)
"Go a mile a minute" (move very quickly)
"Talk a mile a minute" (speak at a rapid rate)
"To go the extra mile" (to put in extra effort)
"Miles away" (lost in thought, or daydreaming)
"Milestone" (an event indicating significant progress)
Glasgow's miles better, a touristic campaign.

Notes

^ Exactly ⁠50292/57875⁠ nmi
^ A partitive genitive construction literally meaning "one thousand of paces".^[8]
^ The c. 1300 Composition of Yards and Perches, a statute of uncertain date usually reckoned as an enactment of Edward I^[22] or II,^[21] notionally continued to derive English units from three barleycorns "dry and round" to the inch^[22] and this statute remained in force until the 1824 Weights and Measures Act establishing the Imperial system. In practice, official measures were verified using the standards at the Exchequer or simply ignored.^[23]
^ "Pole" being another name for the rod.
^ When reading the document it helps to bear in mind that 999,998 = 3,937 × 254.

References

Citations

^ OED (2002), "mile, n.¹".
^ AHD (2006), "mile, 1".
^ ^a ^b Thompson (2008), B.6..
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^ Butcher (2014), p. C-16.
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^ "Numbers" Archived 27 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine BBC
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^ Soren (1999), p. 184.
^ Shuttleworth.
^ Smith (1875), p. 762.
^ Lesley Adkins; Roy A. Adkins; Both Professional Archaeologists Roy A Adkins (14 May 2014). Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome. Infobase Publishing. pp. 199–. ISBN 978-0-8160-7482-2.
^ ^a ^b De Morgan (12 February 1842). "XXXIV On Fernel's Measure of a Degree, in reply to Mr. Galloway's Remarks". The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. Taylor & Francis: 230–233. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
^ Zupko (1981), "Miglio".
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^ Andrews (2003), p. 70.
^ ^a ^b Evans (1975), p. 259.
^ Chaney (1911), p. 484.
^ ^a ^b ^c Klein (1988), p. 69.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Chisholm (1864), p. 8.
^ ^a ^b ^c NPL.
^ Chisholm (1864), p. 37.
^ Chisholm (1864), p. 4.
^ Zupko (1977), pp. 10–11, 20–21.
^ Burke (1978), Ch. 9.
^ Adams (1990).
^ Statutes at large from the first year of King Edward the fourth to the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Vol. II. 1763. p. 676. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
^ Act 35 Eliz. I cap. 6, s. 8.^[28]
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^ Morden (1695).
^ Owen (1841), Book II, Ch. XVII, §5.
^ Owen (1841), Book II, Ch. XVII, §2.
^ Edinburgh 2000 visitors' guide. Collins. 1999. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-004-49017-5.
^ ^a ^b "mile". Dictionary of the Scottish Language – Scottish National Dictionary. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
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^ Convert mile [statute] to mile [statute, US] Archived 20 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine "1 metre is equal to 0.000621371192237 mile [statute], or 0.000621369949495 mile [statute, US]. ... The U.S. statute mile (or survey mile) is defined by the survey foot. This is different from the international statute mile, which is defined as exactly 1609.344 metres. The U.S. statute mile is defined as 5,280 U.S. survey feet, which is around 1609.347219 metres."
^ File:Naypyitaw Tollbooth.jpg
^ "The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995", legislation.gov.uk, The National Archives, SI 1995/1804
^ Maximum posted speed limits Archived 23 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine (US) IIHS. Retrieved 14 September 2011
^ Hayner, Jeff (29 November 2012). "ASAA planning 1.2-mile swim in Pago Pago harbor". Samoa News. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
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^ "Peace Corps Volunteer runs 49 miles from Petit Bordel to Georgetown". Searchlight.vc. 16 December 2011. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
^ "And I would walk 50 miles..." Sthelenaonline.org. 7 October 2012. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
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Act current to 18 January 2012. Canadian units (5) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II, and the symbols and abbreviations therefor are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6(1)(b)(ii).
^ Weights and Measures Act Archived 16 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ Government of Canada, Transportation Safety Board of Canada (26 October 2011). "Railway Investigation Report R10E0096 - Transportation Safety Board of Canada". www.tsb.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 14 September 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
February 2012, Rail Report – 2010 – Report Number R10E0096. Other Factual Information (See Figure 1). 2. Assignment 602 travelled approximately 12 car lengths into track VC-64 and at a speed of 9 mph struck a stationary cut of 46 empty cars (with the air brakes applied) that had been placed in the track about 2+1⁄2 hours earlier. Canadian railways have not been metricated and therefore continue to measure trackage in miles and speed in miles per hour.
^ Hastings Racecourse Fact Book Archived 18 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Like Canadian railways, Canadian race tracks have not been metricated and continue to measure distance in miles, furlongs, and yards (see page 18 of the fact book).
^ "Appendix E. General Tables of Units of Measurement". Retrieved 14 January 2020. (links to a Microsoft Word document)
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^ "NGS and NIST to Retire U.S. Survey Foot after 2022". National Geodetic Survey. 31 October 2019. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
^ "U.S. Survey Foot: Revised Unit Conversion Factors". NIST. 16 October 2019. Archived from the original on 2 March 2020. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
^ "Federal Register :: Request Access". 5 October 2020. Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2022.
^ Maloney (1978), p. 34.
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^ Rowlett (2018), "data mile".
^ Rowlett (2018), "radar mile".
^ Rowlett (2018), "meile".
^ Rowlett (2018), "mile".
^ Leopold Carl Bleibtreu: Handbuch der Münz-, Maß- und Gewichtskunde und des Wechsel-Staatspapier-, Bank- und Aktienwesens europäischer und außereuropäischer Länder und Städte. Verlag von J. Engelhorn, Stuttgart, 1863, p. 332
^ R. C. A. Rottländer (January 2006). "Hierarchische Gliederung der vormetrischen Längeneinheiten". vormetrische-laengeneinheiten.de. Archived from the original on 22 February 2006. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
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^ IKAR-Altkartendatenbank^{[permanent dead link]} der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Kartenabteilung.
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@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 | inunits2     = {{ubl|{{val|63360|ul=inches}}|{{val|5280|ul=feet}}|{{val|1760|ul=yards}}|80 [[chain (unit)|ch]]|8 [[furlong|fur]]}}
 | units3       = US survey mile
-| inunits3     = 0.999998 [[#US survey|survey mile]]
+| inunits3     = {{val|0.999998}}&nbsp;[[#US survey|survey mile]]
 | units4       = nautical&nbsp;units
-| inunits4     = {{convert|1|mi|nmi|disp=out|lk=on|sigfig=5|comma=gaps}}
+| inunits4     = ≈ {{convert|1|mi|nmi|disp=out|lk=on|sigfig=5|comma=gaps}}{{refn|group=n|Exactly {{sfrac|50292|57875}} nmi}}
 | units5       =
 | inunits5     =
@@ Line 29: / Line 29: @@
 }}
-The '''mile''', sometimes the '''international mile''' or '''statute mile''' to distinguish it from other miles, is a [[imperial unit|British imperial unit]] and [[United States customary unit]] of distance; both are based on the older [[English unit]] of [[Unit of length|length]] equal to 5,280 [[Foot (unit)|English feet]], or 1,760 [[yards]]. The statute mile was standardised between the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and the United States by an [[international yard and pound|international agreement in 1959]], when it was formally redefined with respect to [[SI units]] as exactly {{nowrap|1,609.344 [[metre]]s}}.<!-- 0.9144 × 1760 -->
+The '''mile''', sometimes the '''international mile''' or '''statute mile''' to distinguish it from other miles, is a [[imperial unit|British imperial unit]] and [[United States customary unit]] of length; both are based on the older [[English unit]] of [[Unit of length|length]] equal to 5,280 [[Foot (unit)|English feet]], or 1,760 [[yards]]. The statute mile was standardised between the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and the United States by an [[international yard and pound|international agreement in 1959]], when it was formally redefined with respect to [[SI units]] as exactly {{nowrap|1,609.344 [[metre]]s}}.<!-- 0.9144 × 1760 -->
-With qualifiers, ''mile'' is also used to describe or translate a wide range of units derived from or roughly equivalent to the [[#Roman|Roman mile]] (roughly {{nowrap|1.48 km}}), such as the [[#Nautical|nautical mile]] (now {{nowrap|1.852 km}} exactly), the [[#Italian|Italian mile]] (roughly {{nowrap|1.852 km}}), and the [[li (unit)|Chinese mile]] (now {{nowrap|500 m}} exactly). The Romans divided their mile into 5,000 [[Ancient Roman units of measurement#Length|pedēs ("feet")]], but the greater importance of furlongs in the [[Kingdom of England#Tudor period|Elizabethan-era England]] meant that the [[#Statute|statute mile]] was made equivalent to {{nowrap|8 [[furlong]]s}} or {{nowrap|5,280 [[Foot (unit)|feet]]}} in 1593. This form of the mile then spread across the [[British Empire]], some successor states of which continue to employ the mile. The [[United States Geological Survey|US Geological Survey]] now employs the metre for official purposes, but legacy data from its [[North American Datum#North American Datum of 1927|1927 geodetic datum]] has meant that a separate [[#US survey|US survey mile]] {{nowrap|({{sfrac|6336|3937}} km)}} continues to see some use, although it was officially phased out in 2022. While most countries replaced the mile with the kilometre when switching to the [[International System of Units]] (SI), the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as Liberia, the United Kingdom, the United States, and a number of countries with fewer than one million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories or have close historical ties with the UK or US.
