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The '''Ferrari FF''' is a [[grand tourer|grand touring car]] that was produced by the Italian carmaker [[Ferrari]] from 2011 to 2016. The successor to the [[Ferrari 612 Scaglietti|612 Scaglietti]], the FF—whose name is an [[acronym]] for "Ferrari Four"—is a three-door [[shooting brake]]. Development of the FF began in 2007, and it debuted at the [[Geneva International Motor Show#2011|Geneva International Motor Show in March 2011]]; production started in the same month in [[Maranello]], Italy. Designed under the direction of [[Lowie Vermeersch]] and [[Flavio Manzoni]], the FF shares parts, mainly the engine, with the [[Ferrari F12|F12berlinetta]]—a [[coupé]] that was introduced one year after the FF.
The '''Ferrari FF''' is a [[grand tourer|grand touring car]] that was produced by the Italian carmaker [[Ferrari]] from 2011 to 2016. The successor to the [[Ferrari 612 Scaglietti|612 Scaglietti]], the FF—whose name is an [[acronym]] for "Ferrari Four"{{efn|Alluding to its [[four-wheel drive]] capability{{Sfn|Connolly|2014|page=4}}}}—is a three-door [[shooting brake]]. Development of the FF began in 2007, and it debuted at the [[Geneva International Motor Show#2011|Geneva International Motor Show in March 2011]]; production started in the same month in [[Maranello]], Italy. Designed under the direction of [[Lowie Vermeersch]] and [[Flavio Manzoni]], the FF shares parts, mainly the engine, with the [[Ferrari F12|F12berlinetta]]—a [[coupé]] that was introduced one year after the FF.


Upon its release, the FF became the world's fastest four-seater car and Ferrari's second-fastest grand tourer after the [[Ferrari 599#599 GTO|599 GTO]]. The FF features a 6.3 L [[V12 engine|V12]] engine that produces a power output of {{cvt|660|PS|kW PS hp|0|order=out}} and a [[torque]] output of {{cvt|683|Nm|lbft|0}}, sufficient to give the car a maximum speed of {{convert|335|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} and a 0 to {{cvt|100|km/h|0|abbr=on}} acceleration of 3.7 seconds. Its [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] is a seven-speed [[Dual-clutch transmission|dual clutch]]. The recipient of numerous awards, including ''[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]'''s Estate Car of the Year in 2011, the FF was succeeded by the [[Ferrari GTC4Lusso|GTC4Lusso]] in 2016.
Upon its release, the FF became the world's fastest four-seater car and Ferrari's second-fastest grand tourer after the [[Ferrari 599#599 GTO|599 GTO]]. The FF features a 6.3 L [[V12 engine|V12]] engine that produces a power output of {{cvt|660|PS|kW PS hp|0|order=out}} and a [[torque]] output of {{cvt|683|Nm|lbft|0}}, sufficient to give the car a maximum speed of {{convert|335|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} and a 0 to {{cvt|100|km/h|0|abbr=on}} acceleration of 3.7 seconds. Its [[transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] is a seven-speed [[Dual-clutch transmission|dual-clutch]]. The FF has received positive reviews from critics, who appreciate its design but criticise its steep price. The recipient of numerous awards, including [[Top Gear (magazine)|''Top Gear'']]'s Estate Car of the Year in 2011, the FF was succeeded by the [[Ferrari GTC4Lusso|GTC4Lusso]] in 2016.


== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Ferrari 612 Scaglietti front.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Front three-quarters view of a silver sports coupe|The 612 Scaglietti, which preceded the FF]]
The Italian carmaker{{sfn|Kenzie|2011|page=W.18}}{{sfn|English|2016|page=2}} [[Ferrari]] began development of a successor to the [[Ferrari 612 Scaglietti|612 Scaglietti]] in 2007.{{sfn|Gallina|2014}} Work on the upcoming [[shooting brake]] car began under the direction of [[Flavio Manzoni]] and [[Lowie Vermeersch]], the latter of whom served as former Design Director at [[Pininfarina]]. Although Ferrari initially wanted the car developed from the [[Pininfarina Sintesi]], a concept car, the project was transferred to [[Italdesign]], which presented an angular proposal. It eventually returned to Pininfarina for further development.{{sfn|Gallina|2014}} Other developments took place at Ferrari's Styling Centre.{{sfn|Bonhams|2018}}
The Italian carmaker{{sfn|Kenzie|2011|page=W.18}}{{sfn|English|2016|page=2}} [[Ferrari]] began development of a successor to the [[Ferrari 612 Scaglietti|612 Scaglietti]] in 2007.{{sfn|Gallina|2014}} Work on the upcoming [[shooting brake]] car began under the direction of [[Flavio Manzoni]] and [[Lowie Vermeersch]], the latter of whom served as former Design Director at [[Pininfarina]]. Although Ferrari initially wanted the car developed from the [[Pininfarina Sintesi]], a concept car, the project was transferred to [[Italdesign]], which presented an angular proposal. It eventually returned to Pininfarina for further development.{{sfn|Gallina|2014}} Other developments took place at Ferrari's Styling Centre.{{sfn|Bonhams|2018}}


