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{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hallstatt
| name = Hallstatt
| native_name = {{native name|bar|Hoistod}}
| settlement_type =
| settlement_type =
<!-- Images -->
| image_skyline = Hallstatt - Zentrum .JPG
| image_skyline = Hallstatt - Zentrum .JPG
| imagesize = 300px
| imagesize = 300px
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| shield_size = 80x110px
| shield_size = 80x110px
| shield_link =
| shield_link =
<!-- Maps -->
| pushpin_map = Austria
| pushpin_map = Austria
| pushpin_mapsize = 271
| pushpin_mapsize = 271

| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Austria
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Austria
| image_map =
| image_map =
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| map_alt =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location within Gmunden district
| map_caption = Location within Gmunden district
<!-- Location -->
| coordinates = {{coord|47.562|N|13.649|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|47.562|N|13.649|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type = Country
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| parts_style = para
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| p1 =
<!-- Leaders -->
| leader_title = [[Burgomaster|Mayor]]
| leader_title = [[Burgomaster|Mayor]]
| leader_name = Alexander Scheutz
| leader_name = Alexander Scheutz
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| leader_title1 =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_name1 =
<!-- Statistics -->
| area_footnotes = {{Austria population Wikidata|area_footnotes}}
| area_footnotes = {{Austria population Wikidata|area_footnotes}}
| area_total_km2 = {{Austria population Wikidata|area_total_km2}}
| area_total_km2 = {{Austria population Wikidata|area_total_km2}}
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}}
}}


'''Hallstatt''' ({{IPA-de|ˈhalʃtat|lang|de-Hallstatt.ogg}}) is a small town in the district of [[Gmunden District|Gmunden]], in the [[Austria]]n state of [[Upper Austria]]. Situated between the southwestern shore of [[Hallstätter See]] and the steep slopes of the [[Dachstein]] massif, the town lies in the [[Salzkammergut]] region, on the national road linking [[Salzburg]] and [[Graz]].
'''Hallstatt''' ({{IPA|de|ˈhalʃtat|lang|de-Hallstatt.ogg}}) is a small town in the district of [[Gmunden District|Gmunden]], in the [[Austria]]n state of [[Upper Austria]]. Situated between the southwestern shore of [[Hallstätter See]] and the steep slopes of the [[Dachstein]] massif, the town lies in the [[Salzkammergut]] region, on the national road linking [[Salzburg]] and [[Graz]].


Hallstatt is known for its [[Salt mining|production of salt]], dating back to prehistoric times, and gave its name to the [[Hallstatt culture]], the archaeological culture linked to [[Proto-Celtic]] and early [[Celts|Celtic]] people of the [[Iron Age Europe|Early Iron Age]] in Europe, c. 800–450 BC.
Hallstatt is known for its [[Salt mining|production of salt]], dating back to prehistoric times, and gave its name to the [[Hallstatt culture]], the archaeological culture linked to [[Proto-Celtic]] and early [[Celts|Celtic]] people of the [[Iron Age Europe|Early Iron Age]] in Europe, c. 800–450 BC.
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==History==
==History==
⚫
During the [[Bronze Age]] salt production became day-to-day commercial activity in Hallstatt. Salt was produced in large quantities in evidently highly organized arrangements. Specialist workers supported the salt mining operations.<ref>{{cite book | author1=Anthony Harding |title=Salt in Prehistoric Europe |publisher= Sidestone Press |year=2013 |page=88 |isbn=9789088902017 }}</ref> The [[wealth]] that was generated is on display in the prehistoric cemeteries in Hallstatt.<ref>{{cite book | editor1=Paul Freedman |title=Food: The History of Taste |publisher= University of California Press |year=2007 |page=57 |isbn=9780520254763 }}</ref>

{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| Part_of = Hallstatt-[[Hoher Dachstein|Dachstein]] / [[Salzkammergut]] Cultural Landscape
| Part_of = Hallstatt-[[Hoher Dachstein|Dachstein]] / [[Salzkammergut]] Cultural Landscape
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| Buffer_zone = 20,013.9 ha
| Buffer_zone = 20,013.9 ha
}}
}}
{{See also|Hallstatt Museum}}
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[[File:1 hallstatt austria.jpg|thumb|Hallstatt viewed from the south, [[Hallstatt Museum]]]]
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[[File:Dominic Groebner Hans Reschreiter NHM Wien Abb Salz-Reich 2008 Seite 67 1.tif|thumb|A section of the Iron Age Hallstatt salt workings.]]

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[[File:Museum Hallstatt 35.JPG|thumb|"Antenna hilt" Hallstatt 'D' swords, from Hallstatt.]]

⚫
During the [[Bronze Age]] salt production became day-to-day commercial activity in Hallstatt. Salt was produced in large quantities in evidently highly organized arrangements. Specialist workers supported the salt mining operations.<ref>{{cite book | author1=Anthony Harding |title=Salt in Prehistoric Europe |publisher= Sidestone Press |year=2013 |page=88 |isbn=9789088902017 }}</ref> The [[wealth]] that was generated is on display in the prehistoric cemeteries in Hallstatt.<ref>{{cite book | editor1=Paul Freedman |title=Food: The History of Taste |publisher= University of California Press |year=2007 |page=57 |isbn=9780520254763 }}</ref>