+With qualifiers, ''mile'' is also used to describe or translate a wide range of units derived from or roughly equivalent to the [[#Roman|Roman mile]] (roughly {{nowrap|1.48 km}}), such as the [[#Nautical|nautical mile]] (now {{nowrap|1.852 km}} exactly), the [[#Italian|Italian mile]] (roughly {{nowrap|1.852 km}}), and the [[li (unit)|Chinese mile]] (now {{nowrap|500 m}} exactly). The Romans divided their mile into 5,000 [[Ancient Roman units of measurement#Length|pedēs ("feet")]], but the greater importance of furlongs in the [[Kingdom of England#Tudor period|Elizabethan-era England]] meant that the [[#Statute|statute mile]] was made equivalent to {{nowrap|8 [[furlong]]s}} or {{nowrap|5,280 [[Foot (unit)|feet]]}} in 1593. This form of the mile then spread across the [[British Empire]], some successor states of which continue to employ the mile. The [[United States Geological Survey|US Geological Survey]] now employs the metre for official purposes, but legacy data from its [[North American Datum#North American Datum of 1927|1927 geodetic datum]] has meant that a separate [[#US survey|US survey mile]] {{nowrap|({{sfrac|6336|3937}} km)}} continues to see some use, although it was officially phased out in 2022. While most countries replaced the mile with the kilometre when switching to the [[International System of Units]] (SI), the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and a number of countries with fewer than one million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories or have close historical ties with the UK or US.
 ==Name {{anchor|Etymology}}==
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 ===Abbreviation===
-The mile has been variously abbreviated in English—with and without a trailing period—as "mi", "M", "ml", and "m".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.czasopismologistyka.pl/artykuly-naukowe/send/338-artykuly-na-plycie-cd-2/8932-weintrit-history-of-the-nautical-mile |title=History of the Nautical Mile |last=Weintrit |first=Adam |date=24 October 2019 |website=Logistyka |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301104131/https://www.czasopismologistyka.pl/artykuly-naukowe/send/338-artykuly-na-plycie-cd-2/8932-weintrit-history-of-the-nautical-mile |archive-date=1 March 2018 }}</ref> The American [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] now uses and recommends "mi" to avoid confusion with the SI metre (m) and millilitre (ml).{{sfnp|Butcher|2014|p=C-16}} However, derived units such as [[miles per hour]] or [[miles per gallon]] continue to be abbreviated as "mph" and "mpg" rather than "mi/h" and "mi/gal". In the United Kingdom, [[Road signs in the United Kingdom|road signs]] use "m" as the abbreviation for mile though height and width restrictions also use "m" as the symbol for the metre, which may be displayed alongside feet and inches.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/307152/draft-tsrgd-schedules.pdf |title=Road traffic: The traffic signs regulations and general directions 2015 |publisher=[[Government of the United Kingdom]]}}</ref> The [[BBC]] style holds that "there is no acceptable abbreviation for 'miles{{'"}} and so it should be spelled out when used in describing areas.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/article/art20130702112133541 "Numbers"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727165446/http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/article/art20130702112133541 |date=27 July 2018}} BBC</ref>
+The mile has been variously abbreviated in English—with and without a trailing period—as "mi", "M", "ml", and "m".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.czasopismologistyka.pl/artykuly-naukowe/send/338-artykuly-na-plycie-cd-2/8932-weintrit-history-of-the-nautical-mile |title=History of the Nautical Mile |last=Weintrit |first=Adam |date=24 October 2019 |website=Logistyka |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301104131/https://www.czasopismologistyka.pl/artykuly-naukowe/send/338-artykuly-na-plycie-cd-2/8932-weintrit-history-of-the-nautical-mile |archive-date=1 March 2018 }}</ref> The American [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] now uses and recommends "mi" to avoid confusion with the SI metre (m) and millilitre (ml).{{sfnp|Butcher|2014|p=C-16}} However, derived units such as [[miles per hour]] or [[miles per gallon]] continue to be abbreviated as "mph" and "mpg" rather than "mi/h" and "mi/gal". In the United Kingdom, [[Road signs in the United Kingdom|road signs]] use "m" as the abbreviation for mile though height and width restrictions also use "m" as the symbol for the metre, which may be displayed alongside feet and inches.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/307152/draft-tsrgd-schedules.pdf |title=Road traffic: The traffic signs regulations and general directions 2015 |publisher=[[Government of the United Kingdom]] |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921040502/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/307152/draft-tsrgd-schedules.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[BBC]] style holds that "there is no acceptable abbreviation for 'miles{{'"}} and so it should be spelled out when used in describing areas.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/article/art20130702112133541 "Numbers"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727165446/http://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/article/art20130702112133541 |date=27 July 2018}} BBC</ref>
 ==Historical==
@@ Line 46: / Line 46: @@
 ===Roman===
-The '''[[Roman units|Roman]] mile''' (''{{lang|la|{{linktext|mille passus}}}}'',<!--see talk page--> <small>{{abbr|lit.|literally}}</small>&nbsp;"thousand paces"; <small>{{abbr|abbr.|abbreviated}}</small>&nbsp;'''m.p.'''; also ''{{lang|la|milia passuum}}''{{refn|group=n|A [[partitive genitive]] construction literally meaning "one thousand of paces".{{sfnp|Lease|1905|p=211}} }} and ''{{lang|la|mille}}'') consisted of a thousand [[pace (unit)|pace]]s as measured by every other step—as in the total distance of the left foot hitting the ground 1,000 times.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bassett |first=David R. |last2=Mahar |first2=Matthew T. |last3=Rowe |first3=David A. |last4=Morrow |first4=James R. |date=2008 |title=Walking and Measurement |url=https://journals.lww.com/00005768-200807002-00004 |journal=Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise |language=en |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=S529–S536 |doi=10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c699c |issn=0195-9131|doi-access=free }}</ref> When [[Roman legion]]aries were well-fed and harshly driven in good weather, they thus created longer miles. The distance was indirectly standardised by [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]]'s establishment of a standard [[Roman foot]] (Agrippa's own) in 29&nbsp;[[Before Christ|BC]],{{sfnp|Soren|1999|p=184}} and the definition of a pace as 5&nbsp;feet. An Imperial Roman mile thus denoted 5,000&nbsp;[[Roman feet]]. [[Agrimensor|Surveyors]] and specialised equipment such as the [[decempeda]] and [[dioptra]] then spread its use.{{sfn|Shuttleworth}}
+The '''[[Roman units|Roman]] mile''' (''{{lang|la|{{linktext|mille passus}}}}'',<!--see talk page--> <small>{{abbr|lit.|literally}}</small>&nbsp;"thousand paces"; <small>{{abbr|abbr.|abbreviated}}</small>&nbsp;'''m.p.'''; also ''{{lang|la|milia passuum}}''{{refn|group=n|A [[partitive genitive]] construction literally meaning "one thousand of paces".{{sfnp|Lease|1905|p=211}} }} and ''{{lang|la|mille}}'') consisted of a thousand [[pace (unit)|pace]]s as measured by every other step—as in the total distance of the left foot hitting the ground 1,000 times.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bassett |first1=David R. |last2=Mahar |first2=Matthew T. |last3=Rowe |first3=David A. |last4=Morrow |first4=James R. |date=2008 |title=Walking and Measurement |url=https://journals.lww.com/00005768-200807002-00004 |journal=Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise |language=en |volume=40 |issue=7 |pages=S529–S536 |doi=10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c699c |issn=0195-9131|doi-access=free |pmid=18562970 }}</ref> When [[Roman legion]]aries were well-fed and harshly driven in good weather, they thus created longer miles. The distance was indirectly standardised by [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]]'s establishment of a standard [[Roman foot]] (Agrippa's own) in 29&nbsp;[[Before Christ|BC]],{{sfnp|Soren|1999|p=184}} and the definition of a pace as 5&nbsp;feet. An Imperial Roman mile thus denoted 5,000&nbsp;[[Roman feet]]. [[Agrimensor|Surveyors]] and specialised equipment such as the [[decempeda]] and [[dioptra]] then spread its use.{{sfn|Shuttleworth}}
 In modern times, Agrippa's Imperial Roman mile was empirically estimated to have been about {{convert|1618|yard|m ft mi}} in length, slightly less than the {{convert|1760.|yard|m ft}} of the modern international mile.{{sfnp|Smith|1875|p=762}}
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 ===Italian===
-The '''[[Italian units|Italian]] mile''' (''{{lang|it|miglio}}'', <small>{{abbr|pl.|plural}}</small>&nbsp;''{{lang|it|miglia}}'') was traditionally considered a direct continuation of the Roman mile, equal to 1000 paces,<ref name=demorgan/> although [[Italian units of measurement#Length|its actual value over time or between regions]] could vary greatly.{{sfnp|Zupko|1981|loc="Miglio"}} It was often used in international contexts from the Middle Ages into the 17th century<ref name=demorgan>{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TFAwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA231
+The '''[[Italian units|Italian]] mile''' (''{{lang|it|miglio}}'', <small>{{abbr|pl.|plural}}</small>&nbsp;''{{lang|it|miglia}}'') was traditionally considered a direct continuation of the Roman mile, equal to 1000 paces,<ref name=demorgan/> although [[Italian units of measurement#Length|its actual value over time or between regions]] could vary greatly.{{sfnp|Zupko|1981|loc="Miglio"}} It was often used in international contexts from the Middle Ages into the 17th century<ref name=demorgan>{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TFAwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA231|title={{sc|xxxiv}} On Fernel's Measure of a Degree, in reply to Mr. Galloway's Remarks|last=De Morgan <!-- no forename attributed -->|pages=230–233|journal=The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|date=12 February 1842|publisher=Taylor & Francis|language=en|access-date=10 March 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120041931/https://books.google.com/books?id=TFAwAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA231|url-status=live}}</ref> and is thus also known as the "geographical mile",<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Young|editor-first=Norwood|series=Murray's Handbooks|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGwPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA29|title=Handbook for Rome and the Campagna|date=1908|publisher=E. Stanford|language=en|access-date=10 March 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120041931/https://books.google.com/books?id=SGwPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA29|url-status=live}}</ref> although the [[geographical mile]] is now a separate standard unit.
