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Coordinates: 58°06′N 68°24′W / 58.100°N 68.400°W / 58.100; -68.400[1]
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{{About||the [[Inuit reserved land (Quebec)|Inuit reserved land]] of the same name|Kuujjuaq (Inuit reserved land)}}
{{About||the Inuit reserved land of the same name|Kuujjuaq (Inuit reserved land)}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2021}}
Line 41: Line 41:
| government_type =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Sammy Koneak
| leader_name = Mary Johannes
| leader_title1 = [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts|Federal riding]]
| leader_title1 = [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts|Federal riding]]
| leader_name1 = [[Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou]]
| leader_name1 = [[Abitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of Quebec provincial electoral districts|Prov. riding]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of Quebec provincial electoral districts|Prov. riding]]
| leader_name2 = [[Ungava (provincial electoral district)|Ungava]]
| leader_name2 = [[Ungava (provincial electoral district)|Ungava]]
| area_footnotes = <ref name="mamrot"/><ref name="cp2011"/>
| area_footnotes = <ref name="mamrot"/><ref name="cp2021"/>
| area_total_km2 = 385.70
| area_total_km2 = 385.70
| area_land_km2 = 292.72
| area_land_km2 = 289.97
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="cp2016"/>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="cp2021"/>
| population_total = 2754
| population_total = 2668
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_as_of = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 9.4
| population_density_km2 = 9.2
| population_blank1_title= Change&nbsp;<small>(2011–16)</small>
| population_blank1_title= Change&nbsp;<small>(2016–21)</small>
| population_blank1 = {{increase}}16.0%
| population_blank1 = {{decrease}}3.1%
| population_blank2_title= Dwellings
| population_blank2_title= Dwellings
| population_blank2 = 1119
| population_blank2 = 1253
| timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| timezone = [[Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset = −05:00
| utc_offset = −05:00
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{{Contains special characters|Canadian}}
{{Contains special characters|Canadian}}


'''Kuujjuaq''' ({{IPA-iu|kuːtjuɑq|}}; {{lang-iu|ᑰᑦᔪᐊᖅ|i=no}} or {{lang-iu|ᑰᔾᔪᐊᖅ|i=no|label=none}}, "Great River"),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avataq.qc.ca/iu/Nunavimmiuts/node_1723/node_1728/node_1770|title=ᑰᑦᔪᐊᖅ|author=Taamusi Qumaq|date=1992|website=Avataq|access-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref> formerly known as {{nowrap|'''Fort Chimo'''}} and by [[#Names|other names]], is a former [[Hudson's Bay Company]] outpost at the mouth of the [[Koksoak River]] on [[Ungava Bay]] that has become the largest [[northern village (Quebec)|northern village]] ([[Inuit]] community) in the [[Nunavik]] region of [[Quebec]], Canada. It is the administrative capital of the [[Kativik Regional Government]]. Its population was 2,754 as of the [[Canada 2016 Census|2016 census]].
'''Kuujjuaq''' ({{IPA-iu|kuːtjuɑq|}}; {{langx|iu|ᑰᑦᔪᐊᖅ|i=no}} or {{langx|iu|ᑰᔾᔪᐊᖅ|i=no|label=none}}, "Great River"),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avataq.qc.ca/iu/Nunavimmiuts/node_1723/node_1728/node_1770|title=ᑰᑦᔪᐊᖅ|author=Taamusi Qumaq|date=1992|website=Avataq|access-date=August 26, 2020}}</ref> formerly known as {{nowrap|'''Suoivauqaj'''}} (ᓲᐃᕙᐅᖃᔾ) and by [[#Names|other names]], is a former [[Hudson's Bay Company]] outpost at the mouth of the [[Koksoak River]] on [[Ungava Bay]] that has become the largest [[northern village (Quebec)|northern village]] ([[Inuit]] community) in the [[Nunavik]] region of [[Quebec]], Canada. It is the administrative capital of the [[Kativik Regional Government]]. Its population was 2,668 as of the [[Canada 2021 Census|2021 census]].


{{anchor|Toponymy|Etymology|Name}}
{{anchor|Toponymy|Etymology|Name}}
Line 86: Line 86:
The first Europeans to have contact with local [[Inuit]] were missionaries from the [[Moravian Church]]. On August 25, 1811, after a perilous trip along the coasts of [[Labrador]] and [[Ungava Bay]], Benjamin Gottlieb Kohlmeister and George Kmoch arrived at an Inuit camp on the east shore of the Koksoak.{{sfnp|Kohlmeister & al.|1814|loc=s.v. [https://archive.org/details/journalofvoyagef00kohl/page/70 "August 25th"]}} Their aim was to scout the area for future missions and, if possible, to [[Conversion to Christianity|convert]] the "Esquimaux" to [[Christianity]]. According to their journal, they found the Inuit of the Koksoak River very interested in having a Moravian mission in the area, but after reaching a little farther than "Pilgerruh" ("[[Pilgrim]]'s Rest") on "Unity's Bay" they turned back for home.{{sfnp|Kohlmeister & al.|1814|loc=s.v. [https://archive.org/details/journalofvoyagef00kohl/page/74 "August 30th"]}}
The first Europeans to have contact with local [[Inuit]] were missionaries from the [[Moravian Church]]. On August 25, 1811, after a perilous trip along the coasts of [[Labrador]] and [[Ungava Bay]], Benjamin Gottlieb Kohlmeister and George Kmoch arrived at an Inuit camp on the east shore of the Koksoak.{{sfnp|Kohlmeister & al.|1814|loc=s.v. [https://archive.org/details/journalofvoyagef00kohl/page/70 "August 25th"]}} Their aim was to scout the area for future missions and, if possible, to [[Conversion to Christianity|convert]] the "Esquimaux" to [[Christianity]]. According to their journal, they found the Inuit of the Koksoak River very interested in having a Moravian mission in the area, but after reaching a little farther than "Pilgerruh" ("[[Pilgrim]]'s Rest") on "Unity's Bay" they turned back for home.{{sfnp|Kohlmeister & al.|1814|loc=s.v. [https://archive.org/details/journalofvoyagef00kohl/page/74 "August 30th"]}}