In 1846 [[Johann Georg Ramsauer]] discovered a large [[Grave field|prehistoric cemetery]] at the Salzberg mines near Hallstatt ({{coor|47.561|N|13.642|E|}}), which he excavated during the second half of the 19th century. Eventually the excavation would yield 1,045 burials, although no settlement has yet been found. This may be covered by the later village, which has long occupied the entire narrow strip between the steep hillsides and the lake.
In 1846 [[Johann Georg Ramsauer]] discovered a large [[Grave field|prehistoric cemetery]] at the Salzberg mines near Hallstatt ({{coor|47.561|N|13.642|E|}}), which he excavated during the second half of the 19th century. Eventually the excavation would yield 1,045 burials, although no settlement has yet been found. This may be covered by the later village, which has long occupied the entire narrow strip between the steep hillsides and the lake.
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Some 1,300 burials have been found, including around 2,000 individuals, with women and children but few infants.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Celtic art: from its beginnings to the Book of Kells|last=Megaw, M. Ruth.|date=2001|publisher=Thames & Hudson|others=Megaw, J. V. S.|isbn=0-500-28265-X|edition=Rev. and expanded|location=New York |oclc=47790275}}</ref>{{Rp|26}}
Some 1,300 burials have been found, including around 2,000 individuals, with women and children but few infants.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Celtic art: from its beginnings to the Book of Kells|last=Megaw, M. Ruth.|date=2001|publisher=Thames & Hudson|others=Megaw, J. V. S.|isbn=0-500-28265-X|edition=Rev. and expanded|location=New York |oclc=47790275}}</ref>{{Rp|26}}


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[[File:Dominic Groebner Hans Reschreiter NHM Wien Abb Salz-Reich 2008 Seite 67 1.tif|thumb|A section of the Iron Age Hallstatt salt workings]]
The humans that settled Hallstatt exploited the [[salt mine]]s in the area from the 8th to 5th centuries BC. The style and decoration of the grave goods found in the cemetery are distinctive. In the mine workings themselves, the salt has preserved many organic materials such as textiles, wood, and leather, and many abandoned artefacts such as shoes, pieces of cloth, and tools and miner's backpacks have survived in good condition.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook to life in prehistoric Europe|last=McIntosh, Jane.|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-538476-5|location=Oxford|oclc=261176933}}</ref>{{Rp|88}}
The humans that settled Hallstatt exploited the [[salt mine]]s in the area from the 8th to 5th centuries BC. The style and decoration of the grave goods found in the cemetery are distinctive. In the mine workings themselves, the salt has preserved many organic materials such as textiles, wood, and leather, and many abandoned artefacts such as shoes, pieces of cloth, and tools and miner's backpacks have survived in good condition.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook to life in prehistoric Europe|last=McIntosh, Jane.|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-538476-5|location=Oxford|oclc=261176933}}</ref>{{Rp|88}}


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[[File:Museum Hallstatt 35.JPG|thumb|"Antenna hilt" Hallstatt 'D' swords, from Hallstatt]]
Hallstatt A–B are part of the [[Bronze Age Europe|Bronze Age]] [[Urnfield culture]]. Phase A saw [[Villanova culture|Villanovan]] influence. In this period, people were cremated and buried in simple graves. In phase B, [[tumulus]] (barrow or [[kurgan]]) burial becomes common, and [[cremation]] predominates. Little is known about this period in which the typical Celtic elements have not yet distinguished themselves from the earlier Villanova-culture. The "Hallstatt period" proper is restricted to HaC and HaD (8th to 5th centuries BC), corresponding to the early [[European Iron Age]]. Hallstatt lies in the area where the western and eastern zones of the Hallstatt culture meet, which is reflected in the finds from there.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia|date=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|others=Koch, John T.|isbn=1-85109-440-7|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|oclc=62381207}}</ref>
Hallstatt A–B are part of the [[Bronze Age Europe|Bronze Age]] [[Urnfield culture]]. Phase A saw [[Villanova culture|Villanovan]] influence. In this period, people were cremated and buried in simple graves. In phase B, [[tumulus]] (barrow or [[kurgan]]) burial becomes common, and [[cremation]] predominates. Little is known about this period in which the typical Celtic elements have not yet distinguished themselves from the earlier Villanova-culture. The "Hallstatt period" proper is restricted to HaC and HaD (8th to 5th centuries BC), corresponding to the early [[European Iron Age]]. Hallstatt lies in the area where the western and eastern zones of the Hallstatt culture meet, which is reflected in the finds from there.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia|date=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|others=Koch, John T.|isbn=1-85109-440-7|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|oclc=62381207}}</ref>


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===Romans onwards===
===Romans onwards===
Tourists are told that Hallstatt is the site of "the world's oldest pipeline",<ref>Neal Bedford, Gemma Pitcher. ''Austria''. Lonely Planet, 2005. Page 56.</ref> which was constructed 400 years ago from 13,000 hollowed-out trees.<ref name="virtual">{{cite web |url=https://www.welcometobratislava.eu/overnight-trip-to-hallstatt-from-bratislava-a-picturesque-journey/#Hallstatt%E2%80%99s_White_Gold_%E2%80%93_Salt |title=Hallstatt's White Gold - Salt }}</ref> There is so little space for cemeteries that every ten years bones used to be exhumed and removed into an [[ossuary]], to make room for new burials.<ref name="virtual"/> A collection of elaborately decorated skulls with the deceased's name, profession, and date of death inscribed on them is on display at the local chapel.<ref>Matys, Simon. ''The Archaeology of Human Bones''. Routledge, 1998. {{ISBN|0415166217}}. Page 108</ref>
Tourists are told that Hallstatt is the site of "the world's oldest pipeline",<ref>Neal Bedford, Gemma Pitcher. ''Austria''. Lonely Planet, 2005. Page 56.</ref> which was constructed 400 years ago from 13,000 hollowed-out trees.<ref name="virtual">{{cite web |url=https://www.welcometobratislava.eu/overnight-trip-to-hallstatt-from-bratislava-a-picturesque-journey/#Hallstatt%E2%80%99s_White_Gold_%E2%80%93_Salt |title=Hallstatt's White Gold - Salt |date=20 May 2023 }}</ref> There is so little space for cemeteries that every ten years bones used to be exhumed and removed into an [[ossuary]], to make room for new burials.<ref name="virtual"/> A collection of elaborately decorated skulls with the deceased's name, profession, and date of death inscribed on them is on display at the local chapel.<ref>Matys, Simon. ''The Archaeology of Human Bones''. Routledge, 1998. {{ISBN|0415166217}}. Page 108</ref>