-| title= {{sc|xxxiv}} On Fernel's Measure of a Degree, in reply to Mr. Galloway's Remarks
-| last = De Morgan <!-- no forename attributed -->
-|pages= 230–233
-|journal=The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|date=12 February 1842|publisher=Taylor & Francis|language=en}}</ref> and is thus also known as the "geographical mile",<ref>{{Cite book
-| editor-last= Young | editor-first= Norwood
-|series= Murray's Handbooks
-| page=29
-|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGwPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA29|title=Handbook for Rome and the Campagna|date=1908|publisher=E. Stanford|language=en}}</ref> although the [[geographical mile]] is now a separate standard unit.
 ===Arabic===
@@ Line 73: / Line 65: @@
 {{See also|yard}}
-The "'''old [[English units|English]] mile'''" of the [[medieval England|medieval]] and [[Early Modern England|early modern period]]s varied but seems to have measured about 1.3&nbsp;[[#International|international&nbsp;miles]] (2.1&nbsp;km).{{sfnp|Andrews|2003|p=70}}{{sfnp|Evans|1975|p=259}} The old English mile varied over time and location within England.{{sfnp|Evans|1975|p=259}} The old English mile has also been defined as 79,200 or 79,320 inches (1.25 or 1.2519 statute miles).{{sfnp|Chaney|1911|p=484}} The English long continued the Roman computations of the mile as 5000 feet, 1000 [[pace (unit)|paces]], or 8 longer divisions, which they equated with their "[[furrow]]'s length" or [[furlong]].{{sfnp|Klein|1988|p=69}}
+The "'''old [[English units|English]] mile'''" of the [[medieval England|medieval]] and [[Early Modern England|early modern period]]s varied but seems to have measured about 1.3&nbsp;[[#International|international&nbsp;miles]] (2.1&nbsp;km).{{sfnp|Andrews|2003|p=70}}{{sfnp|Evans|1975|p=259}} The old English mile varied over time and location within England.{{sfnp|Evans|1975|p=259}} The old English mile has also been defined as 79,200 or 79,320 inches (1.25 or 1.2519 statute miles).{{sfnp|Chaney|1911|p=484}} The English long continued the Roman computations of the mile as 5,000 feet, 1,000 [[pace (unit)|paces]], or 8 longer divisions, which they equated with their "[[furrow]]'s length" or [[furlong]].{{sfnp|Klein|1988|p=69}}
 The origins of English units are "extremely vague and uncertain",{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=8}}{{Citation needed|reason=Chisholm 1864 not in bibliography|date=June 2022}} but seem to have been a combination of the [[Roman units|Roman system]] with native [[Welsh units|British]] and Germanic systems both derived from multiples of the [[barleycorn (unit)|barleycorn]].{{refn|group=n|The {{c.|lk=no|1300}} [[Composition of Yards and Perches]], a [[statutes of uncertain date|statute of uncertain date]] usually reckoned as an enactment of [[Edward I of England|Edward&nbsp;I]]{{sfn|NPL}} or [[Edward II of England|II]],{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=8}} notionally continued to derive English units from three barleycorns "dry and round" to the inch{{sfn|NPL}} and this statute remained in force until the 1824 [[Weights and Measures Acts of the United Kingdom|Weights and Measures Act]] establishing the [[Imperial units|Imperial system]]. In practice, official measures were verified using the standards at the Exchequer or simply ignored.{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=37}}}} Probably by the reign of [[Edgar, King of England|Edgar]] in the 10th century, the nominal [[prototype]] [[standard (metrology)|physical standard]] of English length was an arm-length iron bar (a yardstick) held by the [[kings of England|king]] at [[Winchester]];{{sfn|NPL}}{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=8}} the foot was then one-third of its length. [[Henry I of England|Henry&nbsp;I]] was said to have made a new standard in 1101 based on his own arm.<!--Sic. No nose involved.-->{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=8}} Following the issuance of [[Magna Carta]] in 1215, the [[baron (UK)|baron]]s of [[English Parliament|Parliament]] directed [[John Lackland|John]] and his son to keep the [[list of English kings|king]]'s standard measure (''{{lang|la|Mensura Domini Regis}}'') and [[Troy pound|weight]] at the [[Exchequer]],{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=8}} which thereafter verified local standards until its abolition in the 19th century. New [[brass]] standards are known to have been constructed under [[Henry VII of England|Henry&nbsp;VII]] and [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth&nbsp;I]].{{sfnp|Chisholm|1864|p=4}}
-Arnold's {{c.|lk=no|1500}} ''Customs of London'' recorded a mile shorter than previous ones, coming to 0.947&nbsp;international&nbsp;miles (5000 feet) or 1.524&nbsp;km.{{sfnp|Klein|1988|p=69}}
+Arnold's {{c.|lk=no|1500}} ''Customs of London'' recorded a mile shorter than previous ones, coming to 0.947&nbsp;international&nbsp;miles (5,000 feet) or 1.524&nbsp;km.{{sfnp|Klein|1988|p=69}}
 ====Statute====
@@ Line 90: / Line 82: @@
 [[File:Edinburgh High Street.JPG|thumb|[[Edinburgh]]'s "[[Royal Mile]]"—running from [[Edinburgh Castle|the castle]] to [[Holyrood Abbey]]—is roughly a Scots mile&nbsp;long.<ref>{{cite book|title=Edinburgh 2000 visitors' guide|publisher=Collins|year=1999|page=31|isbn=978-0-004-49017-5}}</ref>]]
-The '''[[Scots units|Scots]] mile''' was longer than the English mile,<ref name="SNL">{{cite book |chapter=mile |title= Dictionary of the Scottish Language – Scottish National Dictionary |chapter-url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/mile_n1 }}</ref> as mentioned by [[Robert Burns]] in the first verse of his poem "[[Tam o' Shanter (Burns poem)|Tam o' Shanter]]". It comprised 8&nbsp;(Scots)&nbsp;furlongs divided into 320&nbsp;[[fall (Scots)|fall]]s or faws (Scots [[rod (unit)|rod]]s).<ref name="DOST">{{cite book |chapter=fall, faw |title=Dictionary of the Scottish Language – Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue |chapter-url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/fall_n_1 }}</ref> It varied from place to place but the most accepted equivalencies are 1,976&nbsp;[[Imperial system|Imperial]]&nbsp;yards (1.123 [[statute mile]]s or 1.81&nbsp;km).
+The '''[[Scots units|Scots]] mile''' was longer than the English mile,<ref name="SNL">{{cite book |chapter=mile |title=Dictionary of the Scottish Language – Scottish National Dictionary |chapter-url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/mile_n1 |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804010338/https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/mile_n1 |url-status=live }}</ref> as mentioned by [[Robert Burns]] in the first verse of his poem "[[Tam o' Shanter (Burns poem)|Tam o' Shanter]]". It comprised 8&nbsp;(Scots)&nbsp;furlongs divided into 320&nbsp;[[fall (Scots)|fall]]s or faws (Scots [[rod (unit)|rod]]s).<ref name="DOST">{{cite book |chapter=fall, faw |title=Dictionary of the Scottish Language – Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue |chapter-url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/fall_n_1 |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804012402/https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/fall_n_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> It varied from place to place but the most accepted equivalencies are 1,976&nbsp;[[Imperial system|Imperial]]&nbsp;yards (1.123 [[statute mile]]s or 1.81&nbsp;km).