Attracted by the missionaries' praise of the location,{{sfnp|Bryce|1900|p=376}} the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] established a permanent station on the east shore of the Koksoak River in 1830,{{sfn|Arch. Man.}} at a site about {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} downstream from the present settlement. [[George Simpson (HBC administrator)|Governor Simpson]]'s plan was to attract trade from the Inuit of the surrounding territory as well as from the islands and ice sheets north of the bay.{{sfn|Arch. Man.}} Its first factor was [[Nicol Finlayson]], who sent [[Erland Erlandson]] to establish an outpost on the [[Wausquash River|Wausquash]]; this had to be abandoned in late 1833 or early 1834.{{sfn|Arch. Man.}} By 1833, Fort Chimo comprised seven buildings in a defensive square, principally trading in [[Reindeer|caribou]] hides and [[white fox]] and [[marten]] pelts.{{sfn|Arch. Man.}} Erlandson ultimately discovered bountiful trapping far to the south in the highlands around [[Lake Petitsikapau]]; he briefly succeeded Finlayson as acting factor but was replaced when a brig delivered [[John McLean (explorer)|John McLean]] to his new post in 1837. Over the next four years, he succeeded in establishing an efficient riverine connection with [[Fort Smith (Labrador)|Fort Smith]] on [[Lake Melville]], but the trade at Chimo itself was so sparse that the trails they found were simply used to supply [[Fort Naskaupi]] in the rich interior. In the winter of 1840–1841, fish and game were so scarce that the agents were forced to scatter into open camps around the countryside to survive as best they could. Fort Chimo and its [[District of Ungava]] were shuttered on September 1, 1843,{{sfn|Arch. Man.}} an HBC ship carting away the remaining men and supplies.
Attracted by the missionaries' praise of the location,{{sfnp|Bryce|1900|p=376}} the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] established a permanent station on the east shore of the Koksoak River in 1830,{{sfn|Arch. Man.}} at a site about {{cvt|5|km}} downstream from the present settlement. [[George Simpson (HBC administrator)|Governor Simpson]]'s plan was to attract trade from the Inuit of the surrounding territory as well as from the islands and ice sheets north of the bay.{{sfn|Arch. Man.}} Its first factor was [[Nicol Finlayson]], who sent [[Erland Erlandson]] to establish an outpost on the [[Wausquash River|Wausquash]]; this had to be abandoned in late 1833 or early 1834.{{sfn|Arch. Man.}} By 1833, Fort Chimo comprised seven buildings in a defensive square, principally trading in [[Reindeer|caribou]] hides and [[white fox]] and [[marten]] pelts.{{sfn|Arch. Man.}} Erlandson ultimately discovered bountiful trapping far to the south in the highlands around [[Lake Petitsikapau]]; he briefly succeeded Finlayson as acting factor but was replaced when a brig delivered [[John McLean (explorer)|John McLean]] to his new post in 1837. Over the next four years, he succeeded in establishing an efficient riverine connection with [[Fort Smith (Labrador)|Fort Smith]] on [[Lake Melville]], but the trade at Chimo itself was so sparse that the trails they found were simply used to supply [[Fort Naskaupi]] in the rich interior. In the winter of 1840–1841, fish and game were so scarce that the agents were forced to scatter into open camps around the countryside to survive as best they could. Fort Chimo and its [[District of Ungava]] were shuttered on September 1, 1843,{{sfn|Arch. Man.}} an HBC ship carting away the remaining men and supplies.


The fort did not reopen until 1866, when it was thought necessary to curtail the trade going to the Moravians in the area and the steamboat ''Labrador'' made resupplying the distant outpost easier.{{sfn|Arch. Man.}} At that time, Inuit, [[Innu]] (Montagnais), and [[Naskapi]] came to trade at the post. By the 1950s, Fort Chimo included two dormitories, two warehouses, oil and salt sheds, and carpentry, cooperage, and machinist workshops.{{sfn|Arch. Man.}} A sloop, a steamer, and outposts at the mouths of the [[Whale River|Whale]] and George Rivers helped carry out the salmon catch each August, which was [[Salting (food)|salted]] on site for use, sale, and export. The fort was usually supplied by the steamer ''Eric'', while a smaller refrigerated steamer picked up the salmon haul.{{sfn|Arch. Man.}}
The fort did not reopen until 1866, when it was thought necessary to curtail the trade going to the Moravians in the area and the steamboat ''Labrador'' made resupplying the distant outpost easier.{{sfn|Arch. Man.}} At that time, Inuit, [[Innu]] (Montagnais), and [[Naskapi]] came to trade at the post. By the 1950s, Fort Chimo included two dormitories, two warehouses, oil and salt sheds, and carpentry, cooperage, and machinist workshops.{{sfn|Arch. Man.}} A sloop, a steamer, and outposts at the mouths of the [[Whale River|Whale]] and George Rivers helped carry out the salmon catch each August, which was [[Salting (food)|salted]] on site for use, sale, and export. The fort was usually supplied by the steamer ''Eric'', while a smaller refrigerated steamer picked up the salmon haul.{{sfn|Arch. Man.}}
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==Geography==
==Geography==
Kuujjuaq lies {{convert|48|km|abbr=on}} upstream from [[Ungava Bay]]. Life in this community involves a close relationship with the river. Its tides regularly change the local landscape, while their rhythm strongly influences the traditional summer activities.
Kuujjuaq lies {{cvt|48|km}} upstream from [[Ungava Bay]]. Life in this community involves a close relationship with the river. Its tides regularly change the local landscape, while their rhythm strongly influences the traditional summer activities.


Although the [[tree line]] is very close, the [[Taiga|boreal forest]] is present around Kuujjuaq. Patches of black spruce and larch stand in marshy valleys. Kuujjuaq also witnesses annual migrations of the George River [[Migratory Woodland Caribou|caribou]] herd. These animals pass through the region throughout August and September.
Although the [[tree line]] is very close, the [[Taiga|boreal forest]] is present around Kuujjuaq. Patches of black spruce and larch stand in marshy valleys. Kuujjuaq also witnesses annual migrations of the George River [[Migratory Woodland Caribou|caribou]] herd. These animals pass through the region throughout August and September.


==Climate==
==Climate==
Kuujjuaq has a cold [[subarctic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfc''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=60927&cityname=Kuujjuaq%2C+Quebec%2C+Canada&units=|title=Kuujjuaq, Québec Climate Summary|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=January 31, 2015}}</ref> not far above the [[polar climate]], but avoids that classification due to the temperate summers with daily mean temperatures of above {{convert|10|C}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=60927&cityname=Kuujjuaq-Quebec-Canada|title=Kuujjuaq Québec Canada Temperature Averages|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=January 31, 2015}}</ref> Winters are cold but by no means extreme for its latitude by Eastern Canadian standards.
Kuujjuaq has a cold [[subarctic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Dfc''),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=60927&cityname=Kuujjuaq%2C+Quebec%2C+Canada&units=|title=Kuujjuaq, Québec Climate Summary|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=January 31, 2015}}</ref> not far above the [[polar climate]], but avoids that classification due to the temperate summers with daily mean temperatures of above {{cvt|10|C}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=60927&cityname=Kuujjuaq-Quebec-Canada|title=Kuujjuaq Québec Canada Temperature Averages|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=January 31, 2015}}</ref> Winters are cold but by no means extreme for its latitude by Eastern Canadian standards.