Ferrari debuted the FF at the [[Geneva International Motor Show#2011|Geneva International Motor Show in March 2011]].{{sfn|Arnott|2011|page=33}}{{sfn|"Ferrari FF makes debut". ''Top Gear''}} Official [[mass production|manufacture]] of the FF began in the same month{{sfn | Sloane | 2011}} at their facility in [[Maranello]], Italy.{{sfn|Smith|2011|page=66}}{{sfn|Melton|2012|page=Z74}} At launch, Ferrari announced that it would produce 800 FF units annually. The carmaker further stated that the entire first year's production run had already been sold out.{{sfn|Melton|2012|page=Z74}}{{sfn|Ciferri|2011}} Upon its release, the FF became the world's fastest four-seater car and Ferrari's second-fastest grand tourer after the [[Ferrari 599#599 GTO|599 GTO]].{{sfn|Neil|2011|page=D.10}}{{sfn|Baker|Knapman|2011|page=9}} It was produced at the Maranello facility until it was discontinued in 2016 after a production run of five years during which 2,291 units had been built.{{sfn|Newton|2024}} It was succeeded by the [[Ferrari GTC4Lusso|GTC4Lusso]].{{sfn|Neil|2017|page=D.10}}{{sfn|Dobie|2016}}
Ferrari debuted the FF at the [[Geneva International Motor Show#2011|Geneva International Motor Show in March 2011]].{{sfn|Arnott|2011|page=33}}{{sfn|"Ferrari FF makes debut". ''Top Gear''}} Official [[mass production|manufacture]] began in the same month{{sfn | Sloane | 2011}} at their facility in [[Maranello]].{{sfn|Smith|2011|page=66}}{{sfn|Melton|2012|page=Z74}} At launch, Ferrari announced that it would produce 800 FF units annually. The carmaker further stated that the entire first year's production run had already been sold out.{{sfn|Melton|2012|page=Z74}}{{sfn|Ciferri|2011}} Upon its release, the FF became the world's fastest four-seater car and Ferrari's second-fastest grand tourer after the [[Ferrari 599#599 GTO|599 GTO]].{{sfn|Neil|2011|page=D.10}}{{sfn|Baker|Knapman|2011|page=9}} It was produced at the Maranello facility until it was discontinued in 2016 after a production run of five years during which 2,291 units had been built.{{sfn|Newton|2024}} It was succeeded by the [[Ferrari GTC4Lusso|GTC4Lusso]].{{sfn|Neil|2017|page=D.10}}{{sfn|Dobie|2016}}


== Design and naming ==
== Design and naming ==
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The name "FF" is an acronym for "Ferrari Four",{{sfn|Burns|2013}} highlighting its four-wheel drive capability.{{Sfn|Connolly|2014|page=4}} The FF reflects the [[design language]] of contemporary Ferrari models, incorporating the distinctive pulled-back [[headlight]]s of the [[Ferrari 458 Italia|458 Italia]] and the twin circular [[taillight|tail-lights]] found on both the 458 and the [[Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano|599 GTB Fiorano]].{{sfn | Schultz | 2012}}{{sfn|"Gone in 3.7 seconds". ''The New Indian Express'' }} The electronic rear [[Differential (mechanical device)|differential]] is built into the [[gearbox]] housing, and all [[chassis]] and [[powertrain]] control systems—including the magnetic adaptive shocks, [[stability control]], layout, and electronic differential—are combined into a single module.{{sfn | Austin | 2011}} The FF incorporates a predominantly [[space frame]] construction and—like all contemporary Ferraris—is made from [[aluminium]]. This design, compared to its predecessor, reduces weight by five{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent and increases [[torsional rigidity]] by six{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent.{{sfn | Gitlin | 2016}}{{sfn|"First drive: 2012 Ferrari FF". ''Motor Trend''}}
The name "FF" is an acronym for "Ferrari Four",{{sfn|Burns|2013}} highlighting its four-wheel drive capability.{{Sfn|Connolly|2014|page=4}} The FF reflects the [[design language]] of contemporary Ferrari models, incorporating the distinctive pulled-back [[headlight]]s of the [[Ferrari 458 Italia|458 Italia]] and the twin circular [[taillight|tail-lights]] found on both the 458 and the [[Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano|599 GTB Fiorano]].{{sfn | Schultz | 2012}}{{sfn|"Gone in 3.7 seconds". ''The New Indian Express'' }} The electronic rear [[Differential (mechanical device)|differential]] is built into the [[gearbox]] housing, and all [[chassis]] and [[powertrain]] control systems—including the magnetic adaptive shocks, [[stability control]], layout, and electronic differential—are combined into a single module.{{sfn | Austin | 2011}} The FF incorporates a predominantly [[space frame]] construction and—like all contemporary Ferraris—is made from [[aluminium]]. This design, compared to its predecessor, reduces weight by five{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent and increases [[torsional rigidity]] by six{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent.{{sfn | Gitlin | 2016}}{{sfn|"First drive: 2012 Ferrari FF". ''Motor Trend''}}


The FF is a [[grand tourer|grand touring car]]{{sfn|English|2011|page=2}}{{sfn | Mills | 2011}} with three doors and four seats.{{sfn|Davis|2015}}{{sfn | Ziegler | 2016}} The FF's seven-speed [[dual-clutch|dual-clutch automatic]] [[gearbox]] is positioned at the rear of the car, contributing to its [[weight distribution]] of 47{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent at the front and 53{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent at the rear. The electronic rear [[Differential (mechanical device)|differential]] is built into the gearbox housing, and all [[chassis]] and [[powertrain]] control systems—including the magnetic adaptive shocks, [[stability control]], and electronic differential—are combined into a single module.{{sfn | Austin | 2011}} The FF's design is largely influenced by the need to manage [[airflow]] over and around its body efficiently. The FF has significant aerodynamic [[downforce]], improving road grip at higher speeds, most prominently visible in the split-level [[Diffuser (automotive)|diffuser]] at the rear, which features an [[aerofoil]]-shaped centre element. This comes at the cost of a relatively high {{Cd|link=car|long=yes|0.329}}. Vents along the sides and rear direct air out of the wheel wells and around the car, helping minimize lift and drag.{{sfn | Gitlin | 2016}}
The FF is a [[grand tourer|grand touring car]]{{sfn|English|2011|page=2}}{{sfn | Mills | 2011}} with three doors and four seats.{{sfn|Davis|2015}}{{sfn | Ziegler | 2016}} The FF's seven-speed [[dual-clutch|dual-clutch automatic]] [[gearbox]] is positioned at the rear of the car, contributing to its [[weight distribution]] of 47{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent at the front and 53{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent at the rear. The electronic rear [[Differential (mechanical device)|differential]] is built into the gearbox housing, and all [[chassis]] and [[powertrain]] control systems—including the magnetic adaptive shocks, [[stability control]], and electronic differential—are combined into a single module.{{sfn | Austin | 2011}} The FF's design is largely influenced by the need to manage [[airflow]] efficiently over and around its body. The FF has significant aerodynamic [[downforce]], improving road grip at higher speeds, most prominently visible in the split-level [[Diffuser (automotive)|diffuser]] at the rear, which features an [[aerofoil]]-shaped centre element. This comes at the cost of a relatively high {{Cd|link=car|long=yes|0.329}}. Vents along the sides and rear direct air out of the [[wiktionary:wheel well|wheel wells]] and around the car, helping minimise lift and drag.{{sfn | Gitlin | 2016}}


