Amida (Mesopotamia): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Ancient city in southeastern Turkey}} |
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{{More citations needed |date=December 2023}} |
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[[File:Diyarbakr Western City Wall.JPG|thumb|The walls of Amida, built by [[Constantius II]] before the [[Siege of Amida]] of 359, when the city was conquered by the Sassanid king [[Shapur II]].]] |
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[[File:Diyarbakr Western City Wall.JPG|thumb|The walls of Amida, built by [[Constantius II]] before the [[Siege of Amida (359)|Siege of Amida]] of 359, when the city was conquered by the Sassanid king [[Shapur II]].|279x279px]] |
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[[File:Diyarbakirwalls2.jpg|thumb|The walls of Amida, built by [[Constantius II]] before the [[Siege of Amida (359)|Siege of Amida]] of 359|280x280px]]<mapframe latitude="37.981944444444444" longitude="40.21055555555556" zoom="5" text="The location of Amida" width="281" height="240"> |
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| ⚫ | '''Amida''' ({{ |
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| ⚫ | </mapframe>'''Amida''' ({{langx|el|Ἄμιδα}}, {{langx|syr|ܐܡܝܕ}}, {{langx|ku|Amed}}<ref name="Gunter">{{cite book|last1=Gunter|first1=Michael M.|author-link1=Michael M. Gunter|title=Historical Dictionary of the Kurds|date=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DoNSXwb8D9EC&pg=PA86&dq=Diyarbakır+kurdish+amed 86]|quote=Diyarbakir is often called the unofficial capital of Turkish Kurdistan. Its Kurdish name is Amed.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=King|first1=Diane E.|title=Kurdistan on the Global Stage: Kinship, Land, and Community in Iraq|date=2013|publisher=Rutgers University Press|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HNcyAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233&dq=Diyarbakır+kurdish+amed 233]|quote=Diyarbakir's Kurdish name is “Amed.”}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Akyol|first1=Mustafa|title=Pro-Kurdish DTP sweeps Diyarbakir|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/11318806.asp?scr=1|work=[[Hürriyet]]|date=2007|quote=Amed is the ancient name given to Diyarbakir in the Kurdish language.}}</ref>) was an ancient city in [[Mesopotamia]] located where modern [[Diyarbakır]], [[Turkey]] now stands. |
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The city was located on the right bank of the [[Tigris]]. The walls are lofty and substantial, and constructed of the [[spolia|recycled stones]] from older buildings. |
The city was located on the right bank of the [[Tigris]]. The walls are lofty and substantial, and constructed of the [[spolia|recycled stones]] from older buildings. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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The oldest artefact from Amida is the famous [[stele]] of king [[Naram-Sin of Akkad|Naram-Sin]] also believed to be from third millennia BC. |
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The name Amida first appears in the writings of Assyrian King [[Adad-nirari I]] (C. 1310 -1281 BC) who ruled the city as a part of the Assyrian homeland. Amida remained an important region of the Assyrian homeland throughout the reign of king [[Tiglath-Pileser I]] (1114–1076 BC) and the name Amida appeared in the annals of Assyrian rulers until 705 BC. |
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It was enlarged and strengthened by [[Constantius II]], in whose reign it [[Siege of Amida|was besieged and taken]] after seventy-three days by the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid]] king [[Shapur II]] (359). The Roman soldiers and a large part of the population of the town were massacred by the Persians. The historian Ammianus Marcellinus, who took part in the defence of the town, has given a minute account of the siege.<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, xix. 1, seq.</ref> |
Amida also appears in the archives of Armenian king [[Tiridates II of Armenia|Tiridates II]] in 305 AD, and the Roman historian [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] (325–391 AD). It was enlarged and strengthened by [[Constantius II]], in whose reign it [[Siege of Amida (359)|was besieged and taken]] after seventy-three days by the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid]] king [[Shapur II]] (359). The Roman soldiers and a large part of the population of the town were massacred by the Persians. The historian Ammianus Marcellinus, who took part in the defence of the town, has given a minute account of the siege.<ref>Ammianus Marcellinus, xix. 1, seq.</ref> The Persians did not attempt to garrison the city after the siege. |
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Amida was besieged by the Sassanid king [[Kavadh I]] during the [[Anastasian War]] through the autumn and winter (502-503). The siege of the city proved to be a far more difficult enterprise than Kavadh expected; the defenders, although unsupported by troops, repelled the Sassanid assaults for three months before they were finally beaten.<ref>Greatrex-Lieu (2002), 63</ref><ref>Procopius, ''Bellum Persicum'' i. 7, seq.</ref> Part of the prisoners of Amida were deported to [[Arrajan]], a city refounded by Kavad I, who then named it "Weh-az-Amid-Kawad" (literally, "better than Amida, Kavad [built this]". During that same war, the Romans attempted an ultimately unsuccessful siege of the Persian-held Amida, led by generals [[Patricius (consul 500)|Patricius]] and [[Hypatius (consul 500)|Hypatius]].<ref>Greatrex-Lieu (2002), 69-71</ref> In 504, however, the |