===19th century===
===19th century===
[[File:Hallstatt 1899. pogled sa sjevera.jpg|thumb|A view of Hallstatt in 1899]]
[[File:Hallstatt 1899. pogled sa sjevera.jpg|thumb|A view of Hallstatt in 1899]]
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[[File:1 hallstatt austria.jpg|thumb|Hallstatt viewed from the south, [[Hallstatt Museum]]]]


Until the late 19th century, it was only possible to reach Hallstatt by boat or via narrow [[trail]]s. The land between the lake and mountains was sparse, and the town itself exhausted every free patch of it. Access between houses on the river bank was by boat or over the ''upper path'', a small corridor passing through attics. The first road to Hallstatt was only built in 1890, along the west shore, partially by rock blasting. Nevertheless, this secluded and inhospitable landscape counts as one of the first places of [[human]] settlement due to the rich sources of natural [[salt]], which have been mined for thousands of years, originally in the shape of hearts owing to the use of [[antler]] picks.<ref name="virtual"/>
Until the late 19th century, it was only possible to reach Hallstatt by boat or via narrow [[trail]]s. The land between the lake and mountains was sparse, and the town itself exhausted every free patch of it. Access between houses on the river bank was by boat or over the ''upper path'', a small corridor passing through attics. The first road to Hallstatt was only built in 1890, along the west shore, partially by rock blasting. Nevertheless, this secluded and inhospitable landscape counts as one of the first places of [[human]] settlement due to the rich sources of natural [[salt]], which have been mined for thousands of years, originally in the shape of hearts owing to the use of [[antler]] picks.<ref name="virtual"/>


==Halstatt salt mine==
==Hallstatt salt mine==
The Hallstatt salt mine is the world's oldest working salt mine. The mine is located within the [[Upper Permian]] to [[Lower Triassic]] [[Haselgebirge]] [[formation (geology)|Formation]] of the [[Northern Limestone Alps]]. The Hallstatt salt mine comprises 21 levels and several smaller shafts ranging from {{convert|514|m}} above sea level (Erbstollen level) to an elevation of around {{cvt|1267|m}} (Erzherzog Matthias Schurf level).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schorn |first1=Anja |last2=Neubauer |first2=Franz |title=The structure of the Hallstatt evaporite body (Northern 5 Calcareous Alps, Austria): a compressive diapir 6 superposed by strike-slip shear?, in Journal of Structural Geology |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259511596 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=15 January 2022 |date=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Kern |editor1-first=Anton |editor2-last=Kowarik |editor2-first=Kerstin |editor3-last=Rausch |editor3-first=Andreas |editor4-last=Reschreiter |editor4-first=Hans |title=Kingdom of Salt: 7000 years of Hallstatt |date=2009 |publisher=Natural History Museum |location=Vienna |isbn=9783903096080 |pages=12–33}}</ref>
The Hallstatt salt mine is the world's oldest working salt mine. The mine is located within the [[Upper Permian]] to [[Lower Triassic]] [[Haselgebirge]] [[formation (geology)|Formation]] of the [[Northern Limestone Alps]]. The Hallstatt salt mine comprises 21 levels and several smaller shafts ranging from {{convert|514|m}} above sea level (Erbstollen level) to an elevation of around {{cvt|1267|m}} (Erzherzog Matthias Schurf level).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schorn |first1=Anja |last2=Neubauer |first2=Franz |title=The structure of the Hallstatt evaporite body (Northern 5 Calcareous Alps, Austria): a compressive diapir 6 superposed by strike-slip shear?, in Journal of Structural Geology |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259511596 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=15 January 2022 |date=2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Kern |editor1-first=Anton |editor2-last=Kowarik |editor2-first=Kerstin |editor3-last=Rausch |editor3-first=Andreas |editor4-last=Reschreiter |editor4-first=Hans |title=Kingdom of Salt: 7000 years of Hallstatt |date=2009 |publisher=Natural History Museum |location=Vienna |isbn=9783903096080 |pages=12–33}}</ref>


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[[File:Blue Hallstatt (204466021).jpeg|thumb|Hallstatt in Winter]]
[[File:Blue Hallstatt (204466021).jpeg|thumb|Hallstatt in Winter]]
The problems and opportunities of greatly-increased tourism in Hallstatt were covered by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in August 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nothing to see here: Popular European destinations want fewer tourists|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/nothing-to-see-here-popular-european-destinations-want-fewer-tourists/2019/08/07/5d2060f4-ac95-11e9-9411-a608f9d0c2d3_story.html|access-date=2021-06-24|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Halstatt's tourism began in the 19th century but greatly increased after it was named a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 1997.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ktla.com/2020/01/09/austrian-village-that-inspired-frozen-is-dealing-with-overtourism/|title=Austrian Village That Inspired 'Frozen' Is Dealing With Overtourism|date=2020-01-09|website=KTLA|language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> It became popular among East Asian tourists in 2006 when it was featured on a South Korean television show.<ref name=":3" />
Halstatt's tourism began in the 19th century but greatly increased after it was named a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 1997.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://ktla.com/2020/01/09/austrian-village-that-inspired-frozen-is-dealing-with-overtourism/|title=Austrian Village That Inspired 'Frozen' Is Dealing With Overtourism |date=2020-01-09 |publisher=KTLA |language=en |access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> It became popular among East Asian tourists in 2006 when it was featured on a South Korean television show.<ref name=":3" />