+It was legally abolished three times: first by a 1685 act of the [[Parliament of Scotland|Scottish Parliament]],<ref name="1685-4-83">{{Cite web|place=Edinburgh|date=23 April 1685|id=APS viii: 494 c.59|title=Act for a standard of miles|website=Records of the Parliaments of Scotland|url=https://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1685/4/83|access-date=2023-03-10|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310044550/https://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1685/4/83|url-status=live}}</ref> again by the 1707 [[Act of Union (1707)|Treaty of Union]] with England,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Act ratifying and approving the treaty of union of the two kingdoms of Scotland and England|date=3 October 1706|place=Edinburgh|website=Records of the Parliaments of Scotland|url=https://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1706/10/257|access-date=2023-03-10|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310044539/https://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1706/10/257|url-status=live}}</ref> and finally by the [[Weights and Measures Act 1824]].<ref name="SNL" /> It had continued in use as a customary unit through the 18th century but had become obsolete by its final abolition.
-It was legally abolished three times: first by a 1685 act of the [[Parliament of Scotland|Scottish Parliament]],<ref name="1685-4-83">{{Cite web
-| place= Edinburgh
-| date = 23 April 1685
-| id = APS viii: 494 c.59
-| title= Act for a standard of miles
-|website=Records of the Parliaments of Scotland|url=https://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1685/4/83|access-date=2023-03-10}}</ref> again by the 1707 [[Act of Union (1707)|Treaty of Union]] with England,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Act ratifying and approving the treaty of union of the two kingdoms of Scotland and England
-| date = 3 October 1706
-| place= Edinburgh
-| website=Records of the Parliaments of Scotland|url=https://www.rps.ac.uk/trans/1706/10/257|access-date=2023-03-10}}</ref> and finally by the [[Weights and Measures Act 1824]].<ref name="SNL" /> It had continued in use as a customary unit through the 18th century but had become obsolete by its final abolition.
 ===Irish===
@@ Line 109: / Line 93: @@
 [[File:Mercator scale.png|thumb|left|upright=1.3|alt=Scalebar on a Mercator map|Scalebar on a 16th-century map made by [[Gerardus Mercator|Mercator]]. The scalebar is expressed in "Hours walking or common Flemish miles", and includes three actual scales: small, medium and big Flemish miles.]]
-The '''Dutch mile''' ({{lang|nl|mijl}}) has had different definitions throughout history. One of the older definitions was 5,600 [[ell]]s. But the length of an ell was not standardised, so that the length of a mile could range between 3,280&nbsp;m and 4,280&nbsp;m. In the sixteenth, the Dutch had three different miles: small ({{lang|nl|kleine}}), medium ({{lang|nl|middelbaar/gemeen}}), and large ({{lang|nl|groote}}). The Dutch {{lang|nl|kleine}} mile had the historical definition of one hour's walking ({{lang|nl|uur gaans}}), which was defined as 24 stadia, 3000 paces, or 15,000 Amsterdam or Rhineland feet (respectively 4,250&nbsp;m or 4,710&nbsp;m). The common Dutch mile was 32 stadia, 4,000 paces, or 20,000 feet (5,660 m or 6,280 m). The large mile was defined as 5000 paces.<ref name="Apian Cosmographie">{{cite book |last1=Apian |first1=Petrus |title=Cosmographie, oft Beschryvinghe der geheelder werelt |date=1545 |publisher=de Bonte |page=xvii |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Cosmographie_oft_Beschryvinghe_der_gehee/NDNhAAAAcAAJ |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> The common Dutch mile was preferred by mariners, equating with 15 to one degree of [[latitude]] or one degree of [[longitude]] on the [[equator]]. This was originally based upon [[Ptolemy]]'s underestimate of the Earth's circumference. The ratio of 15 Dutch miles to a degree remained fixed while the length of the mile was changed as with improved calculations of the circumference of the Earth. In 1617, [[Willebrord Snellius]] calculated a degree of the circumference of the Earth at 28,500 {{lang|nl|Rijnlantsche Roeden}} (within 3.5% of the actual value), which resulted in a Dutch mile of 1900 rods.<ref name="Metius">{{cite book |last1=Metius |first1=Adriaan Adriaansz |title=Fundamentale onderwijsinghe, aengaende de fabrica en het veelvoudigh gebruyck van het Astrolabium, soo catholicum als particulier |date=1627 |publisher=gedr. bij U. Balck |location=Netherlands |page=163 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Fundamentale_onderwijsinghe_aengaende_de/O1Wb9345orwC |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> By the mid-seventeenth century, map scales assigned 2000 rods to the common Dutch mile, which equalled around 7,535&nbsp;m (reducing the discrepancy with latitude measurement to less than 2%). The metric system was introduced in the Netherlands in 1816, and the metric mile became a synonym for the kilometre, being exactly 1,000&nbsp;m. Since 1870, the term {{lang|nl|mijl}} was replaced by the equivalent {{lang|nl|kilometer}}. Today, the word {{lang|nl|mijl}} is no longer used, except as part of certain proverbs and [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] terms like {{lang|nl|mijlenver}} ("miles away").
+The '''Dutch mile''' ({{lang|nl|mijl}}) has had different definitions throughout history. One of the older definitions was 5,600 [[ell]]s. But the length of an ell was not standardised, so that the length of a mile could range between 3,280&nbsp;m and 4,280&nbsp;m. In the sixteenth, the Dutch had three different miles: small ({{lang|nl|kleine}}), medium ({{lang|nl|middelbaar/gemeen}}), and large ({{lang|nl|groote}}). The Dutch {{lang|nl|kleine}} mile had the historical definition of one hour's walking ({{lang|nl|uur gaans}}), which was defined as 24 stadia, 3000 paces, or 15,000 Amsterdam or Rhineland feet (respectively 4,250&nbsp;m or 4,710&nbsp;m). The common Dutch mile was 32 stadia, 4,000 paces, or 20,000 feet (5,660 m or 6,280 m). The large mile was defined as 5000 paces.<ref name="Apian Cosmographie">{{cite book |last1=Apian |first1=Petrus |title=Cosmographie, oft Beschryvinghe der geheelder werelt |date=1545 |publisher=de Bonte |page=xvii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDNhAAAAcAAJ |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> The common Dutch mile was preferred by mariners, equating with 15 to one degree of [[latitude]] or one degree of [[longitude]] on the [[equator]]. This was originally based upon [[Ptolemy]]'s underestimate of the Earth's circumference. The ratio of 15 Dutch miles to a degree remained fixed while the length of the mile was changed as with improved calculations of the circumference of the Earth. In 1617, [[Willebrord Snellius]] calculated a degree of the circumference of the Earth at 28,500 {{lang|nl|Rijnlantsche Roeden}} (within 3.5% of the actual value), which resulted in a Dutch mile of 1900 rods.<ref name="Metius">{{cite book |last1=Metius |first1=Adriaan Adriaansz |title=Fundamentale onderwijsinghe, aengaende de fabrica en het veelvoudigh gebruyck van het Astrolabium, soo catholicum als particulier |date=1627 |publisher=gedr. bij U. Balck |location=Netherlands |page=163 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1Wb9345orwC |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> By the mid-seventeenth century, map scales assigned 2000 rods to the common Dutch mile, which equalled around 7,535&nbsp;m (reducing the discrepancy with latitude measurement to less than 2%). The metric system was introduced in the Netherlands in 1816, and the metric mile became a synonym for the kilometre, being exactly 1,000&nbsp;m. Since 1870, the term {{lang|nl|mijl}} was replaced by the equivalent {{lang|nl|kilometer}}. Today, the word {{lang|nl|mijl}} is no longer used, except as part of certain proverbs and [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] terms like {{lang|nl|mijlenver}} ("miles away").