The four-wheel drive system in the FF is referred to as "4RM" (''ruote motrici''—[[Italian language|Italian]] for 4WD).{{sfn | Meiners | 2011}} At {{convert|90|lb|order=flip}}, it weighs fifty{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent less than traditional methods, helping maintain a low [[centre of gravity]].{{sfn | Gitlin | 2016}} This system uses a secondary gearbox to channel power from the front of the engine. The front gearbox is geared six{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent longer than the rear's first gear and six per{{nbsp}}cent longer than the rear's fourth gear (reverse is the same). Thus, the front gearbox's first gear covers the rear's first and second gears, while its second gear covers the rear's third and fourth gears. Power is transmitted through two electronically controlled, hydraulic wet multiplate [[clutch]]es, located on the driver's side of the front transmission, one for each wheel. These clutches adjust slip to match the speed of the rear wheels and enable [[torque vectoring]] for side-to-side power distribution.{{sfn | Austin | 2011a}}
The four-wheel drive system in the FF is referred to as "4RM" ({{lang|it|ruote motrici}}—Italianfor 4WD).{{sfn | Meiners | 2011}} At {{convert|90|lb|order=flip}}, it weighs fifty{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent less than traditional methods, helping maintain a low [[centre of gravity]].{{sfn | Gitlin | 2016}} This system uses a secondary gearbox to channel power from the front of the engine. The front gearbox is geared six{{nbsp}}per{{nbsp}}cent longer than the rear's first gear and six per{{nbsp}}cent longer than the rear's fourth gear (reverse is the same). Thus, the front gearbox's first gear covers the rear's first and second gears, while its second gear covers the rear's third and fourth gears. Power is transmitted through two electronically controlled, hydraulic wet multiplate [[clutch]]es, located on the driver's side of the front transmission, one for each wheel. These clutches adjust slip to match the speed of the rear wheels and enable [[torque vectoring]] for side-to-side power distribution.{{sfn | Austin | 2011a}}


The FF features a {{cvt|6262|cc|L cuin|1}} [[naturally aspirated]] [[Direct fuel injection|direct injection]] [[V12 engine]].{{sfn|"Ferrari FF: the facts". ''The Daily Telegraph''}}{{sfn|"First photographs of the FF Ferrari unveiled". ''Waterloo Region Record''}}{{sfn|Dobie|2015}} It produces a power output of {{cvt|660|PS|kW PS hp|0|order=out}} at 8,000 rpm and a [[torque]] output of {{cvt|683|Nm|lbft|0}}, sufficient to give the car a maximum speed of {{convert|335|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} and a 0 to {{cvt|100|km/h|0|abbr=on}} acceleration of 3.7 seconds.{{sfn|Baime|2023}}{{sfn|Moore|2011|page=D.3}} The FF shares its engine with the [[Ferrari F12|F12berlinetta]], a coupé introduced in 2012.{{sfn | English | 2012}} The shooting brake design, with its folding rear seats, gives the Ferrari FF a [[boot (car)|boot]] capacity of {{convert|450|L|cuft}}, which can be expanded to {{convert|800|L|cuft}} when the rear seats are lowered.{{sfn | Pattni | 2011}} The car's suspension is known as the "SCM3", a [[Magnetorheological damper|magnetorheological self-adjusting damping]] system. The FF includes [[Brembo]]'s [[carbon ceramic]] brakes.{{sfn | Raynal | 2011}}{{sfn|du Plessis|2011|page=3}} The FF has a {{CO2|link=yes}} output of {{convert|360|g/km}} and a [[fuel consumption]] figure of {{convert|15.4|L/100km}}.{{sfn|Naidu|2016}}
The FF features a {{cvt|6262|cc|L cuin|1}} [[naturally aspirated]] [[Direct fuel injection|direct injection]] [[V12 engine]].{{sfn|"Ferrari FF: the facts". ''The Daily Telegraph''}}{{sfn|"First photographs of the FF Ferrari unveiled". ''Waterloo Region Record''}}{{sfn|Dobie|2015}} It produces a power output of {{cvt|660|PS|kW PS hp|0|order=out}} at 8,000 rpm and a [[torque]] output of {{cvt|683|Nm|lbft|0}}, sufficient to give the car a maximum speed of {{convert|335|km/h|mi/h|0|abbr=on}} and a 0 to {{cvt|100|km/h|0|abbr=on}} acceleration of 3.7 seconds.{{sfn|Baime|2023}}{{sfn|Moore|2011|page=D.3}} The FF shares its engine with the [[Ferrari F12|F12berlinetta]], a coupé introduced in 2012.{{sfn | English | 2012}} The shooting brake design, with its folding rear seats, gives the Ferrari FF a [[boot (car)|boot]] capacity of {{convert|450|L|cuft}}, which can be expanded to {{convert|800|L|cuft}} when the rear seats are lowered.{{sfn | Pattni | 2011}} The car's suspension is known as the "SCM3", a [[Magnetorheological damper|magnetorheological self-adjusting damping]] system. The FF includes [[Brembo]]'s [[carbon ceramic]] brakes.{{sfn | Raynal | 2011}}{{sfn|du Plessis|2011|page=3}} The FF has a {{CO2|link=yes}} output of {{convert|360|g/km}} and a [[fuel consumption]] figure of {{convert|15.4|L/100km}}.{{sfn|Naidu|2016}}
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== Reception ==
== Reception ==
The FF has received mixed reviews, with many publications describing the car as a "Ferrari for the whole family".{{sfn | Ewing | 2011}}{{sfn | Valdes-Dapena | 2012}} Reviewing for ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', [[Jeremy Clarkson]] described the FF as "a very special, very fast car, with a dollop of practicality and a four-wheel drive system that may not add much". He praised the car's appearance from the front as "fantastic" and from the side as "wonderful," but criticised its rear, calling it "hopeless", "bland" and "dreary", even suggesting that "[[Kia]] does a better job".{{sfn|Clarkson|2011}} David Undercoffler of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' stated that the FF "represents the next evolution in a long line of grand touring cars from Ferrari, as opposed to more high-strung sports cars such the mid-engined 458, designed with race-car handling foremost in mind".{{sfn|Undercoffler|2013|page=B.1}} Ezra Dyer of ''[[The New York Times]]'' described the FF as "a daring car" and praised the "confidence it represents".{{sfn|Dyer|2012|page=AU.1}}
The FF has received primarily positive reviews, many publications describing the car as a "Ferrari for the whole family".{{sfn | Ewing | 2011}}{{sfn | Valdes-Dapena | 2012}} In 2011 [[Jeremy Clarkson]], reviewing for ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', found the FF "a very special, very fast car, with a dollop of practicality and a four-wheel drive system that may not add much". He noted that while the front design is "fantastic" and the side view is "wonderful", he found the rear to be lacking, describing it as "hopeless" and bland", suggesting that "[[Kia]] does a better job".{{sfn|Clarkson|2011}} In 2013 of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''' the FF "represents the next evolution in a long line of grand touring cars from Ferrari, as opposed to more high-strung sports cars such the mid-engined 458, designed with race-car handling foremost in mind".{{sfn|Undercoffler|2013|page=B.1}} Ezra Dyer from ''[[The New York Times]]'' described the FF as "a daring car" and praised the "confidence it represents".{{sfn|Dyer|2012|page=AU.1}}