Social media images of Hallstatt, captioned "the most [[Instagram]]mable town in the world," [[Viral phenomenon|went viral]] in Eastern and Southeast Asia.<ref name=":3" /> A replica was planned [[Hallstatt (China)|and then built in China]] in 2011 in [[Huizhou]], [[Guangdong]] province, Hallstatt's [[Twin towns and sister cities|twin town]].<ref name=":0" /> In 2013, it was rumored in China to be the model for the movie ''[[Frozen (2013 film)|Frozen]]''{{'}}s Arendelle village.<ref name=":0" /> By 2017, local churches were employing [[bouncer]]s to prevent services being disrupted by tourists.<ref name=":0" /> In 2020, the town had a population of 780, and estimates of 10,000 to nearly 30,000 tourists per day,<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fairytale-alpine-village-begs-frozen-tourists-to-stay-away-cbtchmbhv|title=Alpine village begs Frozen tourists to stay away|last=Hutton|first=Alice|date=2020-01-05|work=The Sunday Times|access-date=2020-01-13|language=en|issn=0956-1382}}</ref><ref name=":1">[https://kurier.at/chronik/oesterreich/zu-viele-touristen-hallstatt-zieht-notbremse/400034545 ''Zu viele Touristen: Hallstatt zieht Notbremse''], kurier.at vom 13. Mai 2018</ref> primarily via bus tours which bring tourists briefly into the town for photo opportunities, then quickly move on.<ref name=":1" />
Social media images of Hallstatt, captioned "the most [[Instagram]]mable town in the world," [[Viral phenomenon|went viral]] in Eastern and Southeastern Asia.<ref name=":3" /> In 2013, it was rumored in China to be the model for the movie ''[[Frozen (2013 film)|Frozen]]''{{'}}s Arendelle village.<ref name=":0" /> Filmmakers have said the village was based on research done in Norway and Canada, not in Austria, but the rumors increased daytourist visits.<ref name=":4" />


=== Interesting places ===
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Hallstatt's economy depends on tourism,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> but according to locals the day-visitors drive away tourists who would stay longer.<ref name=":1" /> Hallstatt became the prime example of [[overtourism]] in Austria and led to controversies around limiting the number of tourists.<ref>[https://www.derstandard.de/story/2000063266421/wenn-touristen-einheimischen-auf-die-fuesse-treten ''Wenn Touristen Einheimischen auf die Füße treten''], derstandard.de vom 29. August 2017</ref> The Austrian Public Broadcasting Organization made multiple documentaries about the situation.<ref>[https://ooe.orf.at/tv/stories/2738744/ ''TV-Doku: „Hallstatt süß-sauer“''], Sendungs-Homepage auf orf.at, 25. Oktober 2015</ref><ref>[https://tv.orf.at/program/orf2/20180920/864002401/story ''„Am Schauplatz: Die Chinesen kommen“''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923163345/https://tv.orf.at/program/orf2/20180920/864002401/story |date=2018-09-23 }}, Sendungs-Homepage auf orf.at, 20. Oktober 2018</ref>
Hallstatt has some amazing places to see:<ref>{{Cite web |last=s.r.o |first=illusion pictures |title=What to Do in Hallstatt: 5 Places to See |url=https://www.nextleveloftravel.com/austria/what-to-do-in-hallstatt-5-places-to-see-itinerary-maps-prices/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=NEXT LEVEL OF TRAVEL |language=en}}</ref>


<u>Hallstatt Skywalk</u>: Hallstatt Skywalk, also known as the "World Heritage View", offers a stunning panorama of the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Perched 360 meters above Hallstatt, the platform provides visitors with a breathtaking view of the village, Lake Hallstatt and the surrounding Dachstein Alps.
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In 2020, the town focused on "quality" tourism.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Street |first=Francesca |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/gallery/hallstatt-austria-photos/index.html|title=The adorable Alpine village of Hallstatt, Austria |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=9 January 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/overtourism-frozen-hallstatt-austria/index.html|title=How the village that inspired 'Frozen' is dealing with overtourism|last=Street|first=Francesca|publisher=[[CNN]] |date=10 January 2020 |orig-year=9 January 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> From autumn 2020 there are assigned time slots for tour buses to cope with the problem.<ref>[https://ooe.orf.at/news/stories/2961407/ ''Hallstatt begrenzt Touristenbusse''], orf-online Oberösterreich vom 29. Januar 2019</ref><ref name=":0" />{{Update inline|date=September 2021}} The arrivals will be limited to 54 per day, which is about half of the current number.<ref>[https://www.nzz.ch/wirtschaft/hallstatt-ein-dorf-wehrt-sich-gegen-overtourism-aus-china-ld.1501634 ''Wie Hallstatt sich gegen die chinesische Touristenflut wehrt''], nzz-online vom 23. August 2019</ref>{{Update inline|date=September 2021}} Buses with an overnight booking in the town will receive preference.<ref name=":0" />{{Update inline|date=September 2021}}


<u>Hallstatt Ossuary</u> (Beinhaus): Located in St. Michael's Chapel, the Ossuary is a unique cultural monument with more than 1,200 human skulls, 600 of which are artistically painted with symbols, names and dates. The tradition of painting skulls and preserving bones began due to limited burial space in the village. Today, the Charnel House serves as a solemn reminder of Hallstatt's long history and offers insight into local burial customs and spiritual beliefs.
In August 2023, it was reported that locals had protested against overtourism, with the town of just 700 residents being visited by up to 10,000 visitors per day during the high season.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bell |first=Bethany |date=27 August 2023 |title=Hallstatt: Austrian town protests against mass tourism |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66634889 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref>

[[Hallstatt Museum|<u>Hallstatt Museum</u>]] and Excavations: The Hallstatt Museum offers a deep dive into the ancient history of the region, especially its role in the salt trade. It features artifacts from the Hallstatt culture, dating back to the Bronze and Iron Ages, including tools, weapons and burial objects. The museum also draws attention to archaeological excavations in the nearby area that reveal the complex society of the Hallstatt civilization.