The cause of the extreme swings is the effect of the [[Hudson Bay]] to its west freezing in November. This eliminates maritime moderation from westerlies that are prevalent in moderating summer temperatures. With Hudson Bay effectively becoming a landmass during the winter, Kuujjuaq ends up being subject to severely cold winds. With the [[Labrador Current]] to its south-east also being cold, winter moderation from the east is also eliminated. Although less snowfall is received compared to the more coastal [[Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador|Nain]] further south, the influence of the current contributes to a sizeable snow tally for a climate that cold. In June, Hudson Bay thaws, resulting in mild maritime air from the cold water moderating westerlies. In spite of this, Kuujjuaq being situated with a direct landmass link to its south for thousands of kilometres can contribute to warm southerlies reaching the settlement, bringing temperatures above {{convert|30|C}}. Unlike [[Inukjuak]] directly on the Hudson Bay shore, Kuujjuaq thus has a greater continental warmth impact on its summers, and consequently lies below the [[tree line]].
The cause of the extreme swings is the effect of the [[Hudson Bay]] to its west freezing in November. This eliminates maritime moderation from westerlies that are prevalent in moderating summer temperatures. With Hudson Bay effectively becoming a landmass during the winter, Kuujjuaq ends up being subject to severely cold winds. With the [[Labrador Current]] to its south-east also being cold, winter moderation from the east is also eliminated. Although less snowfall is received compared to the more coastal [[Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador|Nain]] further south, the influence of the current contributes to a sizeable snow tally for a climate that cold. In June, Hudson Bay thaws, resulting in mild maritime air from the cold water moderating westerlies. In spite of this, Kuujjuaq being situated with a direct landmass link to its south for thousands of kilometres can contribute to warm southerlies reaching the settlement, bringing temperatures above {{cvt|30|C}}. Unlike [[Inukjuak]] directly on the Hudson Bay shore, Kuujjuaq thus has a greater continental warmth impact on its summers, and consequently lies below the [[tree line]].


During fall, Kuujjuaq's [[diurnal temperature variation]] is at its lowest, as the maritime moderation is at its strongest. Simultaneously, the Hudson Bay freezing process begins as cold builds up over the vast landmasses surrounding the bay. This renders Kuujjuaq to commonly get ice days during October, before winter begins in November and proceeds to the end of April. Kuujjuaq has a cloudy climate, as a result of the [[Icelandic Low]] influence.
During fall, Kuujjuaq's [[diurnal temperature variation]] is at its lowest, as the maritime moderation is at its strongest. Simultaneously, the Hudson Bay freezing process begins as cold builds up over the vast landmasses surrounding the bay. This renders Kuujjuaq to commonly get ice days during October, before winter begins in November and proceeds to the end of April. Kuujjuaq has a cloudy climate, as a result of the [[Icelandic Low]] influence.


Kuujjuaq has been affected by [[global warming]] in recent decades, similar to other [[Climate change in the Arctic|Arctic locations]]. For example, December 2010 had an average high of {{convert|-3|C}}, while a {{convert|-4|C}} average high was measured for March 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/relevmois-1611-12-2010.php|title=Decembre 2010 à Kuujjuaq|publisher=Météo Climat|language=fr|access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/relevmois-1611-3-2018.php|title=Mars 2018 à Kuujjuaq|language=fr|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=October 13, 2018}}</ref> Summer has also been affected, with a {{convert|20|C}} average high for June 2012, and a {{convert|21|C}} average high during August 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/relevmois-1611-6-2012.php|title=Juin 2012 à Kuujjuaq|publisher=Météo Climat|language=fr|access-date=March 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/relevmois-1611-8-2014.php|title=Août 2014 à Kuujjuaq|language=fr|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=October 13, 2018}}</ref>
Kuujjuaq has been affected by [[global warming]] in recent decades, similar to other [[Climate change in the Arctic|Arctic locations]]. For example, December 2010 had an average high of {{cvt|-3|C}}, while a {{cvt|-4|C}} average high was measured for March 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/relevmois-1611-12-2010.php|title=Decembre 2010 à Kuujjuaq|publisher=Météo Climat|language=fr|access-date=13 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/relevmois-1611-3-2018.php|title=Mars 2018 à Kuujjuaq|language=fr|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=October 13, 2018}}</ref> Summer has also been affected, with a {{cvt|20|C}} average high for June 2012, and a {{cvt|21|C}} average high during August 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/relevmois-1611-6-2012.php|title=Juin 2012 à Kuujjuaq|publisher=Météo Climat|language=fr|access-date=March 3, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/relevmois-1611-8-2014.php|title=Août 2014 à Kuujjuaq|language=fr|publisher=Météo Climat|access-date=October 13, 2018}}</ref>