Hannah Elliot of ''[[Forbes]]'' claimed that the FF was "the most perfectly balanced car I can ever remember driving".{{sfn | Elliott | 2012}} [[Dan Neil (journalist)|Dan Neil]], reviewing for ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', described the FF as a "car that despises prettiness and mocks your bourgeois notions of sleek and rakish".{{sfn|Neil|2011a}} In another review by Neil, he described the FF as "the coolest Ferrari of all time", praising its "brain-solvent performance without looking like it gives a damn what you think".{{sfn|Neil|2011|page=D.10}} Patrick Hoey of ''[[Motor Trend]]'' called the FF "docile" and "user-friendly" and appreciated its light steering. Hoey, however, criticised its "ignition key that must be turned before the start button will operate" and its steep price.{{sfn | Hoey | 2015}}
[[Forbes|''Forbes'']]' Hannah Elliot called the FF "the most perfectly balanced car [she could] ever remember driving".{{sfn | Elliott | 2012}} ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' writer [[Dan Neil (journalist)|Dan Neil]] characterised the FF as a "car that despises prettiness and mocks your bourgeois notions of sleek and [[wiktionary:rakish|rakish]]",{{sfn|Neil|2011a}} while in another review he described the FF as "the coolest Ferrari of all time", commending its impressive performance without concern for aesthetics.{{sfn|Neil|2011|page=D.10}} The FF was labeled as "docile" and "user-friendly" by [[Motor Trend|''Motor Trend'']]'s Patrick Hoey, who also appreciated its light steering, but criticised its "ignition key that must be turned before the start button will operate" and its steep price.{{sfn | Hoey | 2015}}


The FF is the recipient of numerous accolades. At the [[Shanghai Motor Show]], the Chinese ''[[Car and Driver]]'' magazine awarded the FF with the Most Beautiful Super Car of 2011.{{sfn|Anderson|2023}} That year, the magazine ''[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]'' gave the FF the Estate Car of the Year 2011.{{sfn|Garlitos|2018}} ''Top Gear'' India awarded the FF with the Luxury Car of the Year 2012.{{sfn|"Top Gear magazine awards 2012". ''Top Gear''}}
The FF is the recipient of numerous accolades. At the [[Shanghai Motor Show]], the Chinese version of ''[[Car and Driver]]'' awarded the FF with the Most Beautiful Super Car of 2011.{{sfn|Anderson|2023}} That year, the magazine ''[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]'' gave the FF the Estate Car of the Year.{{sfn|Garlitos|2018}} ''Top Gear'' India awarded the FF with the Luxury Car of the Year 2012.{{sfn|"Top Gear magazine awards 2012". ''Top Gear''}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


== References ==
== References ==
=== Citations ===
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|20em}}