 ===German===
@@ Line 137: / Line 121: @@
 ===Croatian===
 {{Anchor|Mile}}<!-- [[Croatian mile]] redirects here-->
-{{anchor|Croatian mile}} The '''[[Croatian mile]]''' (''{{lang|hr|hrvatska milja}}''), first devised by the [[Jesuit]] [[Stjepan Glavač]] on a 1673 map, is the length of an arc of the equator subtended by {{sfrac|10}}° or 11.13&nbsp;km exactly.<ref>{{in lang|hr}} [http://public.carnet.hr/zuh/do1874/nv17/nv17_11.htm "Centuries of Natural Science in Croatia : Theory and Application"]. Kartografija i putopisi.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/170966|title=Hrvatska milja na starim kartama|trans-title=The Croatian Mile on Old Maps|journal=Kartografija I Geoinformacije|location=Zagreb|publisher=Croatian Cartographic Society|volume=15|issue=25|year=2016|last1=Viličić|first1=Marina|last2=Lapaine|first2=Miljenko|pages=4–22|language=hr,en|format=PDF|access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref> The previous Croatian mile, now known as the "[[ban (title)|ban]] mile" (''{{lang|hr|banska milja}}''), had been the Austrian mile given above.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/232/Mrvice%20s%20banskoga%20stola/|title=Mrvice s banskoga stola|last=Opačić|first=Nives|magazine=[[Vijenac]]|issue=232|date=23 February 2003|location=Zagreb|publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]]|language=hr|access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref>
+{{anchor|Croatian mile}} The '''[[Croatian mile]]''' (''{{lang|hr|hrvatska milja}}''), first devised by the [[Jesuit]] [[Stjepan Glavač]] on a 1673 map, is the length of an arc of the equator subtended by {{sfrac|10}}° or 11.13&nbsp;km exactly.<ref>{{in lang|hr}} [http://public.carnet.hr/zuh/do1874/nv17/nv17_11.htm "Centuries of Natural Science in Croatia : Theory and Application"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090102203839/http://public.carnet.hr/zuh/do1874/nv17/nv17_11.htm |date=2 January 2009 }}. Kartografija i putopisi.</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/170966|title=Hrvatska milja na starim kartama|trans-title=The Croatian Mile on Old Maps|journal=Kartografija I Geoinformacije|location=Zagreb|publisher=Croatian Cartographic Society|volume=15|issue=25|year=2016|last1=Viličić|first1=Marina|last2=Lapaine|first2=Miljenko|pages=4–22|language=hr,en|format=PDF|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708152342/https://hrcak.srce.hr/170966|url-status=live}}</ref> The previous Croatian mile, now known as the "[[ban (title)|ban]] mile" (''{{lang|hr|banska milja}}''), had been the Austrian mile given above.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/232/Mrvice%20s%20banskoga%20stola/|title=Mrvice s banskoga stola|last=Opačić|first=Nives|magazine=[[Vijenac]]|issue=232|date=23 February 2003|location=Zagreb|publisher=[[Matica hrvatska]]|language=hr|access-date=8 July 2019|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214030504/http://www.matica.hr/vijenac/232/Mrvice%20s%20banskoga%20stola/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 ===Ottoman===
 The '''[[Ottoman units of measurement|Ottoman mile]]''' was 1,894.35 m (1.17709&nbsp;mi), which was equal to 5,000 Ottoman foot. After 1933, the Ottoman mile was replaced with the modern Turkish mile (1,853.181&nbsp;m).
+===Japanese===
+The [[CJK Compatibility]] [[Unicode block]] contains square-format versions of Japanese names for measurement units as written in [[katakana]] script.
+Among them, there is {{unichar|3344}}, after {{lang|ja|マイル}} {{transl|ja|mairu}}.
 ==International==
-The '''international mile''' is precisely equal to '''{{val|1.609344|u=km}}''' (or {{sfrac|25146|15625}}&nbsp;km as a fraction).{{refn|1,760&nbsp;yards&nbsp;× 0.9144 m/yard.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/72/schedules |title=Weights & Measures Act of 1985 |contribution=Schedule&nbsp;I, Part&nbsp;VI }}.</ref>}} It was established as part of the 1959 [[international yard and pound]] agreement reached by the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the [[Union of South Africa]],{{sfnp|Barbrow|1976|pp=16–17, 20}} which resolved small but measurable differences that had arisen from separate physical standards each country had maintained for the yard.{{sfnp|Bigg|1964}} As with the earlier [[#Statute|statute mile]], it continues to comprise 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet.
+The '''international mile''' is precisely equal to '''{{val|1.609344|u=km}}''' (or {{sfrac|25146|15625}}&nbsp;km as a fraction).{{refn|1,760&nbsp;yards&nbsp;× 0.9144 m/yard.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/72/schedules |title=Weights & Measures Act of 1985 |contribution=Schedule&nbsp;I, Part&nbsp;VI |access-date=7 July 2011 |archive-date=27 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127060936/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/72/schedules |url-status=live }}.</ref>}} It was established as part of the 1959 [[international yard and pound]] agreement reached by the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the [[Union of South Africa]],{{sfnp|Barbrow|1976|pp=16–17, 20}} which resolved small but measurable differences that had arisen from separate physical standards each country had maintained for the yard.{{sfnp|Bigg|1964}} As with the earlier [[#Statute|statute mile]], it continues to comprise 1,760 yards or 5,280 feet.
 The old Imperial value of the yard was used in converting measurements to metric values in India in a 1976 Act of the Indian Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Standards of Weights and Measures Act
@@ Line 153: / Line 141: @@
 The difference from the previous standards was 2&nbsp;[[Parts per million|ppm]], or about 3.2&nbsp;millimetres ({{frac|8}}&nbsp;inch) per mile. The US standard was slightly longer and the old Imperial standards had been slightly shorter than the international mile. When the international mile was introduced in English-speaking countries, the basic [[geodetic datum]] in America was the [[North American Datum]] of 1927 (NAD27). This had been constructed by [[triangulation]] based on the definition of the foot in the [[Mendenhall Order]] of 1893, with 1&nbsp;foot&nbsp;=&nbsp;{{sfrac|1200|3937}} (≈0.304800609601) metres and the definition was retained for data derived from NAD27, but renamed the ''US survey foot'' to distinguish it from the international foot.{{sfnp|Astin|1959}}<ref group="n">When reading the document it helps to bear in mind that 999,998 = 3,937 × 254.</ref> Thus a survey mile =&nbsp;{{sfrac|1200|3937}} × 5280 (≈1609.347218694) metres. An international mile = 1609.344 / ({{sfrac|1200|3937}} × 5280) (=0.999998) survey miles.
-The exact length of the land mile varied slightly among English-speaking countries until the [[international yard and pound]] agreement in 1959 established the yard as exactly 0.9144&nbsp;metres, giving a mile of exactly 1,609.344&nbsp;metres. The US adopted this international mile for most purposes, but retained the pre-1959 mile for some land-survey data, terming it the ''U. S. survey mile''. In the United States, ''statute mile'' normally refers to the survey mile,<ref>[http://www.convertunits.com/from/mile+%5Bstatute%5D/to/mile+%5Bstatute,+US%5D Convert mile &#91;statute&#93; to mile &#91;statute, US&#93;] "1 metre is equal to {{val|0.000621371192237}} mile [statute], or {{val|0.000621369949495}} mile [statute, US]. ... The U.S. statute mile (or survey mile) is defined by the survey foot. This is different from the international statute mile, which is defined as exactly 1609.344 metres. The U.S. statute mile is defined as 5,280 U.S. survey feet, which is around {{val|1609.347219}} metres."</ref> about 3.219&nbsp;mm ({{frac|1|8}}&nbsp;inch) longer than the international mile (the international mile is exactly 0.0002% less than the US survey mile).
+The exact length of the land mile varied slightly among English-speaking countries until the [[international yard and pound]] agreement in 1959 established the yard as exactly 0.9144&nbsp;metres, giving a mile of exactly 1,609.344&nbsp;metres. The US adopted this international mile for most purposes, but retained the pre-1959 mile for some land-survey data, terming it the ''U. S. survey mile''. In the United States, ''statute mile'' normally refers to the survey mile,<ref>[http://www.convertunits.com/from/mile+%5Bstatute%5D/to/mile+%5Bstatute,+US%5D Convert mile &#91;statute&#93; to mile &#91;statute, US&#93;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220024313/http://www.convertunits.com/from/mile+&#91;statute&#93;/to/mile+&#91;statute,+US&#93; |date=20 February 2015 }} "1 metre is equal to {{val|0.000621371192237}} mile [statute], or {{val|0.000621369949495}} mile [statute, US]. ... The U.S. statute mile (or survey mile) is defined by the survey foot. This is different from the international statute mile, which is defined as exactly 1609.344 metres. The U.S. statute mile is defined as 5,280 U.S. survey feet, which is around {{val|1609.347219}} metres."</ref> about 3.219&nbsp;mm ({{frac|1|8}}&nbsp;inch) longer than the international mile (the international mile is exactly 0.0002% less than the US survey mile).