{{Kuujjuaq weatherbox}}
{{Weather box

|location = [[Kuujjuaq Airport]], elevation: {{convert|39.9|m|abbr=on}}, Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010, extremes 1947-present
== Demographics ==
|metric first = Y
In the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 Census of Population]] conducted by [[Statistics Canada]], Kuujjuaq had a population of {{val|2668|fmt=commas}} living in {{val|973|fmt=commas}} of its {{val|1253|fmt=commas}} total private dwellings, a change of {{percentage|{{#expr:2668-2754}}|2754|1}} from its 2016 population of {{val|2754|fmt=commas}}. With a land area of {{convert|289.97|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, it had a population density of {{Pop density|2668|289.97|km2|sqmi|prec=1}} in 2021.<ref name=2021census>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000202&geocode=A000224 | title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Quebec | publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] | date=February 9, 2022 | accessdate=August 28, 2022}}</ref>
|single line = Y
| Jan maximum humidex =5.0
| Feb maximum humidex =6.3
| Mar maximum humidex =11.7
| Apr maximum humidex =14.4
| May maximum humidex =27.5
| Jun maximum humidex =38.9
| Jul maximum humidex =37.9
| Aug maximum humidex =33.2
| Sep maximum humidex =32.2
| Oct maximum humidex =19.6
| Nov maximum humidex =10.3
| Dec maximum humidex =5.8
| Jan chill =-60
| Feb chill =-58
| Mar chill =-55
| Apr chill =-46
| May chill =-31
| Jun chill =-13
| Jul chill =-6
| Aug chill =-6
| Sep chill =-12
| Oct chill =-33
| Nov chill =-43
| Dec chill =-56
|Jan record high C = 5.6
|Feb record high C = 7.8
|Mar record high C = 12.1
|Apr record high C = 19.2
|May record high C = 31.1
|Jun record high C = 33.1
|Jul record high C = 32.2
|Aug record high C = 30.7
|Sep record high C = 28.3
|Oct record high C = 20.0
|Nov record high C = 10.2
|Dec record high C = 8.3
|year record high C = 33.1
|Jan high C = -20.1
|Feb high C = -19.1
|Mar high C = -12.4
|Apr high C = -3.5
|May high C = 5.0
|Jun high C = 12.7
|Jul high C = 17.4
|Aug high C = 16.0
|Sep high C = 10.1
|Oct high C = 2.8
|Nov high C = -4.7
|Dec high C = -14.1
|year high C = -0.8
|Jan mean C = −24.7
|Feb mean C = −24.1
|Mar mean C = −17.9
|Apr mean C = -8.7
|May mean C = 0.7
|Jun mean C = 7.5
|Jul mean C = 11.8
|Aug mean C = 11.0
|Sep mean C = 6.4
|Oct mean C = 0.0
|Nov mean C = -8.2
|Dec mean C = −18.3
|year mean C = -5.4
|Jan low C = -29.3
|Feb low C = -29.1
|Mar low C = -23.3
|Apr low C = -13.8
|May low C = -3.6
|Jun low C = 2.3
|Jul low C = 6.1
|Aug low C = 5.9
|Sep low C = 2.6
|Oct low C = -2.9
|Nov low C = -11.6
|Dec low C = -22.5
|year low C = -9.9
|Jan record low C = -49.8
|Feb record low C = -43.9
|Mar record low C = -43.9
|Apr record low C = -34.1
|May record low C = -24.7
|Jun record low C = -8.3
|Jul record low C = -1.6
|Aug record low C = -1.7
|Sep record low C = -7.8
|Oct record low C = -20.0
|Nov record low C = -31.1
|Dec record low C = -43.9
|year record low C = -49.8
|precipitation colour= green
|Jan precipitation mm = 31.7
|Feb precipitation mm = 28.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 31.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 27.3
|May precipitation mm = 29.0
|Jun precipitation mm = 49.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 59.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 71.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 73.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 54.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 47.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 36.2
|year precipitation mm = 541.6
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 0.03
|Feb rain mm = 0.77
|Mar rain mm = 0.36
|Apr rain mm = 2.9
|May rain mm = 14.5
|Jun rain mm = 42.8
|Jul rain mm = 59.6
|Aug rain mm = 71.4
|Sep rain mm = 69.4
|Oct rain mm = 29.0
|Nov rain mm = 4.0
|Dec rain mm = 0.73
|year rain mm = 295.5
|snow colour = green
|Jan snow cm = 32.6
|Feb snow cm = 29.3
|Mar snow cm = 32.3
|Apr snow cm = 24.8
|May snow cm = 14.5
|Jun snow cm = 6.5
|Jul snow cm = 0.08
|Aug snow cm = 0.03
|Sep snow cm = 4.3
|Oct snow cm = 26.1
|Nov snow cm = 45.0
|Dec snow cm = 36.2
|year snow cm = 251.7
|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 15.4
|Feb precipitation days = 13.0
|Mar precipitation days = 14.9
|Apr precipitation days = 12.2
|May precipitation days = 12.4
|Jun precipitation days = 14.0
|Jul precipitation days = 14.8
|Aug precipitation days = 18.0
|Sep precipitation days = 18.9
|Oct precipitation days = 18.9
|Nov precipitation days = 17.5
|Dec precipitation days = 15.6
|year precipitation days = 185.6
|unit rain days = 0.2 mm
|Jan rain days = 0.08
|Feb rain days = 0.38
|Mar rain days = 0.58
|Apr rain days = 2.1
|May rain days = 6.4
|Jun rain days = 12.5
|Jul rain days = 14.7
|Aug rain days = 18.0
|Sep rain days = 17.7
|Oct rain days = 8.9
|Nov rain days = 2.0
|Dec rain days = 0.57
|year rain days = 83.9
|unit snow days = 0.2 cm
|Jan snow days = 15.5
|Feb snow days = 12.9
|Mar snow days = 14.9
|Apr snow days = 10.8
|May snow days = 8.1
|Jun snow days = 3.5
|Jul snow days = 0.13
|Aug snow days = 0.08
|Sep snow days = 2.4
|Oct snow days = 13.2
|Nov snow days = 17.1
|Dec snow days = 15.7
|year snow days = 114.3
|Jan sun = 55.5
|Feb sun = 88.7
|Mar sun = 144.4
|Apr sun = 182.7
|May sun = 149.5
|Jun sun = 184.5
|Jul sun = 204.7
|Aug sun = 172.3
|Sep sun = 89.1
|Oct sun = 55.4
|Nov sun = 39.9
|Dec sun = 48.7
|year sun = 1415.4
|Jan percentsun = 24.7
|Feb percentsun = 33.8
|Mar percentsun = 39.5
|Apr percentsun = 42.4
|May percentsun = 28.9
|Jun percentsun = 34.0
|Jul percentsun = 37.8
|Aug percentsun = 36.2
|Sep percentsun = 23.1
|Oct percentsun = 17.3
|Nov percentsun = 16.7
|Dec percentsun = 23.9
|year percentsun = 29.9
|humidity colour=green
| Jan humidity =64.3
| Feb humidity =61.7
| Mar humidity =62.7
| Apr humidity =66.7
| May humidity =64.6
| Jun humidity =59.3
| Jul humidity =58.5
| Aug humidity =63.3
| Sep humidity =67.4
| Oct humidity =73.9
| Nov humidity =77.4
| Dec humidity =71.9
|source 1 = [[Environment Canada]]<ref name= "climate">{{cite web
| publisher = [[Environment Canada]]
| url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnName&txtStationName=Kuujjuaq&searchMethod=contains&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=6095&dispBack=1
| title = Kuujjuaq Airport
| work = Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010
| access-date = November 25, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_1981_2010_e.html?searchType=stnProv&lstProvince=QC&txtCentralLatMin=0&txtCentralLatSec=0&txtCentralLongMin=0&txtCentralLongSec=0&stnID=6095&dispBack=0|title=Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada|last=Canada|first=Environment and Climate Change|date=September 25, 2013|website=climate.weather.gc.ca|language=en|access-date=August 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="October 2014">{{cite web
|publisher = [[Environment Canada]]
|url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?timeframe=2&hlyRange=2014-03-04%7C2019-11-16&dlyRange=2014-03-06%7C2019-11-15&mlyRange=%7C&StationID=52179&Prov=QC&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2019&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=kuujjuaq&Day=16&Year=2014&Month=10#
|id = Climate ID: 7113535
|title = October 2014
|work = Canadian Climate Data
|access-date = November 15, 2019
|date = November 1, 2019}}</ref><ref name="August 2014">{{cite web
|publisher = [[Environment Canada]]
|url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?timeframe=2&hlyRange=2014-03-04%7C2019-11-16&dlyRange=2014-03-06%7C2019-11-15&mlyRange=%7C&StationID=52179&Prov=QC&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2019&selRowPerPage=25&Line=0&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=kuujjuaq&Day=16&Year=2014&Month=8#
|id = Climate ID: 7113535
|title = August 2014
|work = Canadian Climate Data
|access-date = November 15, 2019
|date = November 1, 2019}}</ref><ref name="April 2013">{{cite web
|publisher = [[Environment Canada]]
|url = https://climate.weather.gc.ca/climate_data/daily_data_e.html?timeframe=2&Year=2013&Month=4&Day=16&hlyRange=1953-01-01%7C2014-03-06&dlyRange=1947-03-01%7C2014-03-04&mlyRange=1947-01-01%7C2005-12-01&StationID=6095&Prov=QC&urlExtension=_e.html&searchType=stnName&optLimit=yearRange&StartYear=1840&EndYear=2019&selRowPerPage=25&Line=1&searchMethod=contains&txtStationName=kuujjuaq
|id = Climate ID: 7113535
|title = April 2013
|work = Canadian Climate Data
|access-date = November 15, 2019
|date = November 1, 2019}}</ref>
}}