=== Bibliography ===
=== Bibliography ===
==== News ====
==== News ====
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-independent/155074540/|title=One extreme to the other: Geneva puts the slump behind it|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|page=33|date=1 March 2011|access-date=11 September 2024|first=Sarah|last=Arnott}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/lifestyle/cars/his-ferrari-is-built-for-family-life-d71a53fe|title=His Ferrari is built for family life|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=8 September 2023|access-date=12 September 2024|first=A. J|last=Baime|author-link=A. J. Baime}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-independent/155074540/|title=One extreme to the other: Geneva puts the slump behind it|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|page=33|date=1 March 2011|access-date=11 September 2024|first=Sarah|last=Arnott|archive-date=15 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915020741/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-independent/155074540/|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/lifestyle/cars/his-ferrari-is-built-for-family-life-d71a53fe|title=His Ferrari is built for family life|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=8 September 2023|access-date=12 September 2024|first=A. J|last=Baime|author-link=A. J. Baime|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912031659/https://www.wsj.com/lifestyle/cars/his-ferrari-is-built-for-family-life-d71a53fe|url-status=live}}
*{{cite news|title=4WD Ferrari FF revealed|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|first1=Erin|last1=Baker|first2=Chris|last2=Knapman|date=22 January 2011|page=9}}
*{{cite news|title=4WD Ferrari FF revealed|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|first1=Erin|last1=Baker|first2=Chris|last2=Knapman|date=22 January 2011|page=9}}
*{{cite news|title=Don't let its looks deceive you|newspaper=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]]|date=12 August 2013|page=C.2|first=David|last=Booth}}
*{{cite news|title=Don't let its looks deceive you|newspaper=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]]|date=12 August 2013|page=C.2|first=David|last=Booth}}
*{{cite news | last=Burns | first=John F. | title=Placing reality on hold, at least temporarily, in a Ferrari FF | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=18 October 2013 | url=https://archive.nytimes.com/wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/placing-reality-on-hold-at-least-temporarily-in-a-ferrari-ff/ | access-date=11 September 2024 | archive-date=10 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910091330/https://archive.nytimes.com/wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/placing-reality-on-hold-at-least-temporarily-in-a-ferrari-ff/ | url-status=live }}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/gpb-capital-co-founders-found-guilty-of-fraud-cf43c408|title=GPB Capital co-founders found guilty of fraud|first=Ted|last=Bunker|date=1 August 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}
*{{cite news | last=Burns | first=John F. | title=Placing reality on hold, at least temporarily, in a Ferrari FF | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=18 October 2013 | url=https://archive.nytimes.com/wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/10/17/placing-reality-on-hold-at-least-temporarily-in-a-ferrari-ff/ | access-date=11 September 2024}}
* {{cite web | last=Clarkson | first=Jeremy | author-link=Jeremy Clarkson | title=The Clarkson review: Ferrari FF (2011) | website=[[The Sunday Times]] | date=10 July 2011 | url=https://www.driving.co.uk/car-reviews/the-clarkson-review-ferrari-ff-2011/ | access-date=12 September 2024 | archive-date=12 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912105325/https://www.driving.co.uk/car-reviews/the-clarkson-review-ferrari-ff-2011/ | url-status=live }}
* {{cite web | last=Clarkson | first=Jeremy | author-link=Jeremy Clarkson | title=The Clarkson review: Ferrari FF (2011) | website=[[The Sunday Times]] | date=10 July 2011 | url=https://www.driving.co.uk/car-reviews/the-clarkson-review-ferrari-ff-2011/ | access-date=12 September 2024}}
*{{cite news | last=Connolly | first=Paul | title=Sublime Fourrari breaks the mould|newspaper=[[Belfast Telegraph]]|date=2 February 2014|page=4}}
*{{cite news | last=Connolly | first=Paul | title=Sublime Fourrari breaks the mould|newspaper=[[Belfast Telegraph]]|date=2 February 2014|page=4}}
* {{cite web | last=Davis | first=Tony | title=Why the Ferrari FF is a V12 grand tourer for all the family | website=[[Australian Financial Review]] | date=1 October 2015 | url=https://www.afr.com/companies/transport/an-italian-drive-to-remember-20150922-gjsfot | access-date=11 September 2024}}
* {{cite web | last=Davis | first=Tony | title=Why the Ferrari FF is a V12 grand tourer for all the family | website=[[Australian Financial Review]] | date=1 October 2015 | url=https://www.afr.com/companies/transport/an-italian-drive-to-remember-20150922-gjsfot | access-date=11 September 2024 | archive-date=11 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911162152/https://www.afr.com/companies/transport/an-italian-drive-to-remember-20150922-gjsfot | url-status=live }}
*{{cite news|title=... Or an ugly beast?|last=du Plessis|first=Henri|newspaper=[[Cape Argus]]|date=25 January 2011|page=3}}
*{{cite news|title=... Or an ugly beast?|last=du Plessis|first=Henri|newspaper=[[Cape Argus]]|date=25 January 2011|page=3}}
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*{{cite news|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/motoring/reviews/2016-04-02-quick-spin-ferrari-ff-/|title=Quick spin: Ferrari FF|first=Brenwin|last=Naidu|newspaper=[[TimesLIVE]]|date=2 April 2016|access-date=12 September 2024|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912100203/https://www.timeslive.co.za/motoring/reviews/2016-04-02-quick-spin-ferrari-ff-/|url-status=live}}
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* {{cite news | first=Alastair| last=Sloane | title=Ferrari FF flies off production line | website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] | date=22 March 2011 | url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/ferrari-ff-flies-off-production-line/S64ZLNHW2OMQHDF6CP2WDA6AZE/ | access-date=11 September 2024}}
* {{cite news | first=Alastair | last=Sloane | title=Ferrari FF flies off production line | website=[[The New Zealand Herald]] | date=22 March 2011 | url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/ferrari-ff-flies-off-production-line/S64ZLNHW2OMQHDF6CP2WDA6AZE/ | access-date=11 September 2024 | archive-date=11 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911131846/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/ferrari-ff-flies-off-production-line/S64ZLNHW2OMQHDF6CP2WDA6AZE/ | url-status=live }}
* {{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-autos-review-ferrari-ff-20130124-story.html | url-access=subscription | title=Ferrari FF four-seater is practical but still ferocious|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=24 January 2013|page=B.1|first=David|last=Undercoffler|access-date=12 September 2024}}
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{{refend}}