=== Overtourism by day visitors ===
[[File:400 Jahre Fronleichnamprozession in Hallstatt.jpg|thumb|[[Corpus Christi procession]] in Hallstatt, 2023]]
The problems and opportunities of greatly-increased tourism in Hallstatt were covered by ''[[The Washington Post]]'' in August 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nothing to see here: Popular European destinations want fewer tourists |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/nothing-to-see-here-popular-european-destinations-want-fewer-tourists/2019/08/07/5d2060f4-ac95-11e9-9411-a608f9d0c2d3_story.html |access-date=2021-06-24 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

By 2017, local churches were employing [[bouncer]]s to prevent services being disrupted by tourists.<ref name=":0" /> In 2020, the town had a population of 780, and estimates of 10,000 to nearly 30,000 tourists per day,<ref name=":3">{{Cite news| url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/fairytale-alpine-village-begs-frozen-tourists-to-stay-away-cbtchmbhv| title=Alpine village begs Frozen tourists to stay away| last=Hutton| first=Alice| date=2020-01-05| publisher=The Sunday Times| access-date=2020-01-13| language=en| issn=0956-1382}}</ref><ref name=":1">[https://kurier.at/chronik/oesterreich/zu-viele-touristen-hallstatt-zieht-notbremse/400034545 ''Zu viele Touristen: Hallstatt zieht Notbremse''], kurier.at vom 13. Mai 2018</ref> primarily via bus tours which bring tourists briefly into the town for photo opportunities, then quickly move on.<ref name=":1" />

⚫
Tourism is important to Hallstatt's economy,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> but according to locals the day-visitors drive away tourists who would stay longer.<ref name=":1" /> Hallstatt became the prime example of [[overtourism]] in Austria and led to controversies around limiting the number of tourists.<ref>[https://www.derstandard.de/story/2000063266421/wenn-touristen-einheimischen-auf-die-fuesse-treten ''Wenn Touristen Einheimischen auf die Füße treten''], derstandard.de vom 29. August 2017</ref> The Austrian Public Broadcasting Organization made multiple documentaries about the situation.<ref>[https://ooe.orf.at/tv/stories/2738744/ ''TV-Doku: „Hallstatt süß-sauer“''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195840/https://ooe.orf.at/tv/stories/2738744/ |date=2019-04-04 }}, Sendungs-Homepage auf orf.at, 25. Oktober 2015</ref><ref>[https://tv.orf.at/program/orf2/20180920/864002401/story ''„Am Schauplatz: Die Chinesen kommen“''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923163345/https://tv.orf.at/program/orf2/20180920/864002401/story |date=2018-09-23 }}, Sendungs-Homepage auf orf.at, 20. Oktober 2018</ref>

⚫
In 2020, the town focused on "quality" tourism.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Street |first=Francesca |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/gallery/hallstatt-austria-photos/index.html|title=The adorable Alpine village of Hallstatt, Austria |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=9 January 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/overtourism-frozen-hallstatt-austria/index.html|title=How the village that inspired 'Frozen' is dealing with overtourism|last=Street|first=Francesca|publisher=[[CNN]] |date=10 January 2020 |orig-year=9 January 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> Starting in autumn 2020 there were assigned time slots for tour buses to cope with the problem.<ref>[https://ooe.orf.at/news/stories/2961407/ ''Hallstatt begrenzt Touristenbusse''], orf-online Oberösterreich vom 29. Januar 2019</ref><ref name=":0" /> Arrivals were limited to 54 per day, about half of the previous number allowed.<ref>[https://www.nzz.ch/wirtschaft/hallstatt-ein-dorf-wehrt-sich-gegen-overtourism-aus-china-ld.1501634 ''Wie Hallstatt sich gegen die chinesische Touristenflut wehrt''], nzz-online vom 23. August 2019</ref> Buses with an overnight booking in the town received preference.<ref name=":0" />

In 2023 locals protested against overtourism.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bell |first=Bethany |date=27 August 2023 |title=Hallstatt: Austrian town protests against mass tourism |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66634889 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> In May, two fences were built to prevent tourists from stopping to take selfies; they were removed after "a backlash" on social media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-19 |title=Austrian town that inspired Arendelle from 'Frozen' erects fence to stop selfies |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/hallstatt-frozen-austria-fence-selfies-b2341981.html |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Vlamis |first=Kelsey |date=27 October 2023 |title=Residents of the stunning Austrian village rumored to have inspired 'Frozen' are fed up with hoards of tourists |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/hallstatt-austria-locals-protest-overtourism-frozen-village-photos-2023-10 |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In August, protesters blocked the entrance to a tunnel through which buses pass to enter the town.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2023 |title=Locals of Austrian town that inspired 'Frozen' block tunnel to protest overtourism |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/frozen-town-hallstatt-austria-protest-overtourism-b2436374.html |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The mayor announced plans to reduce the number of buses allowed by another one-third.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-21 |title=Planning a vacation? Here's all the places that the locals don't want you |url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/planning-vacation-places-locals-don-112922758.html |access-date=2024-07-24 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-CA}}</ref>


==Politics==
==Politics==
Seats in the municipal assembly (''Gemeinderat'') as of 2015 local elections:
Seats in the municipal assembly (''Gemeinderat'') as of 2021 local elections:


* [[Social Democratic Party of Austria]] (SPÖ): 7
* [[Social Democratic Party of Austria]] (SPÖ): 7
Line 145: Line 155:


==International relations==
==International relations==
===Twin towns—sister cities===
===Twin town===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Austria}}
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Austria}}


Line 152: Line 162:
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Huizhou]], China<ref name="Hallstatt-Huizhou twinning">{{cite news |last=Wainwright |first=Oliver |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architecture-design-blog/2013/jan/07/china-copycat-architecture-seeing-double |title=Seeing double: what China's copycat culture means for architecture |work=The Guardian |location=London |date= 7 January 2013 |access-date=2014-11-15 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Huizhou]], China<ref name="Hallstatt-Huizhou twinning">{{cite news |last=Wainwright |first=Oliver |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/architecture-design-blog/2013/jan/07/china-copycat-architecture-seeing-double |title=Seeing double: what China's copycat culture means for architecture |work=The Guardian |location=London |date= 7 January 2013 |access-date=2014-11-15 }}</ref>


==Replica==
===Replica===
{{see also|Hallstatt (China)}}
{{see also|Hallstatt (China)}}