Amida was besieged by the Sassanid king [[Kavadh I]] during the [[Anastasian War]] through the autumn and winter (502-503). The siege of the city proved to be a far more difficult enterprise than Kavadh expected; the defenders, although unsupported by troops, repelled the Sassanid assaults for three months before they were finally beaten.<ref>Greatrex-Lieu (2002), 63</ref><ref>Procopius, ''Bellum Persicum'' i. 7, seq.</ref> Part of the prisoners of Amida were deported to [[Arrajan]], a city refounded by Kavad I, who then named it "Weh-az-Amid-Kawad" (literally, "better than Amida, Kavad [built this]". During that same war, the Romans attempted an ultimately unsuccessful siege of the Persian-held Amida, led by generals [[Patricius (consul 500)|Patricius]] and [[Hypatius (consul 500)|Hypatius]].<ref>Greatrex-Lieu (2002), 69-71</ref> In 504, however, the Byzantines reconquered the city, and [[Justinian I]] repaired its walls and fortifications.<ref>Procopius, ''De aedificcis'', ii. 3. 27.</ref> |
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The Sassanids captured the city for a third time in 602 and [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628|held it for more than twenty years]]. In 628 the Roman emperor [[Heraclius]] recovered Amida. |
The Sassanids captured the city for a third time in 602 and [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628|held it for more than twenty years]]. In 628 the Roman emperor [[Heraclius]] recovered Amida. |
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Finally, in 639 the city was captured by the [[Arab]] armies of [[Islam]] and it remained in Arab hands until the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] dynasty of the [[Marwanids]] ruled the area during the 10th and 11th centuries. |
Finally, in 639 the city was captured by the [[Arab]] armies of [[Islam]] and it remained in Arab hands until the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] dynasty of the [[Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)|Marwanids]] ruled the area during the 10th and 11th centuries. |
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In 1085, the [[Seljuq Turks]] captured the region from the Marwanids, and they settled many [[Turkmen people|Turcomans]] in the region. However, the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]] received the city from their vassal State the [[Artuqids|Artiquids]] in 1232, and the city ruled by them until the Mongolian [[Ilkhanate]] captured the city in 1259. Later the Ayyubids of hasankeyf Took back the city and ruled it until it was sacked by the [[Timurid Empire]] in 1394. [[Selim I|Yavuz Sultan Selim]], the Ottoman Emperor received the city from the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] in 1515. |
In 1085, the [[Seljuq Turks]] captured the region from the Marwanids, and they settled many [[Turkmen people|Turcomans]] in the region. However, the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubids]] received the city from their vassal State the [[Artuqids|Artiquids]] in 1232, and the city ruled by them until the Mongolian [[Ilkhanate]] captured the city in 1259. Later the Ayyubids of hasankeyf Took back the city and ruled it until it was sacked by the [[Timurid Empire]] in 1394. [[Selim I|Yavuz Sultan Selim]], the Ottoman Emperor received the city from the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] in 1515. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Diyarbakır]] |
* [[Diyarbakır]] |
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* [[Siege of Amida]] |
* [[Siege of Amida (disambiguation)|Siege of Amida]] |
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* [[Ephraim of Antioch]], Church Father born in Amida |
* [[Ephraim of Antioch]], Church Father born in Amida |
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== References == |
== References == |
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| ⚫ | |||
* George Long, "Amida", in William Smith, ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography]]'', Volume 1, Walton & Maberly, 1854, p. 122. |
* George Long, "Amida", in William Smith, ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography]]'', Volume 1, Walton & Maberly, 1854, p. 122. |
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*{{cite book |title=The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars |last=Greatrex |first=Geoffrey |author2=Lieu, Samuel N. C. |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |
*{{cite book |title=The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars |last=Greatrex |first=Geoffrey |author2=Lieu, Samuel N. C. |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-14687-9 |pages=82–97|chapter=Justinian's First Persian War and the Eternal Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoZIxpQ8A2IC&q=Eternal+Peace,+Justinian,+Kavadh}} |
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* Matthew Bennett, "Amida", ''The Hutchinson dictionary of ancient & medieval warfare'', Taylor & Francis, 1998, {{ISBN|1-57958-116-1}}, p. 13. |
* Matthew Bennett, "Amida", ''The Hutchinson dictionary of ancient & medieval warfare'', Taylor & Francis, 1998, {{ISBN|1-57958-116-1}}, p. 13. |
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{{Former settlements in Turkey}} |
{{Former settlements in Turkey}} |
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[[Category:Roman towns and cities in |
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Greece]] |
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[[Category:History of Diyarbakır]] |
[[Category:History of Diyarbakır]] |
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[[Category:Catholic titular sees in Asia]] |
[[Category:Catholic titular sees in Asia]] |
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Latest revision as of 22:00, 4 November 2024
 | It has been suggested that this article be merged into History of Diyarbakır. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2024. |
37°58′55″N 40°12′38″E / 37.98194°N 40.21056°E
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2023) |
The location of Amida
Amida (Greek: Ἄμιδα, Syriac: ܐܡܝܕ, Kurdish: Amed[1][2][3]) was an ancient city in Mesopotamia located where modern Diyarbakır, Turkey now stands.