==Transportation==
==Transportation==
Line 360: Line 120:


==Education==
==Education==
[[Kativik Ilisarniliriniq, formerly known as Kativik School Board,]] operates two schools in the village. Pitakallak School serves students from kindergarten to grade 3, while Jaanimmarik School<ref>[http://jaanimmarik.kativik.qc.ca Jaanimmarik School]</ref> serves students from grade 4 to secondary 5.
[[Kativik School Board]] (Kativik Ilisarniliriniq) operates two schools in the village. Pitakallak School serves students from kindergarten to grade 3, while [[Jaanimmarik|Jaanimmarik School]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jaanimmarik.kativik.qc.ca/ |title=Jaanimmarik School |access-date=February 25, 2015 |archive-date=May 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503051945/http://jaanimmarik.kativik.qc.ca/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> serves students from grade 4 to secondary 5.
The village boasts a number of hotels, restaurants, stores, arts and crafts shops and a bank. In 1988, 75% of the town's 1,100 residents were native speakers of [[Inuktitut]], 15% native [[Geographical distribution of French speakers|francophones]], and 10% native [[English-speaking Quebecers|anglophones]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dorais|first=Louis-Jacques|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/The_Language_of_the_Inuit/xKWJbxkZvPwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA332&printsec=frontcover|title=The Language of the Inuit: Syntax, Semantics, and Society in the Arctic|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780773581623|pages=332}}</ref>
The village boasts a number of hotels, restaurants, stores, arts and crafts shops and a bank. In 1988, 75% of the town's 1,100 residents were native speakers of [[Inuktitut]], 15% native [[Geographical distribution of French speakers|francophones]], and 10% native [[English-speaking Quebecers|anglophones]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dorais|first=Louis-Jacques|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKWJbxkZvPwC&pg=PA332|title=The Language of the Inuit: Syntax, Semantics, and Society in the Arctic|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2010|isbn=9780773581623|pages=332}}</ref>


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
Line 369: Line 129:
*[[Johnny Ned Adams]], former mayor and businessman
*[[Johnny Ned Adams]], former mayor and businessman
*[[Mary Simon]], [[Governor General of Canada |30th Governor General of Canada]], First Canadian Circumpolar Ambassador, Canadian former diplomat, lead negotiator for the creation of the [[Arctic Council]], and current fellow with the [[Arctic Institute of North America]].
*[[Mary Simon]], [[Governor General of Canada |30th Governor General of Canada]], First Canadian Circumpolar Ambassador, Canadian former diplomat, lead negotiator for the creation of the [[Arctic Council]], and current fellow with the [[Arctic Institute of North America]].

==See also==
* [[List of anglophone communities in Quebec]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="cp2021">{{cite web | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=kuujj&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&DGUIDlist=2021A00052499095 | title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Kuujjuaq, Village nordique (VN) &#91;Census subdivision&#93;, Quebec | date=February 9, 2022 }}</ref>
<ref name="cp2011">{{SCref |unit=csd |code=2499095}}</ref>
<ref name="cp2016">{{SCref |year=2016 |unit=csd |code=2499095}}</ref>
<ref name="mamrot">{{mamrot |type=municipalite |99095}}</ref>
<ref name="mamrot">{{mamrot |type=municipalite |99095}}</ref>
<ref name="toponymie">{{toponymie |92769}}</ref>
<ref name="toponymie">{{toponymie |92769}}</ref>
Line 389: Line 151:
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* Bissonnette, Alain, and Serge Bouchard. ''The Kuujjuaq Population's Point of View on the Social and Economic Repercussions of the Caniapiscau Cut-Off on Their Hunting and Fishing Activities''. [S.l.]: Société d'énergie de la baie James, Engineering and Environment Dept., Caniapiscau-Koksoak Joint Study Group, 1984.
* Bissonnette, Alain, and Serge Bouchard. ''The Kuujjuaq Population's Point of View on the Social and Economic Repercussions of the Caniapiscau Cut-Off on Their Hunting and Fishing Activities''. [S.l.]: Société d'énergie de la baie James, Engineering and Environment Dept., Caniapiscau-Koksoak Joint Study Group, 1984.
* Canada. ''Kuujjuaq''. Ottawa: Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Service, 1985. {{ISBN|0-660-52596-8}}
* Canada. ''Kuujjuaq''. Ottawa: Environment and Climate Change Canada, Atmospheric Environment Service, 1985. {{ISBN|0-660-52596-8}}
* Canada. ''Fort Chimo Airport''. Hourly data summaries, no. 62. Toronto, Ont: Climatology Division, Meteorological Branch, Dept. of Transport, 1968.
* Canada. ''Fort Chimo Airport''. Hourly data summaries, no. 62. Toronto, Ont: Climatology Division, Meteorological Branch, Dept. of Transport, 1968.
* Chabot, Marcelle. ''Socio-economic status and food security of low-income households in Kuujjuaq research report''. Kuujjuac, Quebec: Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services?], 2004.
* Chabot, Marcelle. ''Socio-economic status and food security of low-income households in Kuujjuaq research report''. Kuujjuac, Quebec: Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services?], 2004.
Line 400: Line 162:
==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
*[http://jaanimmarik.kativik.qc.ca/ Jaanimmarik School]
*[http://jaanimmarik.kativik.qc.ca/ Jaanimmarik School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503051945/http://jaanimmarik.kativik.qc.ca/ |date=May 3, 2019 }}
*[http://www.krg.ca Kativik Regional Government]
*[http://www.krg.ca Kativik Regional Government]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060427034651/http://www.nunavik-tourism.com/vilkuujjuaq.html Nunavik Tourism Association]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060427034651/http://www.nunavik-tourism.com/vilkuujjuaq.html Nunavik Tourism Association]

Latest revision as of 22:06, 30 October 2024

For the Inuit reserved land of the same name, see Kuujjuaq (Inuit reserved land).