On 16 June 2011, plans to build a replica in China were first reported.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/xeroxed-village-chinese-secretly-copy-austrian-unesco-town-a-768754.html |work=Spiegel Online International |title=Xeroxed Village: Chinese Secretly Copy Austrian UNESCO Town|date=16 June 2011}}</ref> On 2 June 2012, it was reported that Chinese mining company [[China Minmetals]] Corporation built a full-scale replica of the entire town in [[Huizhou]], [[Guangdong]] province.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18327751 |work=BBC News |title=Chinese replica of Austrian village unveiled |date=5 June 2012}}</ref>
On 16 June 2011, plans to build a replica in China were first reported.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/xeroxed-village-chinese-secretly-copy-austrian-unesco-town-a-768754.html |work=Spiegel Online International |title=Xeroxed Village: Chinese Secretly Copy Austrian UNESCO Town|date=16 June 2011}}</ref> On 2 June 2012, it was reported that Chinese mining company [[China Minmetals]] Corporation built a full-scale replica of the entire town in [[Huizhou]], [[Guangdong]] province.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18327751 |work=BBC News |title=Chinese replica of Austrian village unveiled |date=5 June 2012}}</ref>

In 2022, the Chinese town of Hallstatt was the final location of the 12th episode of 1st Korean television series [[Money Heist: Korea – Joint Economic Area]]. In the episode it was named as [[Kherson]] in Ukraine.


==Climate==
==Climate==
Hallstatt has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Cfb]]) with warm, rainy summers and cold, snowy winters. Precipitation is plentiful year round but is at its highest during the three months of summer.{{Weather box
Hallstatt, like much of Austria (see [[Climate of Austria]]), has a [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] climate ([[Köppen climate classification|''Dfb'']]) ([[Oceanic climate|''Cfb'']] if the {{Convert|-3.0|C|F}} isotherm is used) with warm, rainy summers and chilly to cold, snowy winters. Precipitation is plentiful year-round, hence the ''f'' in ''Dfb,'' but is at its highest during the three months of summer: Jun-Aug.

Spring is a short (March and April) transition season between cold winters and mild summers. By mid-November, fall has turned to winter and the nighttime low temperature is ~freezing, giving a growing season of April to early November.{{Weather box
| width = auto
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{{Commons category}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.hallstatt.at/ Municipal website]
* [https://www.hallstatt.net/home-en-US/ Municipal website (English)]
* [http://www.hallstatt.net/ Hallstatt tourism site] {{in lang|de|en}}
* [http://www.slidespost.com/slides/4573/Hallstatt,_Austria Images of Hallstatt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813213924/http://www.slidespost.com/slides/4573/Hallstatt,_Austria |date=2014-08-13 }}
* [https://random-times.com/2018/06/25/hallstatt-beinhaus-an-austrian-house-of-bones-filled-with-hundreds-of-painted-skulls/ Hallstatt Beinhaus] Random-Times.com
* {{IMDb episode|9269102|Mythos Hallstatt}}; episode 282 of ''Terra Mater''
** {{Cite web|url=https://www.terramater.at/productions/mystery-of-the-celtic-tomb/ |title=Mystery of the Celtic Tomb |publisher=Terra Mater Factual Studios|language=en|access-date=2019-01-15}}


{{Geographic location
{{Geographic location

Latest revision as of 01:35, 7 November 2024

Not to be confused with Hallstadt.
For other uses, see Hallstatt (disambiguation).
Hallstatt
The centre of Hallstatt
The centre of Hallstatt
Coat of arms of Hallstatt
Coat of arms
Hallstatt is located in Austria
Hallstatt
Hallstatt
Location within Austria
Coordinates: 47°33′43″N 13°38′56″E / 47.562°N 13.649°E / 47.562; 13.649
CountryAustria
StateUpper Austria
DistrictGmunden
Government
 • MayorAlexander Scheutz (SPÖ)
Area
[1]
 • Total59.83 km2 (23.10 sq mi)
Elevation
511 m (1,677 ft)
Population
 (2018-01-01)[2]
 • Total778
 • Density13/km2 (34/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
4830
Area code06134
Vehicle registrationGM
Websitewww.hallstatt.at

Hallstatt (German: [ˈhalʃtat] ⓘ) is a small town in the district of Gmunden, in the Austrian state of Upper Austria. Situated between the southwestern shore of Hallstätter See and the steep slopes of the Dachstein massif, the town lies in the Salzkammergut region, on the national road linking Salzburg and Graz.

Hallstatt is known for its production of salt, dating back to prehistoric times, and gave its name to the Hallstatt culture, the archaeological culture linked to Proto-Celtic and early Celtic people of the Early Iron Age in Europe, c. 800–450 BC.

Hallstatt is at the core of the Hallstatt-Dachstein/Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape declared as one of the World Heritage Sites in Austria by UNESCO in 1997. It is an area of overtourism.

History

[edit]
Hallstatt
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Part ofHallstatt-Dachstein / Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape
CriteriaCultural: iii, iv
Reference806
Inscription1997 (21st Session)
Area28,446.2 ha
Buffer zone20,013.9 ha
See also: Hallstatt Museum
A section of the Iron Age Hallstatt salt workings.
"Antenna hilt" Hallstatt 'D' swords, from Hallstatt.

During the Bronze Age salt production became day-to-day commercial activity in Hallstatt. Salt was produced in large quantities in evidently highly organized arrangements. Specialist workers supported the salt mining operations.[3] The wealth that was generated is on display in the prehistoric cemeteries in Hallstatt.[4]

In 1846 Johann Georg Ramsauer discovered a large prehistoric cemetery at the Salzberg mines near Hallstatt (47°33′40″N 13°38′31″E / 47.561°N 13.642°E / 47.561; 13.642), which he excavated during the second half of the 19th century. Eventually the excavation would yield 1,045 burials, although no settlement has yet been found. This may be covered by the later village, which has long occupied the entire narrow strip between the steep hillsides and the lake.