-While most countries abandoned the mile when switching to the [[International System of Units|metric system]], the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as [[Liberia]], [[Myanmar]],<ref>[[:File:Naypyitaw Tollbooth.jpg]]</ref> the United Kingdom<ref>{{cite legislation UK | type = si | year = 1995 | number = 1804 | si = The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 |url = http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/1804/made?view=plain}}</ref> and the United States.<ref>[http://www.iihs.org/laws/speedlimits.aspx Maximum posted speed limits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923192742/http://www.iihs.org/laws/speedlimits.aspx |date=23 September 2011 }} (US) IIHS. Retrieved 14 September 2011</ref> It is also used in a number of territories with less than a million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories, or have close historical ties with the UK or US: American Samoa,<ref>{{cite news|last=Hayner |first=Jeff |url=http://www.samoanews.com/?q=node/69174 |title=ASAA planning 1.2-mile swim in Pago Pago harbor |publisher=Samoa News |date=29 November 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014}}</ref> Bahamas,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenassauguardian.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33732:new-providence-cycling-association-calendar-of-events-for-september&catid=41:sports&Itemid=50 |title=The Nassau Guardian |date=29 August 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201629/http://www.thenassauguardian.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33732:new-providence-cycling-association-calendar-of-events-for-september&catid=41:sports&Itemid=50 }}</ref> Belize,<ref>{{cite web|author=Jerome Williams |url=http://amandala.com.bz/news/pawpa-brown-race-results/ |title=Pawpa Brown Race results |publisher=Amandala.com.bz |date=30 August 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014}}</ref> British Virgin Islands,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bvibeacon.com/2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3442%3Amt-bikers-compete-in-anegada&Itemid=60 |title=Mt. bikers compete in Anegada |publisher=Bvibeacon.com |date=8 May 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014}}</ref> Cayman Islands,<ref name="compasscayman.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.compasscayman.com/story.aspx?id=125193 |title=Paddling 300 miles for NCVO |work=Cayman Compass |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201142/http://www.compasscayman.com/story.aspx?id=125193 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> Dominica,<ref name="compasscayman.com"/> Falkland Islands,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguin-news.com/index.php/news/sport/item/593-bronze-medal-for-falklands-football-at-island-games-in-bermuda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070910/http://www.penguin-news.com/index.php/news/sport/item/593-bronze-medal-for-falklands-football-at-island-games-in-bermuda |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Bronze medal for Falklands football at Island Games in Bermuda |publisher=Penguin-news.com |date=24 July 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref> Grenada,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spicegrenada.com/index.php/14-new-today-roundup/26-find-the-culprit-editorial |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130916033845/http://www.spicegrenada.com/index.php/14-new-today-roundup/26-find-the-culprit-editorial |archive-date=16 September 2013 |title=Find the culprit!!! |publisher=Spicegrenada.com |access-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref> Guam,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guampdn.com/article/20120306/NEWS01/120306010/UPDATE-Navy-evacuates-patient-from-cruise-ship-50-miles-off-Guaml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130916033924/http://www.guampdn.com/article/20120306/NEWS01/120306010/UPDATE-Navy-evacuates-patient-from-cruise-ship-50-miles-off-Guaml |archive-date=16 September 2013 |title=Navy evacuates patient from cruise ship 50 miles off Guam |work=Pacific Daily News |date=9 March 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref> The N. Mariana Islands,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-23|title=Saipan Tribune.|url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=138785|access-date=2023-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923035828/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=138785 |archive-date=23 September 2013 }}</ref> Samoa,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-23|title=When you need to go|url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/4459-when-you-need-to-go|access-date=2023-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923054442/http://www.samoaobserver.ws/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/4459-when-you-need-to-go |archive-date=23 September 2013 }}</ref> St. Lucia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceslu.com/let_and_op/2008/feburary/09_02_08/What_we_can_do_about_oil.htm |title=The Voice – The national newspaper of St. Lucia since 1885 |publisher=Thevoiceslu.com |date=8 February 2008 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204340/http://www.thevoiceslu.com/let_and_op/2008/feburary/09_02_08/What_we_can_do_about_oil.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> St. Vincent & The Grenadines,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://searchlight.vc/peace-corps-volunteer-runs-miles-from-petit-bordel-to-georgetown-p36364-82.htm |title=Peace Corps Volunteer runs 49 miles from Petit Bordel to Georgetown |publisher=Searchlight.vc |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202523/http://searchlight.vc/peace-corps-volunteer-runs-miles-from-petit-bordel-to-georgetown-p36364-82.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> St. Helena,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sthelenaonline.org/2012/10/08/my-big-walk/ |title=And I would walk 50 miles... |publisher=Sthelenaonline.org |date=7 October 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322095732/http://sthelenaonline.org/2012/10/08/my-big-walk/ |archive-date=22 March 2014 }}</ref> St. Kitts & Nevis,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2012/09/28/commentary.html |title=104 Square Miles, but is it ours? |publisher=The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer |date=28 September 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201163818/http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2012/09/28/commentary.html |archive-date=1 February 2013 }}</ref> the Turks & Caicos Islands,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://suntci.com/provo-has-a-new-club-p142-106.htm |title=Provo has a new club |publisher=Suntci.com |date=15 July 2009 |access-date=18 January 2014}}</ref> and the US Virgin Islands.<ref>{{cite news|author=AARON GRAY (Daily News Staff) |url=http://virginislandsdailynews.com/sports/butler-outduels-archrival-to-win-8-tuff-miles-1.1277646 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130916040357/http://virginislandsdailynews.com/sports/butler-outduels-archrival-to-win-8-tuff-miles-1.1277646 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |title=Butler outduels archrival to win 8 Tuff Miles |newspaper=Virgin Islands Daily News |date=27 February 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref>
+While most countries abandoned the mile when switching to the [[International System of Units|metric system]], the international mile continues to be used in some countries, such as [[Liberia]], [[Myanmar]],<ref>[[:File:Naypyitaw Tollbooth.jpg]]</ref> the United Kingdom<ref>{{cite legislation UK | type = si | year = 1995 | number = 1804 | si = The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995 |url = http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/1804/made?view=plain}}</ref> and the United States.<ref>[http://www.iihs.org/laws/speedlimits.aspx Maximum posted speed limits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923192742/http://www.iihs.org/laws/speedlimits.aspx |date=23 September 2011 }} (US) IIHS. Retrieved 14 September 2011</ref> It is also used in a number of territories with less than a million inhabitants, most of which are UK or US territories, or have close historical ties with the UK or US: American Samoa,<ref>{{cite news |last=Hayner |first=Jeff |url=http://www.samoanews.com/?q=node/69174 |title=ASAA planning 1.2-mile swim in Pago Pago harbor |publisher=Samoa News |date=29 November 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202845/http://www.samoanews.com/?q=node/69174 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bahamas,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenassauguardian.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33732:new-providence-cycling-association-calendar-of-events-for-september&catid=41:sports&Itemid=50 |title=The Nassau Guardian |date=29 August 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201629/http://www.thenassauguardian.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33732:new-providence-cycling-association-calendar-of-events-for-september&catid=41:sports&Itemid=50 }}</ref> Belize,<ref>{{cite web |author=Jerome Williams |url=http://amandala.com.bz/news/pawpa-brown-race-results/ |title=Pawpa Brown Race results |publisher=Amandala.com.bz |date=30 August 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201039/http://amandala.com.bz/news/pawpa-brown-race-results/ |url-status=live }}</ref> British Virgin Islands,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bvibeacon.com/2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3442%3Amt-bikers-compete-in-anegada&Itemid=60 |title=Mt. bikers compete in Anegada |publisher=Bvibeacon.com |date=8 May 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200833/http://bvibeacon.com/2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3442%3Amt-bikers-compete-in-anegada&Itemid=60 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cayman Islands,<ref name="compasscayman.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.compasscayman.com/story.aspx?id=125193 |title=Paddling 300 miles for NCVO |work=Cayman Compass |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201142/http://www.compasscayman.com/story.aspx?id=125193 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> Dominica,<ref name="compasscayman.com"/> Falkland Islands,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguin-news.com/index.php/news/sport/item/593-bronze-medal-for-falklands-football-at-island-games-in-bermuda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924070910/http://www.penguin-news.com/index.php/news/sport/item/593-bronze-medal-for-falklands-football-at-island-games-in-bermuda |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Bronze medal for Falklands football at Island Games in Bermuda |publisher=Penguin-news.com |date=24 July 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref> Grenada,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spicegrenada.com/index.php/14-new-today-roundup/26-find-the-culprit-editorial |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130916033845/http://www.spicegrenada.com/index.php/14-new-today-roundup/26-find-the-culprit-editorial |archive-date=16 September 2013 |title=Find the culprit!!! |publisher=Spicegrenada.com |access-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref> Guam,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guampdn.com/article/20120306/NEWS01/120306010/UPDATE-Navy-evacuates-patient-from-cruise-ship-50-miles-off-Guaml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130916033924/http://www.guampdn.com/article/20120306/NEWS01/120306010/UPDATE-Navy-evacuates-patient-from-cruise-ship-50-miles-off-Guaml |archive-date=16 September 2013 |title=Navy evacuates patient from cruise ship 50 miles off Guam |work=Pacific Daily News |date=9 March 2013 |access-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref> The N. Mariana Islands,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-23|title=Saipan Tribune.