Kuujjuaq
ᑰᑦᔪᐊᖅ
Northern village municipality
Kuujjuaq
Kuujjuaq
Kuujjuaq is located in Quebec
Kuujjuaq
Kuujjuaq
Kuujjuaq is located in Canada
Kuujjuaq
Kuujjuaq
Coordinates (Hôtel de ville Katittavik, 400, chemin de l'Aéroport[2]): 58°06′N 68°24′W / 58.100°N 68.400°W / 58.100; -68.400[1][3]
CountryCanada
ProvinceQuebec
RegionNord-du-Québec
Nunavik
TEKativik
ConstitutedDecember 29, 1979
Government
[2]
 • MayorMary Johannes
 • Federal ridingAbitibi—Baie-James—Nunavik—Eeyou
 • Prov. ridingUngava
Area
[2][4]
 • Total385.70 km2 (148.92 sq mi)
 • Land289.97 km2 (111.96 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[4]
 • Total2,668
 • Density9.2/km2 (24/sq mi)
 • Change (2016–21)
Decrease3.1%
 • Dwellings
1,253
Time zoneUTC−05:00 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−04:00 (EDT)
Postal code(s)
J0M 1C0
Area code819
Websitewww.nvkuujjuaq.ca
This article contains Canadian Aboriginal syllabic characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of syllabics.

Kuujjuaq ([kuːtjuɑq]; Inuktitut: ᑰᑦᔪᐊᖅ or ᑰᔾᔪᐊᖅ, "Great River"),[5] formerly known as Suoivauqaj (ᓲᐃᕙᐅᖃᔾ) and by other names, is a former Hudson's Bay Company outpost at the mouth of the Koksoak River on Ungava Bay that has become the largest northern village (Inuit community) in the Nunavik region of Quebec, Canada. It is the administrative capital of the Kativik Regional Government. Its population was 2,668 as of the 2021 census.

Names

[edit]

Kuujjuaq was founded as Fort Good Hope in 1830 but in 1831 changed its name to Fort Chimo,[6] an anglicization of an Inuit language word saimuuq, meaning "Let's shake hands" and also likely to avoid confusion with Fort Good Hope operated by the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) in the Northwest Territories. As this was a common greeting locals used with the HBC fur traders, they adopted it as the name of their trading post. A fictional account of this naming is given in the 1857 novel Ungava by R. M. Ballantyne, where it is taken from a girl character's beloved dog.[7] On 5 February 1980, the name was changed to Kuujjuaq,[6] the Inuit name for the Koksoak River.

It has also been known informally as Koksoak and Washgagen.[6]

History

[edit]
Inuit encamped near Fort Chimo (1909)

The first Europeans to have contact with local Inuit were missionaries from the Moravian Church. On August 25, 1811, after a perilous trip along the coasts of Labrador and Ungava Bay, Benjamin Gottlieb Kohlmeister and George Kmoch arrived at an Inuit camp on the east shore of the Koksoak.[8] Their aim was to scout the area for future missions and, if possible, to convert the "Esquimaux" to Christianity. According to their journal, they found the Inuit of the Koksoak River very interested in having a Moravian mission in the area, but after reaching a little farther than "Pilgerruh" ("Pilgrim's Rest") on "Unity's Bay" they turned back for home.[9]

Attracted by the missionaries' praise of the location,[10] the Hudson's Bay Company established a permanent station on the east shore of the Koksoak River in 1830,[6] at a site about 5 km (3.1 mi) downstream from the present settlement. Governor Simpson's plan was to attract trade from the Inuit of the surrounding territory as well as from the islands and ice sheets north of the bay.[6] Its first factor was Nicol Finlayson, who sent Erland Erlandson to establish an outpost on the Wausquash; this had to be abandoned in late 1833 or early 1834.[6] By 1833, Fort Chimo comprised seven buildings in a defensive square, principally trading in caribou hides and white fox and marten pelts.[6] Erlandson ultimately discovered bountiful trapping far to the south in the highlands around Lake Petitsikapau; he briefly succeeded Finlayson as acting factor but was replaced when a brig delivered John McLean to his new post in 1837. Over the next four years, he succeeded in establishing an efficient riverine connection with Fort Smith on Lake Melville, but the trade at Chimo itself was so sparse that the trails they found were simply used to supply Fort Naskaupi in the rich interior. In the winter of 1840–1841, fish and game were so scarce that the agents were forced to scatter into open camps around the countryside to survive as best they could. Fort Chimo and its District of Ungava were shuttered on September 1, 1843,[6] an HBC ship carting away the remaining men and supplies.

The fort did not reopen until 1866, when it was thought necessary to curtail the trade going to the Moravians in the area and the steamboat Labrador made resupplying the distant outpost easier.[6] At that time, Inuit, Innu (Montagnais), and Naskapi came to trade at the post. By the 1950s, Fort Chimo included two dormitories, two warehouses, oil and salt sheds, and carpentry, cooperage, and machinist workshops.[6] A sloop, a steamer, and outposts at the mouths of the Whale and George Rivers helped carry out the salmon catch each August, which was salted on site for use, sale, and export. The fort was usually supplied by the steamer Eric, while a smaller refrigerated steamer picked up the salmon haul.[6]

Children in Kuujjuaq

Amid the Second World War, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) surveyed the area from amphibious aircraft out of Gander on July 12, 1941 and established the Crystal 1 weather station on the western shore of the Koksoak on October 10, 1941. It was supplied by the United States Coast Guard. An airfield was established in the summer of 1942, although it was never used for the Crimson East's intended purpose of facilitating trans-Atlantic ferry flights. The US turned over the base to the Canadian government in 1944 and 1945, which established Naval Radio Station Chimo (call sign CFI) as part of the Canadian Supplementary Radio Activities (SUPRAD) system in 1948. Direction-finding facilities were finished and commenced operations in 1949. In 1950, it became part of the Atlantic high-frequency radio direction finding (HFDF) network after the Royal Canadian Navy and the United States Navy agreed to coordinate and standardize their detection operations. The high cost of maintaining and supplying the base, however, led to it being shuttered in late summer 1952 and its equipment and personnel moved to Frobisher Bay (now Iqaluit) on Baffin Island. The site was eventually adapted as the Kuujjuaq Airport, which now includes a Nav Canada air-traffic control facility that relays information on flights in northern Canada to Montreal.