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==== Websites ====
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* {{cite web | title=2015 Ferrari FF review | website=[[Motor Trend]] | first=Patrick | last=Hoey | date=9 June 2015 | url=https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/2015-ferrari-ff-review/ | access-date=12 September 2024}}
* {{cite web | last=Kingston | first=Lewis | title=One-off Ferrari SP FFX unveiled | website=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] | date=28 January 2014 | url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/one-ferrari-sp-ffx-unveiled | access-date=12 September 2024}}
* {{cite web | title=2015 Ferrari FF review | website=[[Motor Trend]] | first=Patrick | last=Hoey | date=9 June 2015 | url=https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/2015-ferrari-ff-review/ | access-date=12 September 2024 | archive-date=12 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912125037/https://www.motortrend.com/reviews/2015-ferrari-ff-review/ | url-status=live }}
* {{cite web | last=Meiners | first=Jens | title=2012 Ferrari FF official photos and info | website=[[Car and Driver]] | date=21 January 2011 | url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15123785/2012-ferrari-ff-official-photos-and-info-ferrari-ff-news/ | access-date=11 September 2024}}
* {{cite web | last=Kingston | first=Lewis | title=One-off Ferrari SP FFX unveiled | website=[[Autocar (magazine)|Autocar]] | date=28 January 2014 | url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/one-ferrari-sp-ffx-unveiled | access-date=12 September 2024 | archive-date=8 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308015314/https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/one-ferrari-sp-ffx-unveiled | url-status=live }}
* {{cite web | last=Meiners | first=Jens | title=2012 Ferrari FF official photos and info | website=[[Car and Driver]] | date=21 January 2011 | url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15123785/2012-ferrari-ff-official-photos-and-info-ferrari-ff-news/ | access-date=11 September 2024 | archive-date=11 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911170711/https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15123785/2012-ferrari-ff-official-photos-and-info-ferrari-ff-news/ | url-status=live }}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/market-trends/hagerty-insider/1-28-24-az-sotw/|title=Was $324K the Ferrari FF's breakout sale?|first=Andrew|last=Newton|date=27 January 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|website=[[Hagerty (insurance)|Hagerty]]}}
* {{cite news|url=https://www.hagerty.com/media/market-trends/hagerty-insider/1-28-24-az-sotw/|title=Was $324K the Ferrari FF's breakout sale?|first=Andrew|last=Newton|date=27 January 2024|access-date=12 September 2024|website=[[Hagerty (insurance)|Hagerty]]|archive-date=12 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912100857/https://www.hagerty.com/media/market-trends/hagerty-insider/1-28-24-az-sotw/|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web | title=Four-wheel-drive Ferrari shooting-brake revealed | website=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]] | publisher=[[BBC]] | date=21 January 2011 | url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercar/four-wheel-drive-ferrari-shooting-brake-revealed | first=Vijay | last=Pattni | access-date=12 September 2024}}
* {{cite web | last=Raynal | first=Wes | title=Ferrari FF technology focused on performance, less weight | website=[[Autoweek]] | date=20 January 2011 | url=https://www.autoweek.com/news/a1987126/ferrari-ff-technology-focused-performance-less-weight/ | access-date=12 September 2024}}
* {{cite web | title=Four-wheel-drive Ferrari shooting-brake revealed | website=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]] | publisher=[[BBC]] | date=21 January 2011 | url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercar/four-wheel-drive-ferrari-shooting-brake-revealed | first=Vijay | last=Pattni | access-date=12 September 2024 | archive-date=12 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912032532/https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercar/four-wheel-drive-ferrari-shooting-brake-revealed | url-status=live }}
* {{cite web | last=Raynal | first=Wes | title=Ferrari FF technology focused on performance, less weight | website=[[Autoweek]] | date=20 January 2011 | url=https://www.autoweek.com/news/a1987126/ferrari-ff-technology-focused-performance-less-weight/ | access-date=12 September 2024 | archive-date=12 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912055101/https://www.autoweek.com/news/a1987126/ferrari-ff-technology-focused-performance-less-weight/ | url-status=live }}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.topgear.com/india/car-news/topgear-magazine-awards-2012/itemid-50|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121214222814/https://www.topgear.com/india/car-news/topgear-magazine-awards-2012/itemid-50|title= Top Gear magazine awards 2012 |archive-date=14 December 2012|publisher=[[BBC]]|magazine =[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]|access-date=6 October 2024|ref={{sfnref|"Top Gear magazine awards 2012". ''Top Gear''}}}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.topgear.com/india/car-news/topgear-magazine-awards-2012/itemid-50|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214222814/https://www.topgear.com/india/car-news/topgear-magazine-awards-2012/itemid-50|title=Top Gear magazine awards 2012|archive-date=14 December 2012|publisher=[[BBC]]|magazine=[[Top Gear (magazine)|Top Gear]]|access-date=6 October 2024|ref={{sfnref|"Top Gear magazine awards 2012". ''Top Gear''}}}}
* {{cite web | title=A Ferrari for the whole family | publisher=[[CNN Money]] | date=5 June 2012 | url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2012/autos/1206/gallery.ferrari-ff-review/index.html | first=Peter | last=Valdes-Dapena | access-date=12 September 2024}}
* {{cite web | last=Ziegler | first=Chris | title=The closest thing to a Ferrari family car is now the GTC4Lusso | website=[[The Verge]] | date=8 February 2016 | url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/8/10936994/ferrari-gtc4lusso-ff-replacement-four-wheel-steering | access-date=11 September 2024}}
* {{cite web | title=A Ferrari for the whole family | publisher=[[CNN Money]] | date=5 June 2012 | url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2012/autos/1206/gallery.ferrari-ff-review/index.html | first=Peter | last=Valdes-Dapena | access-date=12 September 2024 | archive-date=12 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912104703/https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2012/autos/1206/gallery.ferrari-ff-review/index.html | url-status=live }}
* {{cite web | last=Ziegler | first=Chris | title=The closest thing to a Ferrari family car is now the GTC4Lusso | website=[[The Verge]] | date=8 February 2016 | url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/8/10936994/ferrari-gtc4lusso-ff-replacement-four-wheel-steering | access-date=11 September 2024 | archive-date=11 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911162754/https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/8/10936994/ferrari-gtc4lusso-ff-replacement-four-wheel-steering | url-status=live }}
{{refend}}