The city was located on the right bank of the Tigris. The walls are lofty and substantial, and constructed of the recycled stones from older buildings.
History
[edit]The oldest artefact from Amida is the famous stele of king Naram-Sin also believed to be from third millennia BC.
The name Amida first appears in the writings of Assyrian King Adad-nirari I (C. 1310 -1281 BC) who ruled the city as a part of the Assyrian homeland. Amida remained an important region of the Assyrian homeland throughout the reign of king Tiglath-Pileser I (1114–1076 BC) and the name Amida appeared in the annals of Assyrian rulers until 705 BC.
Amida also appears in the archives of Armenian king Tiridates II in 305 AD, and the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus (325–391 AD). It was enlarged and strengthened by Constantius II, in whose reign it was besieged and taken after seventy-three days by the Sassanid king Shapur II (359). The Roman soldiers and a large part of the population of the town were massacred by the Persians. The historian Ammianus Marcellinus, who took part in the defence of the town, has given a minute account of the siege.[4] The Persians did not attempt to garrison the city after the siege.
Amida was besieged by the Sassanid king Kavadh I during the Anastasian War through the autumn and winter (502-503). The siege of the city proved to be a far more difficult enterprise than Kavadh expected; the defenders, although unsupported by troops, repelled the Sassanid assaults for three months before they were finally beaten.[5][6] Part of the prisoners of Amida were deported to Arrajan, a city refounded by Kavad I, who then named it "Weh-az-Amid-Kawad" (literally, "better than Amida, Kavad [built this]". During that same war, the Romans attempted an ultimately unsuccessful siege of the Persian-held Amida, led by generals Patricius and Hypatius.[7] In 504, however, the Byzantines reconquered the city, and Justinian I repaired its walls and fortifications.[8]
The Sassanids captured the city for a third time in 602 and held it for more than twenty years. In 628 the Roman emperor Heraclius recovered Amida.
Finally, in 639 the city was captured by the Arab armies of Islam and it remained in Arab hands until the Kurdish dynasty of the Marwanids ruled the area during the 10th and 11th centuries.
In 1085, the Seljuq Turks captured the region from the Marwanids, and they settled many Turcomans in the region. However, the Ayyubids received the city from their vassal State the Artiquids in 1232, and the city ruled by them until the Mongolian Ilkhanate captured the city in 1259. Later the Ayyubids of hasankeyf Took back the city and ruled it until it was sacked by the Timurid Empire in 1394. Yavuz Sultan Selim, the Ottoman Emperor received the city from the Safavids in 1515.
Amida is a diocese of several Christian denominations; for the ecclesiastical history of Amida and Diyarbakir, see the Diyarbakır article.
See also
[edit]- Diyarbakır
- Siege of Amida
- Ephraim of Antioch, Church Father born in Amida
Notes
[edit]- ^ Gunter, Michael M. (2010). Historical Dictionary of the Kurds. Scarecrow Press. p. 86.
Diyarbakir is often called the unofficial capital of Turkish Kurdistan. Its Kurdish name is Amed.
- ^ King, Diane E. (2013). Kurdistan on the Global Stage: Kinship, Land, and Community in Iraq. Rutgers University Press. p. 233.
Diyarbakir's Kurdish name is "Amed."
- ^ Akyol, Mustafa (2007). "Pro-Kurdish DTP sweeps Diyarbakir". Hürriyet.
Amed is the ancient name given to Diyarbakir in the Kurdish language.
- ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, xix. 1, seq.
- ^ Greatrex-Lieu (2002), 63
- ^ Procopius, Bellum Persicum i. 7, seq.
- ^ Greatrex-Lieu (2002), 69-71
- ^ Procopius, De aedificcis, ii. 3. 27.
References
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Defensive walls in Diyarbakır.
- George Long, "Amida", in William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Volume 1, Walton & Maberly, 1854, p. 122.
- Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). "Justinian's First Persian War and the Eternal Peace". The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars. Routledge. pp. 82–97. ISBN 0-415-14687-9.
- Matthew Bennett, "Amida", The Hutchinson dictionary of ancient & medieval warfare, Taylor & Francis, 1998, ISBN 1-57958-116-1, p. 13.