With more Inuit settling in the area during this time to assist the base, a Catholic mission was established in 1948 and was followed by an infirmary, a school, and a weather station.[citation needed] The HBC outpost at Fort Chimo was closed for months of repairs in 1957 after a major fire, and the post was moved closer to the airfield in 1960.[6] The remaining families who had still lived around the old site finally joined the larger community, establishing present-day Kuujjuaq (although it did not receive that name until 1980). The HBC store was sold to Hudson's Bay Northern Stores in 1987.[6]

Since 1996, police services in the Kativik region, including Kuujjuaq, are provided by the Kativik Regional Police Force (KRPF). The headquarters of the KRPF are located in Kuujjuaq.

Geography

[edit]

Kuujjuaq lies 48 km (30 mi) upstream from Ungava Bay. Life in this community involves a close relationship with the river. Its tides regularly change the local landscape, while their rhythm strongly influences the traditional summer activities.

Although the tree line is very close, the boreal forest is present around Kuujjuaq. Patches of black spruce and larch stand in marshy valleys. Kuujjuaq also witnesses annual migrations of the George River caribou herd. These animals pass through the region throughout August and September.

Climate

[edit]

Kuujjuaq has a cold subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc),[11] not far above the polar climate, but avoids that classification due to the temperate summers with daily mean temperatures of above 10 °C (50 °F).[12] Winters are cold but by no means extreme for its latitude by Eastern Canadian standards.

The cause of the extreme swings is the effect of the Hudson Bay to its west freezing in November. This eliminates maritime moderation from westerlies that are prevalent in moderating summer temperatures. With Hudson Bay effectively becoming a landmass during the winter, Kuujjuaq ends up being subject to severely cold winds. With the Labrador Current to its south-east also being cold, winter moderation from the east is also eliminated. Although less snowfall is received compared to the more coastal Nain further south, the influence of the current contributes to a sizeable snow tally for a climate that cold. In June, Hudson Bay thaws, resulting in mild maritime air from the cold water moderating westerlies. In spite of this, Kuujjuaq being situated with a direct landmass link to its south for thousands of kilometres can contribute to warm southerlies reaching the settlement, bringing temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F). Unlike Inukjuak directly on the Hudson Bay shore, Kuujjuaq thus has a greater continental warmth impact on its summers, and consequently lies below the tree line.

During fall, Kuujjuaq's diurnal temperature variation is at its lowest, as the maritime moderation is at its strongest. Simultaneously, the Hudson Bay freezing process begins as cold builds up over the vast landmasses surrounding the bay. This renders Kuujjuaq to commonly get ice days during October, before winter begins in November and proceeds to the end of April. Kuujjuaq has a cloudy climate, as a result of the Icelandic Low influence.

Kuujjuaq has been affected by global warming in recent decades, similar to other Arctic locations. For example, December 2010 had an average high of −3 °C (27 °F), while a −4 °C (25 °F) average high was measured for March 2018.[13][14] Summer has also been affected, with a 20 °C (68 °F) average high for June 2012, and a 21 °C (70 °F) average high during August 2014.[15][16]

Climate data for Kuujjuaq (Kuujjuaq Airport)
WMO ID: 71906; coordinates 58°06′N 68°25′W / 58.100°N 68.417°W / 58.100; -68.417 (Kuujjuaq Airport); elevation: 39.9 m (131 ft); 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1947–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high humidex 5.0 6.3 11.7 17.9 27.5 38.9 37.9 33.2 32.2 20.4 10.3 5.8 38.9
Record high °C (°F) 5.6
(42.1) 		7.8
(46.0) 		12.1
(53.8) 		19.2
(66.6) 		31.1
(88.0) 		33.1
(91.6) 		34.3
(93.7) 		30.7
(87.3) 		28.3
(82.9) 		20.0
(68.0) 		10.2
(50.4) 		8.3
(46.9) 		34.3
(93.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −18.9
(−2.0) 		−18.1
(−0.6) 		−11.3
(11.7) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		5.7
(42.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		18.1
(64.6) 		16.8
(62.2) 		10.6
(51.1) 		3.8
(38.8) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−12.2
(10.0) 		0.1
(32.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −23.3
(−9.9) 		−23.1
(−9.6) 		−16.9
(1.6) 		−8.4
(16.9) 		1.2
(34.2) 		7.8
(46.0) 		12.5
(54.5) 		11.8
(53.2) 		6.7
(44.1) 		0.8
(33.4) 		−7.2
(19.0) 		−16.2
(2.8) 		−4.5
(23.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −27.7
(−17.9) 		−28.0
(−18.4) 		−22.5
(−8.5) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		2.4
(36.3) 		6.9
(44.4) 		6.6
(43.9) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		−10.5
(13.1) 		−20.2
(−4.4) 		−9.1
(15.6)
Record low °C (°F) −49.8
(−57.6) 		−43.9
(−47.0) 		−43.9
(−47.0) 		−34.1
(−29.4) 		−24.7
(−12.5) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−7.8
(18.0) 		−20.0
(−4.0) 		−31.1
(−24.0) 		−43.9
(−47.0) 		−49.8
(−57.6)
Record low wind chill −60.4 −58.0 −55.3 −45.6 −30.6 −13.2 −5.7 −6.5 −11.9 −32.9 −42.8 −56.3 −60.4
Average precipitation mm (inches) 30.7
(1.21) 		29.3
(1.15) 		31.6
(1.24) 		27.4
(1.08) 		31.5
(1.24) 		51.1
(2.01) 		75.2
(2.96) 		75.9
(2.99) 		87.8
(3.46) 		57.0
(2.24) 		43.8
(1.72) 		36.9
(1.45) 		578.2
(22.76)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 0.0
(0.0) 		0.3
(0.01) 		0.2
(0.01) 		3.6
(0.14) 		13.5
(0.53) 		47.8
(1.88) 		75.3
(2.96) 		75.8
(2.98) 		84.9
(3.34) 		34.8
(1.37) 		5.1
(0.20) 		1.8
(0.07) 		343.2
(13.51)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 30.6
(12.0) 		29.2
(11.5) 		31.6
(12.4) 		23.3
(9.2) 		18.3
(7.2) 		4.3
(1.7) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		2.9
(1.1) 		21.3
(8.4) 		38.9
(15.3) 		35.1
(13.8) 		235.4
(92.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 15.7 12.9 14.8 12.0 12.5 13.3 15.6 18.3 19.9 18.3 17.6 15.5 186.1
Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) 0.12 0.15 0.42 1.8 6.5 12.5 15.3 18.3 19.2 10.6 2.6 0.92 88.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) 15.6 12.9 14.7 10.9 8.2 2.5 0.04 0.08 1.9 11.1 16.9 19.2 109.8
Average relative humidity (%) (at 3pm) 66.2 61.3 61.9 65.1 62.8 58.9 59.3 63.6 68.0 73.5 77.7 73.4 66.0
Average dew point °C (°F) −24.9
(−12.8) 		−23.6
(−10.5) 		−18.3
(−0.9) 		−9.8
(14.4) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		2.7
(36.9) 		7.1
(44.8) 		7.0
(44.6) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−9.2
(15.4) 		−20.1
(−4.2) 		−7.6
(18.3)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 55.5 88.7 144.4 182.7 149.5 184.5 204.7 172.3 89.1 55.4 39.9 48.7 1,415.4
Percent possible sunshine 24.7 33.8 39.5 42.4 28.9 34.0 37.8 36.2 23.1 17.3 16.7 23.9 29.9
Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada[17] (sun 1981–2010[18], dew point at 1300 LST 1951–1980[19])[20]