Some 1,300 burials have been found, including around 2,000 individuals, with women and children but few infants.[5]: 26 

The humans that settled Hallstatt exploited the salt mines in the area from the 8th to 5th centuries BC. The style and decoration of the grave goods found in the cemetery are distinctive. In the mine workings themselves, the salt has preserved many organic materials such as textiles, wood, and leather, and many abandoned artefacts such as shoes, pieces of cloth, and tools and miner's backpacks have survived in good condition.[6]: 88 

Hallstatt A–B are part of the Bronze Age Urnfield culture. Phase A saw Villanovan influence. In this period, people were cremated and buried in simple graves. In phase B, tumulus (barrow or kurgan) burial becomes common, and cremation predominates. Little is known about this period in which the typical Celtic elements have not yet distinguished themselves from the earlier Villanova-culture. The "Hallstatt period" proper is restricted to HaC and HaD (8th to 5th centuries BC), corresponding to the early European Iron Age. Hallstatt lies in the area where the western and eastern zones of the Hallstatt culture meet, which is reflected in the finds from there.[7]

Hallstatt C is characterized by the first appearance of iron swords. Hallstatt D displays daggers, almost to the exclusion of swords, in the western zone graves ranging from circa 600 to 500 BC.[5]: 40  There are also differences in the pottery and brooches. Halstatt D has been further divided into the sub-phases D1 to D3 relating only to the western zone.[5]: 40 

Major activity at the site appears to have finished about 500 BC, for reasons that are unclear. Many Hallstatt graves were robbed, probably at this time. There was widespread disruption throughout the western Hallstatt zone, and the salt workings had by then become very deep.[5]: 48–49 

Much of the material from early excavations was dispersed,[5]: 26 

  • Finds from the Hallstatt site
  • A bronze vessel with cow and calf, Hallstatt
    A bronze vessel with cow and calf, Hallstatt
  • A wood and leather carrying pack from the mine
    A wood and leather carrying pack from the mine
  • A bronze container with stand, Hallstatt Ha C
    A bronze container with stand, Hallstatt Ha C
  • A textile fragment from the salt mine
    A textile fragment from the salt mine
  • Bronze situla, 800-750 BC
    Bronze situla, 800-750 BC

Romans onwards

[edit]

Tourists are told that Hallstatt is the site of "the world's oldest pipeline",[8] which was constructed 400 years ago from 13,000 hollowed-out trees.[9] There is so little space for cemeteries that every ten years bones used to be exhumed and removed into an ossuary, to make room for new burials.[9] A collection of elaborately decorated skulls with the deceased's name, profession, and date of death inscribed on them is on display at the local chapel.[10]

19th century

[edit]
A view of Hallstatt in 1899
Hallstatt viewed from the south, Hallstatt Museum

Until the late 19th century, it was only possible to reach Hallstatt by boat or via narrow trails. The land between the lake and mountains was sparse, and the town itself exhausted every free patch of it. Access between houses on the river bank was by boat or over the upper path, a small corridor passing through attics. The first road to Hallstatt was only built in 1890, along the west shore, partially by rock blasting. Nevertheless, this secluded and inhospitable landscape counts as one of the first places of human settlement due to the rich sources of natural salt, which have been mined for thousands of years, originally in the shape of hearts owing to the use of antler picks.[9]

Hallstatt salt mine

[edit]

The Hallstatt salt mine is the world's oldest working salt mine. The mine is located within the Upper Permian to Lower Triassic Haselgebirge Formation of the Northern Limestone Alps. The Hallstatt salt mine comprises 21 levels and several smaller shafts ranging from 514 metres (1,686 ft) above sea level (Erbstollen level) to an elevation of around 1,267 m (4,157 ft) (Erzherzog Matthias Schurf level).[11][12]

Tourism

[edit]
Hallstatt in Winter

Halstatt's tourism began in the 19th century but greatly increased after it was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997.[13] It became popular among East Asian tourists in 2006 when it was featured on a South Korean television show.[14]

Social media images of Hallstatt, captioned "the most Instagrammable town in the world," went viral in Eastern and Southeastern Asia.[14] In 2013, it was rumored in China to be the model for the movie Frozen's Arendelle village.[13] Filmmakers have said the village was based on research done in Norway and Canada, not in Austria, but the rumors increased daytourist visits.[15]

Interesting places

[edit]

Hallstatt has some amazing places to see:[16]

Hallstatt Skywalk: Hallstatt Skywalk, also known as the "World Heritage View", offers a stunning panorama of the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Perched 360 meters above Hallstatt, the platform provides visitors with a breathtaking view of the village, Lake Hallstatt and the surrounding Dachstein Alps.

Hallstatt Ossuary (Beinhaus): Located in St. Michael's Chapel, the Ossuary is a unique cultural monument with more than 1,200 human skulls, 600 of which are artistically painted with symbols, names and dates. The tradition of painting skulls and preserving bones began due to limited burial space in the village. Today, the Charnel House serves as a solemn reminder of Hallstatt's long history and offers insight into local burial customs and spiritual beliefs.

Hallstatt Museum and Excavations: The Hallstatt Museum offers a deep dive into the ancient history of the region, especially its role in the salt trade. It features artifacts from the Hallstatt culture, dating back to the Bronze and Iron Ages, including tools, weapons and burial objects. The museum also draws attention to archaeological excavations in the nearby area that reveal the complex society of the Hallstatt civilization.