|url=http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=138785|access-date=2023-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923035828/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=138785 |archive-date=23 September 2013 }}</ref> Samoa,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-23|title=When you need to go|url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/4459-when-you-need-to-go|access-date=2023-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923054442/http://www.samoaobserver.ws/opinion/letters-to-the-editor/4459-when-you-need-to-go |archive-date=23 September 2013 }}</ref> St. Lucia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevoiceslu.com/let_and_op/2008/feburary/09_02_08/What_we_can_do_about_oil.htm |title=The Voice – The national newspaper of St. Lucia since 1885 |publisher=Thevoiceslu.com |date=8 February 2008 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204340/http://www.thevoiceslu.com/let_and_op/2008/feburary/09_02_08/What_we_can_do_about_oil.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> St. Vincent & The Grenadines,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://searchlight.vc/peace-corps-volunteer-runs-miles-from-petit-bordel-to-georgetown-p36364-82.htm |title=Peace Corps Volunteer runs 49 miles from Petit Bordel to Georgetown |publisher=Searchlight.vc |date=16 December 2011 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202523/http://searchlight.vc/peace-corps-volunteer-runs-miles-from-petit-bordel-to-georgetown-p36364-82.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> St. Helena,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sthelenaonline.org/2012/10/08/my-big-walk/ |title=And I would walk 50 miles... |publisher=Sthelenaonline.org |date=7 October 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322095732/http://sthelenaonline.org/2012/10/08/my-big-walk/ |archive-date=22 March 2014 }}</ref> St. Kitts & Nevis,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2012/09/28/commentary.html |title=104 Square Miles, but is it ours? |publisher=The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer |date=28 September 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201163818/http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2012/09/28/commentary.html |archive-date=1 February 2013 }}</ref> the Turks & Caicos Islands,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://suntci.com/provo-has-a-new-club-p142-106.htm |title=Provo has a new club |publisher=Suntci.com |date=15 July 2009 |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205243/http://suntci.com/provo-has-a-new-club-p142-106.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and the US Virgin Islands.<ref>{{cite news|author=AARON GRAY (Daily News Staff) |url=http://virginislandsdailynews.com/sports/butler-outduels-archrival-to-win-8-tuff-miles-1.1277646 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130916040357/http://virginislandsdailynews.com/sports/butler-outduels-archrival-to-win-8-tuff-miles-1.1277646 |archive-date=16 September 2013 |title=Butler outduels archrival to win 8 Tuff Miles |newspaper=Virgin Islands Daily News |date=27 February 2012 |access-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref>
-The mile is even encountered in Canada, though this is predominantly in rail transport and horse racing, as the roadways have been metricated since 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Branch|first=Legislative Services|date=2021-04-19|title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Weights and Measures Act|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/W-6/page-2.html|access-date=2023-03-10|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca}}{{pb}}Act current to 18 January 2012. Canadian units (5) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II, and the symbols and abbreviations therefor are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6(1)(b)(ii).</ref><ref>''[http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/W-6/page-15.html/ Weights and Measures Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016084035/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/W-6/page-15.html/ |date=16 October 2012 }}''</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada|first=Transportation Safety Board of Canada|date=2011-10-26|title=Railway Investigation Report R10E0096 - Transportation Safety Board of Canada|url=http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/rail/2010/r10e0096/r10e0096.html|access-date=2023-03-10|website=www.tsb.gc.ca}}{{pb}}February 2012, Rail Report&nbsp;– 2010&nbsp;– Report Number R10E0096. Other Factual Information (See Figure 1). 2. Assignment 602 travelled approximately 12 car lengths into track VC-64 and at a speed of 9 mph struck a stationary cut of 46 empty cars (with the air brakes applied) that had been placed in the track about {{frac|2|1|2}} hours earlier. Canadian railways have not been metricated and therefore continue to measure trackage in miles and speed in miles per hour.</ref><ref>''[http://www.hastingspark.com/racing/factbook.aspx Hastings Racecourse Fact Book]'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418172501/http://www.hastingspark.com/racing/factbook.aspx |date=18 April 2012 }} Like Canadian railways, Canadian race tracks have not been metricated and continue to measure distance in miles, furlongs, and yards (see page 18 of the fact book).</ref> Ireland gradually replaced miles with kilometres, including in speed measurements; the process was completed in 2005.
+The mile is even encountered in Canada, though this is predominantly in rail transport and horse racing, as the roadways have been metricated since 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Branch|first=Legislative Services|date=2021-04-19|title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Weights and Measures Act|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/W-6/page-2.html|access-date=2023-03-10|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310044527/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/W-6/page-2.html|url-status=live}}{{pb}}Act current to 18 January 2012. Canadian units (5) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II, and the symbols and abbreviations therefor are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6(1)(b)(ii).</ref><ref>''[http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/W-6/page-15.html/ Weights and Measures Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016084035/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/W-6/page-15.html/ |date=16 October 2012 }}''</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Government of Canada|first=Transportation Safety Board of Canada|date=2011-10-26|title=Railway Investigation Report R10E0096 - Transportation Safety Board of Canada|url=http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/rail/2010/r10e0096/r10e0096.html|access-date=2023-03-10|website=www.tsb.gc.ca|archive-date=14 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914190153/https://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/rail/2010/r10e0096/r10e0096.html|url-status=live}}{{pb}}February 2012, Rail Report&nbsp;– 2010&nbsp;– Report Number R10E0096. Other Factual Information (See Figure 1). 2. Assignment 602 travelled approximately 12 car lengths into track VC-64 and at a speed of 9 mph struck a stationary cut of 46 empty cars (with the air brakes applied) that had been placed in the track about {{frac|2|1|2}} hours earlier. Canadian railways have not been metricated and therefore continue to measure trackage in miles and speed in miles per hour.</ref><ref>''[http://www.hastingspark.com/racing/factbook.aspx Hastings Racecourse Fact Book]'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418172501/http://www.hastingspark.com/racing/factbook.aspx |date=18 April 2012 }} Like Canadian railways, Canadian race tracks have not been metricated and continue to measure distance in miles, furlongs, and yards (see page 18 of the fact book).</ref> Ireland gradually replaced miles with kilometres, including in speed measurements; the process was completed in 2005.
 ==US survey <span class="anchor" id="U.S. survey mile"></span>==
 {{For|the detailed calculations of international miles to survey miles and feet (above)|#International}}
-The '''US survey mile''' is 5,280 [[U.S. survey foot|US survey feet]], or 1,609.347 metres and 0.30480061 metres respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appendix E. General Tables of Units of Measurement |url=https://www.nist.gov/document-2382 |access-date=14 January 2020}} (links to a Microsoft Word document)</ref> Both are very slightly longer than the [[international mile]] and [[international foot]]. In the United States, the term ''statute mile'' formally refers to the survey mile,{{sfnp|Thompson|2008|loc=B.6.}} but for most purposes, the difference of less than {{convert|1/8|in|mm}} between the survey mile and the international mile (1609.344&nbsp;metres exactly) is insignificant—one international mile is {{val|0.999998}} US survey miles—so ''statute mile'' can be used for either. But in some cases, such as in the US [[State Plane Coordinate System]]s (SPCSs), which can stretch over hundreds of miles,<ref name="NGS-FAQ">{{cite web | title = What are the 'official' conversions that are used by NGS to convert 1) metres to inches, and 2) metres to feet? | url = http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/faq.shtml#Feet | id = Frequently Asked Questions about the National Geodetic Survey | author =US National Geodetic Survey| access-date = 16 May 2009}}</ref> the accumulated difference can be significant, so it is important to note that the reference is to the US survey mile.
+The '''US survey mile''' is 5,280 [[U.S. survey foot|US survey feet]], or 1,609.347 metres and 0.30480061 metres respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Appendix E. General Tables of Units of Measurement |url=https://www.nist.gov/document-2382 |access-date=14 January 2020}} (links to a Microsoft Word document)</ref> Both are very slightly longer than the [[international mile]] and [[international foot]]. In the United States, the term ''statute mile'' formally refers to the survey mile,{{sfnp|Thompson|2008|loc=B.6.}} but for most purposes, the difference of less than {{convert|1/8|in|mm}} between the survey mile and the international mile (1609.344&nbsp;metres exactly) is insignificant—one international mile is {{val|0.999998}} US survey miles—so ''statute mile'' can be used for either. But in some cases, such as in the US [[State Plane Coordinate System]]s (SPCSs), which can stretch over hundreds of miles,<ref name="NGS-FAQ">{{cite web | title = What are the 'official' conversions that are used by NGS to convert 1) metres to inches, and 2) metres to feet? | url = http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/faq.shtml#Feet | id = Frequently Asked Questions about the National Geodetic Survey | author = US National Geodetic Survey | access-date = 16 May 2009 | archive-date = 5 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054504/http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/faq.shtml#Feet | url-status = live }}</ref> the accumulated difference can be significant, so it is important to note that the reference is to the US survey mile.
 The United States redefined its yard in 1893, and this resulted in US and Imperial measures of distance having very slightly different lengths.