Demographics

[edit]

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Kuujjuaq had a population of 2,668 living in 973 of its 1,253 total private dwellings, a change of -3.1% from its 2016 population of 2,754. With a land area of 289.97 km2 (111.96 sq mi), it had a population density of 9.2/km2 (23.8/sq mi) in 2021.[21]

Transportation

[edit]
Fort Chimo (1909)

With ocean access and two runways at the Kuujjuaq Airport, Kuujjuaq is the transportation hub of the entire Nunavik region. The Avataq cargo ship delivers cargo once a year, and a new beach port has been built north of the town.[22] There are no roads to outside the region, but there have been proposals floated by regional and provincial officials to build a road link from the south, linking to the Trans-Taïga Road and also providing access to Schefferville.

Education

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Kativik School Board (Kativik Ilisarniliriniq) operates two schools in the village. Pitakallak School serves students from kindergarten to grade 3, while Jaanimmarik School[23] serves students from grade 4 to secondary 5. The village boasts a number of hotels, restaurants, stores, arts and crafts shops and a bank. In 1988, 75% of the town's 1,100 residents were native speakers of Inuktitut, 15% native francophones, and 10% native anglophones.[24]

Notable people

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Kuujjuaqa". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
  2. ^ a b c "Répertoire des municipalités: Geographic code 99095". www.mamh.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Ministère des Affaires municipales et de l'Habitation.
  3. ^ "Banque de noms de lieux du Québec: Reference number 92769". toponymie.gouv.qc.ca (in French). Commission de toponymie du Québec.
  4. ^ a b "Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Kuujjuaq, Village nordique (VN) [Census subdivision], Quebec". February 9, 2022.
  5. ^ Taamusi Qumaq (1992). "ᑰᑦᔪᐊᖅ". Avataq. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Arch. Man.
  7. ^ Ballantyne (1857).
  8. ^ Kohlmeister & al. (1814), s.v. "August 25th".
  9. ^ Kohlmeister & al. (1814), s.v. "August 30th".
  10. ^ Bryce (1900), p. 376.
  11. ^ "Kuujjuaq, Québec Climate Summary". Weatherbase. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
  12. ^ "Kuujjuaq Québec Canada Temperature Averages". Weatherbase. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
  13. ^ "Decembre 2010 à Kuujjuaq" (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
  14. ^ "Mars 2018 à Kuujjuaq" (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
  15. ^ "Juin 2012 à Kuujjuaq" (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  16. ^ "Août 2014 à Kuujjuaq" (in French). Météo Climat. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
  17. ^ "Kuujjuaq (Composite Station Threads)". Canadian Climate Normals 1991-2020 Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Archived from the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved December 26, 2023.
  18. ^ "Kuujjuaq Airport". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Archived from the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
  19. ^ "Canadian Climate Normals 1951–1980 Volume 8: Atmospheric, Pressure, Temperature and Humidity" (PDF). Environment Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 9, 2023. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
  20. ^ "July 2023". Environment and Climate Change Canada. Climate ID: 7113535. Archived from the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved July 5, 2023.
  21. ^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), Quebec". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
  22. ^ "Mighty Ships: Avataq". Mighty Ships. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
  23. ^ "Jaanimmarik School". Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  24. ^ Dorais, Louis-Jacques (2010). The Language of the Inuit: Syntax, Semantics, and Society in the Arctic. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 332. ISBN 9780773581623.

Sources

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Further reading

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  • Bissonnette, Alain, and Serge Bouchard. The Kuujjuaq Population's Point of View on the Social and Economic Repercussions of the Caniapiscau Cut-Off on Their Hunting and Fishing Activities. [S.l.]: Société d'énergie de la baie James, Engineering and Environment Dept., Caniapiscau-Koksoak Joint Study Group, 1984.
  • Canada. Kuujjuaq. Ottawa: Environment and Climate Change Canada, Atmospheric Environment Service, 1985. ISBN 0-660-52596-8
  • Canada. Fort Chimo Airport. Hourly data summaries, no. 62. Toronto, Ont: Climatology Division, Meteorological Branch, Dept. of Transport, 1968.
  • Chabot, Marcelle. Socio-economic status and food security of low-income households in Kuujjuaq research report. Kuujjuac, Quebec: Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services?], 2004.
  • Cooper, Willie. Souvenirs d'un Kuujjuamiut = Memories of a Kuujjuamiut. Publication of the Documentation Centre on Inuit History, 1. Inukjuak, Nunavik: Avataq Cultural Institute, 1988.
  • Mesher, Dorothy, and Ray H. Woollam. Kuujjuaq Memories and Musings. Duncan, B.C.: Unica Pub. Co, 1995. ISBN 0-920649-06-8
  • Poirier, Glenn Gerard. Structure and Metamorphism of the Eastern Boundary of the Labrador Trough Near Kuujjuaq, Quebec, and Its Tectonic Implications. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1990. ISBN 0-315-52237-2
  • Boutin, Gilles. Les aurores boréales Québec-Nunavik. Quebec 2010. ISBN 978-2-89634-053-8
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