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Latest revision as of 02:45, 4 November 2024

Ferrari FF
Front three-quarters view of a dark blue shooting brake
Overview
ManufacturerFerrari
Production2011–2016
AssemblyItaly: Maranello
DesignerLowie Vermeersch at Pininfarina and Flavio Manzoni at Ferrari Styling Centre
Body and chassis
ClassGrand tourer
Body style3-door shooting brake
LayoutFront mid-engine, four-wheel-drive
RelatedFerrari F12berlinetta
Powertrain
Engine6.3 L F140 EB V12
Transmission7-speed dual-clutch
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,990 mm (117.7 in)[1]
Length4,907 mm (193.2 in)[2]
Width1,953 mm (76.9 in)[2]
Height1,379 mm (54.3 in)[2]
Kerb weight1,880 kg (4,145 lb)[3]
Chronology
PredecessorFerrari 612 Scaglietti
SuccessorFerrari GTC4Lusso

The Ferrari FF is a grand touring car that was produced by the Italian carmaker Ferrari from 2011 to 2016. The successor to the 612 Scaglietti, the FF—whose name is an acronym for "Ferrari Four"[a]—is a three-door shooting brake. Development of the FF began in 2007, and it debuted at the Geneva International Motor Show in March 2011; production started in the same month in Maranello, Italy. Designed under the direction of Lowie Vermeersch and Flavio Manzoni, the FF shares parts, mainly the engine, with the F12berlinetta—a coupé that was introduced one year after the FF.

Upon its release, the FF became the world's fastest four-seater car and Ferrari's second-fastest grand tourer after the 599 GTO. The FF features a 6.3 L V12 engine that produces a power output of 485 kW (660 PS; 651 hp) and a torque output of 683 N⋅m (504 lb⋅ft), sufficient to give the car a maximum speed of 335 km/h (208 mph) and a 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) acceleration of 3.7 seconds. Its transmission is a seven-speed dual-clutch. The FF has received positive reviews from critics, who appreciate its design but criticise its steep price. The recipient of numerous awards, including Top Gear's Estate Car of the Year in 2011, the FF was succeeded by the GTC4Lusso in 2016.

History

[edit]

The Italian carmaker[5][6] Ferrari began development of a successor to the 612 Scaglietti in 2007.[7] Work on the upcoming shooting brake car began under the direction of Flavio Manzoni and Lowie Vermeersch, the latter of whom served as former Design Director at Pininfarina. Although Ferrari initially wanted the car developed from the Pininfarina Sintesi, a concept car, the project was transferred to Italdesign, which presented an angular proposal. It eventually returned to Pininfarina for further development.[7] Other developments took place at Ferrari's Styling Centre.[8]

Ferrari debuted the FF at the Geneva International Motor Show in March 2011.[9][10] Official manufacture began in the same month[11] at their facility in Maranello.[12][13] At launch, Ferrari announced that it would produce 800 FF units annually. The carmaker further stated that the entire first year's production run had already been sold out.[13][14] Upon its release, the FF became the world's fastest four-seater car and Ferrari's second-fastest grand tourer after the 599 GTO.[1][15] It was produced at the Maranello facility until it was discontinued in 2016 after a production run of five years during which 2,291 units had been built.[16] It was succeeded by the GTC4Lusso.[17][18]

Design and naming

[edit]
Rear three-quarters view of a dark blue shooting brake
Rear view of the FF

The name "FF" is an acronym for "Ferrari Four",[19] highlighting its four-wheel drive capability.[4] The FF reflects the design language of contemporary Ferrari models, incorporating the distinctive pulled-back headlights of the 458 Italia and the twin circular tail-lights found on both the 458 and the 599 GTB Fiorano.[20][21] The electronic rear differential is built into the gearbox housing, and all chassis and powertrain control systems—including the magnetic adaptive shocks, stability control, layout, and electronic differential—are combined into a single module.[22] The FF incorporates a predominantly space frame construction and—like all contemporary Ferraris—is made from aluminium. This design, compared to its predecessor, reduces weight by five per cent and increases torsional rigidity by six per cent.[2][23]

The FF is a grand touring car[24][25] with three doors and four seats.[26][27] The FF's seven-speed dual-clutch automatic gearbox is positioned at the rear of the car, contributing to its weight distribution of 47 per cent at the front and 53 per cent at the rear. The electronic rear differential is built into the gearbox housing, and all chassis and powertrain control systems—including the magnetic adaptive shocks, stability control, and electronic differential—are combined into a single module.[22] The FF's design is largely influenced by the need to manage airflow efficiently over and around its body. The FF has significant aerodynamic downforce, improving road grip at higher speeds, most prominently visible in the split-level diffuser at the rear, which features an aerofoil-shaped centre element. This comes at the cost of a relatively high drag coefficient of Cd=0.329. Vents along the sides and rear direct air out of the wheel wells and around the car, helping minimise lift and drag.[2]

The four-wheel drive system in the FF is referred to as "4RM" (ruote motrici—Italianfor 4WD).[28] At 41 kilograms (90 lb), it weighs fifty per cent less than traditional methods, helping maintain a low centre of gravity.[2] This system uses a secondary gearbox to channel power from the front of the engine. The front gearbox is geared six per cent longer than the rear's first gear and six per cent longer than the rear's fourth gear (reverse is the same). Thus, the front gearbox's first gear covers the rear's first and second gears, while its second gear covers the rear's third and fourth gears. Power is transmitted through two electronically controlled, hydraulic wet multiplate clutches, located on the driver's side of the front transmission, one for each wheel. These clutches adjust slip to match the speed of the rear wheels and enable torque vectoring for side-to-side power distribution.[29]