@@ Line 170: / Line 158: @@
 SPCS 83 legislation refers to state legislation that has been passed or updated using the newer 1983 NAD data. Most states have done so. Two states, [[Alaska]] and [[Missouri]], and two jurisdictions, [[Guam]] and [[Puerto Rico]], do not specify which foot to use.<ref name="NGS-FAQ" /> Two states, [[Alabama]] and [[Hawaii]], and four jurisdictions, [[Washington, DC]], [[United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]], [[American Samoa]] and [[Northern Mariana Islands]], do not have SPCS 83 legislation.<ref name="NGS-FAQ" />
-In October 2019, [[US National Geodetic Survey]] and [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] announced their joint intent to retire the US survey foot and US survey mile, as permitted by their 1959 decision, with effect on January 1, 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=NGS and NIST to Retire U.S. Survey Foot after 2022 |url=https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/news/us-survey-foot.shtml |publisher=National Geodetic Survey |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=31 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=U.S. Survey Foot: Revised Unit Conversion Factors |url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/us-surveyfoot/revised-unit-conversion-factors |journal=NIST |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=16 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/10/05/2020-21902/deprecation-of-the-united-states-us-survey-foot | title=Federal Register :: Request Access }}</ref>
+In October 2019, [[US National Geodetic Survey]] and [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] announced their joint intent to retire the US survey foot and US survey mile, as permitted by their 1959 decision, with effect on January 1, 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=NGS and NIST to Retire U.S. Survey Foot after 2022 |url=https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/news/us-survey-foot.shtml |publisher=National Geodetic Survey |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=31 October 2019 |archive-date=27 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527213329/https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/news/us-survey-foot.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=U.S. Survey Foot: Revised Unit Conversion Factors |url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/us-surveyfoot/revised-unit-conversion-factors |journal=NIST |access-date=4 March 2020 |date=16 October 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302225408/https://www.nist.gov/pml/us-surveyfoot/revised-unit-conversion-factors |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/10/05/2020-21902/deprecation-of-the-united-states-us-survey-foot | title=Federal Register :: Request Access | date=5 October 2020 | access-date=5 July 2022 | archive-date=21 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221184624/http://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/10/05/2020-21902/deprecation-of-the-united-states-us-survey-foot | url-status=live }}</ref>
 ==Nautical==
@@ Line 176: / Line 164: @@
 {{Main|Nautical mile}}
-The ''nautical mile'' was originally defined as one [[minute of arc]] along a [[Meridian arc|meridian]] of the Earth.{{sfnp|Maloney|1978|p=34}} Navigators use dividers to step off the distance between two points on the navigational chart, then place the open dividers against the minutes-of-latitude scale at the edge of the chart, and read off the distance in nautical miles.{{sfnp|Maloney|1978|pp=34–35}} The Earth is not perfectly spherical but an [[oblate spheroid]], so the length of a minute of latitude increases by 1% from the equator to the poles. Using the [[World Geodetic System|WGS84 ellipsoid]], the commonly accepted Earth model for many purposes today, one minute of latitude at the WGS84 equator is 6,046 feet and at the poles is 6,107.5 feet. The average is about 6,076 feet (about 1,852 metres or 1.15 statute miles).
+The ''nautical mile'' was originally defined as one [[minute of arc]] along a [[Meridian arc|meridian]] of the Earth.{{sfnp|Maloney|1978|p=34}} Navigators use dividers to step off the distance between two points on the navigational chart, then place the open dividers against the minutes-of-latitude scale at the edge of the chart, and read off the distance in nautical miles.{{sfnp|Maloney|1978|pp=34–35}} The Earth is not perfectly spherical but an [[oblate spheroid]], so the length of a minute of latitude increases by 1% from the equator to the poles, as seen for example in the [[World Geodetic System|WGS84 ellipsoid]], with {{convert|6046|ft|m|order=flip}} at the equator, {{convert|6108|ft|m|order=flip}} at the poles and average {{convert|1852|m|ft}}.
-In the United States, the nautical mile was defined in the 19th century as 6,080.2&nbsp;feet (1,853.249&nbsp;m), whereas in the United Kingdom, the ''Admiralty nautical mile'' was defined as 6,080&nbsp;feet (1,853.184&nbsp;m) and was about one minute of latitude in the latitudes of the south of the UK. Other nations had different definitions of the nautical mile, but it is now internationally defined to be exactly {{convert|1852|m|ft|8|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{SIBrochure8th|page=127}}.</ref>
+Since 1929 the international nautical mile is defined by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference in [[Monaco]] as exactly 1,852 metres (which is {{convert|1852|m|mi|sigfig=4|disp=out|abbr=off}} or {{convert|1852|m|ft|sigfig=6|disp=out|abbr=off}}). <ref>{{SIBrochure8th|page=127}}.</ref> In the United States, the nautical mile was defined in the 19th century as {{convert|6,080.2|ft|m|2}}, whereas in the United Kingdom, the ''Admiralty nautical mile'' was defined as {{convert|6,080|ft|m|2}} and was about one minute of latitude in the latitudes of the south of the UK. Other nations had different definitions of the nautical mile.
 ===Related units===
@@ Line 189: / Line 177: @@
 The [[geographical mile]] is based upon the length of a [[meridian (geography)|meridian]] of [[latitude]]. The German geographical mile ({{lang|de|geographische Meile}}) was previously {{frac|15}}° of latitude (7.4127&nbsp;km).{{sfnp|Rowlett|2018|loc="meile"}}
-==Grid system==
-Cities in the continental United States often have streets laid out by miles. [[Detroit]] (e.g., [[Eight Mile Road]]), [[Indianapolis]], [[Chicago]], [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], [[Los Angeles]], and [[Miami]], are several examples. Typically the largest streets are about a mile apart, with others at smaller intervals. In the [[Manhattan]] borough of New York City, "streets" are close to 20 per mile, while the major numbered "avenues" are about six per mile. (Centerline to centerline, 42nd Street to 22nd Street is supposed to be 5,250 feet, while 42nd Street to 62nd Street is supposed to be 5,276&nbsp;ft 8 in.){{citation needed|date=May 2011}}
 ==Metric==
@@ Line 207: / Line 192: @@
 Before metrication, the Norwegian mile was {{convert|11.298|km|mi|abbr=off}}.
-The traditional Finnish ''{{lang|fi|peninkulma}}'' was translated as ''{{lang-sv|mil}}'' and also set equal to 10&nbsp;km during metrication in 1887, but is much less commonly used.
+The traditional Finnish ''{{lang|fi|peninkulma}}'' was translated as ''{{langx|sv|mil}}'' and also set equal to 10&nbsp;km during metrication in 1887, but is much less commonly used.
 ==Comparison table==
@@ Line 400: / Line 385: @@
 |
 |
-|7146 meters before 1819, also equaled 7 [[verst]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gloger|first=Zygmunt|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23442814M/Ksiega_rzeczy_polskich|title=Ksiega rzeczy polskich|date=1898|publisher=Druk W.L. Anczyca i Sp|ol=23442814M}}</ref>
+|7146 meters before 1819, also equaled 7 [[verst]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gloger|first=Zygmunt|url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23442814M/Ksiega_rzeczy_polskich|title=Ksiega rzeczy polskich|date=1898|publisher=Druk W.L. Anczyca i Sp|ol=23442814M|access-date=21 April 2021|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421104944/https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23442814M/Ksiega_rzeczy_polskich|url-status=live}}</ref>
 |-
 | {{0}}8,800 || || Schleswig-Holstein || || || ||[[Obsolete German units of measurement]]
@@ Line 449: / Line 434: @@
 * ''"Miles away"'' (lost in thought, or daydreaming)
 * ''"[[Milestone]]"'' (an event indicating significant progress)
+* ''[[Glasgow's miles better]]'', a touristic campaign.
 ==See also==
@@ Line 474: / Line 460: @@
 ===Bibliography===
-* {{Citation |last=Adams |first=Cecil |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/637/whats-the-origin-of-miles-and-yards |website=The Straight Dope |title=What's the origin of miles and yards? |year=1990 |access-date=6 April 2015}}.
+* {{Citation |last=Adams |first=Cecil |url=http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/637/whats-the-origin-of-miles-and-yards |website=The Straight Dope |title=What's the origin of miles and yards? |year=1990 |access-date=6 April 2015 |archive-date=27 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227000326/http://www.straightdope.com/columns/read/637/whats-the-origin-of-miles-and-yards |url-status=live }}.
 * {{Citation |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition=4 |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|Houghton Mifflin Co.]] |year=2006 |orig-date=Originally published 2001 |isbn=978-0-618-70172-8 |location=Boston |ref={{harvid|AHD|2006}} |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/americanheritage00edit_9 }}.
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-* {{Citation |last=Astin |first=A.V. |author2-last=Karo |author2-first=Henry Arnold |author3-last=Mueller |author3-first=F.H. |display-authors=1 |ref={{harvid|Astin|1959}} |date=25 June 1959 |url=http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/FedRegister/FRdoc59-5442.pdf |title=Doc. 59-5442: Refinement of values for the yard and the pound |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Bureau of Standards}}.
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v t e Hellenic measurement
Length	pous plethron stade milion parasang schoenus
Volume	medimnos
Other	Salamis Stone