The FF features a 6,262 cc (6.3 L; 382.1 cu in) naturally aspirated direct injection V12 engine.[30][31][32] It produces a power output of 485 kW (660 PS; 651 hp) at 8,000 rpm and a torque output of 683 N⋅m (504 lb⋅ft), sufficient to give the car a maximum speed of 335 km/h (208 mph) and a 0 to 100 km/h (62 mph) acceleration of 3.7 seconds.[33][34] The FF shares its engine with the F12berlinetta, a coupé introduced in 2012.[35] The shooting brake design, with its folding rear seats, gives the Ferrari FF a boot capacity of 450 litres (16 cu ft), which can be expanded to 800 litres (28 cu ft) when the rear seats are lowered.[36] The car's suspension is known as the "SCM3", a magnetorheological self-adjusting damping system. The FF includes Brembo's carbon ceramic brakes.[37][38] The FF has a CO2 output of 360 grams per kilometre (20 oz/mi) and a fuel consumption figure of 15.4 litres per 100 kilometres (18.3 mpg‑imp; 15.3 mpg‑US).[39]

SP FFX

[edit]
Front three-quarters view of a red coupe
Ferrari SP FFX

The Ferrari SP FFX, introduced in 2014, is a one-off model based on the Ferrari FF, featuring a custom body with a coupé-style rear end instead of the FF's shooting brake design.[40] Commissioned by a customer in Japan, it was built by Ferrari's special vehicles division to a design by Pininfarina. Early patent drawings of the SP FFX led to speculation that it was the design for the next-generation Ferrari California.[40][41]

Reception

[edit]

The FF has received primarily positive reviews, many publications describing the car as a "Ferrari for the whole family".[42][43] In 2011 Jeremy Clarkson, reviewing for The Sunday Times, found the FF "a very special, very fast car, with a dollop of practicality and a four-wheel drive system that may not add much". He noted that while the front design is "fantastic" and the side view is "wonderful", he found the rear to be lacking, describing it as "hopeless" and bland", suggesting that "Kia does a better job".[44] In 2013 of the Los Angeles Times' the FF "represents the next evolution in a long line of grand touring cars from Ferrari, as opposed to more high-strung sports cars such the mid-engined 458, designed with race-car handling foremost in mind".[45] Ezra Dyer from The New York Times described the FF as "a daring car" and praised the "confidence it represents".[46]

Forbes' Hannah Elliot called the FF "the most perfectly balanced car [she could] ever remember driving".[47] The Wall Street Journal writer Dan Neil characterised the FF as a "car that despises prettiness and mocks your bourgeois notions of sleek and rakish",[48] while in another review he described the FF as "the coolest Ferrari of all time", commending its impressive performance without concern for aesthetics.[1] The FF was labeled as "docile" and "user-friendly" by Motor Trend's Patrick Hoey, who also appreciated its light steering, but criticised its "ignition key that must be turned before the start button will operate" and its steep price.[49]

The FF is the recipient of numerous accolades. At the Shanghai Motor Show, the Chinese version of Car and Driver awarded the FF with the Most Beautiful Super Car of 2011.[50] That year, the magazine Top Gear gave the FF the Estate Car of the Year.[51] Top Gear India awarded the FF with the Luxury Car of the Year 2012.[52]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Alluding to its four-wheel drive capability[4]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Neil 2011, p. D.10.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Gitlin 2016.
  3. ^ Booth 2013, p. C.2.
  4. ^ a b Connolly 2014, p. 4.
  5. ^ Kenzie 2011, p. W.18.
  6. ^ English 2016, p. 2.
  7. ^ a b Gallina 2014.
  8. ^ Bonhams 2018.
  9. ^ Arnott 2011, p. 33.
  10. ^ "Ferrari FF makes debut". Top Gear.
  11. ^ Sloane 2011.
  12. ^ Smith 2011, p. 66.
  13. ^ a b Melton 2012, p. Z74.
  14. ^ Ciferri 2011.
  15. ^ Baker & Knapman 2011, p. 9.
  16. ^ Newton 2024.
  17. ^ Neil 2017, p. D.10.
  18. ^ Dobie 2016.
  19. ^ Burns 2013.
  20. ^ Schultz 2012.
  21. ^ "Gone in 3.7 seconds". The New Indian Express.
  22. ^ a b Austin 2011.
  23. ^ "First drive: 2012 Ferrari FF". Motor Trend.
  24. ^ English 2011, p. 2.
  25. ^ Mills 2011.
  26. ^ Davis 2015.
  27. ^ Ziegler 2016.
  28. ^ Meiners 2011.
  29. ^ Austin 2011a.
  30. ^ "Ferrari FF: the facts". The Daily Telegraph.
  31. ^ "First photographs of the FF Ferrari unveiled". Waterloo Region Record.
  32. ^ Dobie 2015.
  33. ^ Baime 2023.
  34. ^ Moore 2011, p. D.3.
  35. ^ English 2012.
  36. ^ Pattni 2011.
  37. ^ Raynal 2011.
  38. ^ du Plessis 2011, p. 3.
  39. ^ Naidu 2016.
  40. ^ a b Kingston 2014.
  41. ^ Dredge 2023.
  42. ^ Ewing 2011.
  43. ^ Valdes-Dapena 2012.
  44. ^ Clarkson 2011.
  45. ^ Undercoffler 2013, p. B.1.
  46. ^ Dyer 2012, p. AU.1.
  47. ^ Elliott 2012.
  48. ^ Neil 2011a.
  49. ^ Hoey 2015.
  50. ^ Anderson 2023.
  51. ^ Garlitos 2018.
  52. ^ "Top Gear magazine awards 2012". Top Gear.

Bibliography

[edit]

News

[edit]

Websites

[edit]

Magazines

[edit]
  • Smith, Sam (August 2011). "Esquire's Car of the Year". Esquire. Vol. 156, no. 1. p. 66.
[edit]
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