Overtourism by day visitors

[edit]
Corpus Christi procession in Hallstatt, 2023

The problems and opportunities of greatly-increased tourism in Hallstatt were covered by The Washington Post in August 2019.[17]

By 2017, local churches were employing bouncers to prevent services being disrupted by tourists.[13] In 2020, the town had a population of 780, and estimates of 10,000 to nearly 30,000 tourists per day,[14][18] primarily via bus tours which bring tourists briefly into the town for photo opportunities, then quickly move on.[18]

Tourism is important to Hallstatt's economy,[13][18] but according to locals the day-visitors drive away tourists who would stay longer.[18] Hallstatt became the prime example of overtourism in Austria and led to controversies around limiting the number of tourists.[19] The Austrian Public Broadcasting Organization made multiple documentaries about the situation.[20][21]

In 2020, the town focused on "quality" tourism.[13][22][23] Starting in autumn 2020 there were assigned time slots for tour buses to cope with the problem.[24][13] Arrivals were limited to 54 per day, about half of the previous number allowed.[25] Buses with an overnight booking in the town received preference.[13]

In 2023 locals protested against overtourism.[26] In May, two fences were built to prevent tourists from stopping to take selfies; they were removed after "a backlash" on social media.[27][15] In August, protesters blocked the entrance to a tunnel through which buses pass to enter the town.[28][15] The mayor announced plans to reduce the number of buses allowed by another one-third.[29]

Politics

[edit]

Seats in the municipal assembly (Gemeinderat) as of 2021 local elections:

Alexander Scheutz (SPÖ) has been mayor of Hallstatt since 2009.

International relations

[edit]

Twin town

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Austria

Hallstatt is twinned with:

Replica

[edit]
See also: Hallstatt (China)

On 16 June 2011, plans to build a replica in China were first reported.[31] On 2 June 2012, it was reported that Chinese mining company China Minmetals Corporation built a full-scale replica of the entire town in Huizhou, Guangdong province.[32]

In 2022, the Chinese town of Hallstatt was the final location of the 12th episode of 1st Korean television series Money Heist: Korea – Joint Economic Area. In the episode it was named as Kherson in Ukraine.

Climate

[edit]

Hallstatt, like much of Austria (see Climate of Austria), has a humid continental climate (Dfb) (Cfb if the −3.0 °C (26.6 °F) isotherm is used) with warm, rainy summers and chilly to cold, snowy winters. Precipitation is plentiful year-round, hence the f in Dfb, but is at its highest during the three months of summer: Jun-Aug.

Spring is a short (March and April) transition season between cold winters and mild summers. By mid-November, fall has turned to winter and the nighttime low temperature is ~freezing, giving a growing season of April to early November.

Climate data for Hallstatt
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.5
(34.7) 		4.0
(39.2) 		9.2
(48.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		22.3
(72.1) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.3
(73.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		13.8
(56.8) 		6.7
(44.1) 		2.3
(36.1) 		13.3
(56.0)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.6
(27.3) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		3.7
(38.7) 		8.0
(46.4) 		12.9
(55.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		17.8
(64.0) 		17.2
(63.0) 		13.7
(56.7) 		8.6
(47.5) 		3.1
(37.6) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		8.1
(46.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.5
(20.3) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		2.2
(36.0) 		6.8
(44.2) 		10.2
(50.4) 		11.6
(52.9) 		11.1
(52.0) 		7.8
(46.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		2.9
(37.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 86
(3.4) 		86
(3.4) 		89
(3.5) 		110
(4.3) 		125
(4.9) 		172
(6.8) 		177
(7.0) 		153
(6.0) 		104
(4.1) 		91
(3.6) 		96
(3.8) 		104
(4.1) 		1,393
(54.9)
Source: [33]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Dauersiedlungsraum der Gemeinden Politischen Bezirke und Bundesländer - Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  2. ^ "Einwohnerzahl 1.1.2018 nach Gemeinden mit Status, Gebietsstand 1.1.2018". Statistics Austria. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  3. ^ Anthony Harding (2013). Salt in Prehistoric Europe. Sidestone Press. p. 88. ISBN 9789088902017.
  4. ^ Paul Freedman, ed. (2007). Food: The History of Taste. University of California Press. p. 57. ISBN 9780520254763.
  5. ^ a b c d e Megaw, M. Ruth. (2001). Celtic art: from its beginnings to the Book of Kells. Megaw, J. V. S. (Rev. and expanded ed.). New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-28265-X. OCLC 47790275.
  6. ^ McIntosh, Jane. (2009). Handbook to life in prehistoric Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-538476-5. OCLC 261176933.
  7. ^ Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. Koch, John T. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. 2006. ISBN 1-85109-440-7. OCLC 62381207.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. ^ Neal Bedford, Gemma Pitcher. Austria. Lonely Planet, 2005. Page 56.
  9. ^ a b c "Hallstatt's White Gold - Salt". 20 May 2023.
  10. ^ Matys, Simon. The Archaeology of Human Bones. Routledge, 1998. ISBN 0415166217. Page 108
  11. ^ Schorn, Anja; Neubauer, Franz (2013). "The structure of the Hallstatt evaporite body (Northern 5 Calcareous Alps, Austria): a compressive diapir 6 superposed by strike-slip shear?, in Journal of Structural Geology". ResearchGate. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  12. ^ Kern, Anton; Kowarik, Kerstin; Rausch, Andreas; Reschreiter, Hans, eds. (2009). Kingdom of Salt: 7000 years of Hallstatt. Vienna: Natural History Museum. pp. 12–33. ISBN 9783903096080.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g "Austrian Village That Inspired 'Frozen' Is Dealing With Overtourism". KTLA. 2020-01-09. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
  14. ^ a b c Hutton, Alice (2020-01-05). "Alpine village begs Frozen tourists to stay away". The Sunday Times. ISSN 0956-1382. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
  15. ^ a b c Vlamis, Kelsey (27 October 2023). "Residents of the stunning Austrian village rumored to have inspired 'Frozen' are fed up with hoards of tourists". Business Insider. Retrieved 2024-07-24.
  16. ^ s.r.o, illusion pictures. "What to Do in Hallstatt: 5 Places to See". NEXT LEVEL OF TRAVEL. Retrieved 2024-09-16.
  17. ^ "Nothing to see here: Popular European destinations want fewer tourists". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-06-24.
  18. ^ a b c d Zu viele Touristen: Hallstatt zieht Notbremse, kurier.at vom 13. Mai 2018
  19. ^ Wenn Touristen Einheimischen auf die Füße treten, derstandard.de vom 29. August 2017
  20. ^ TV-Doku: „Hallstatt süß-sauer“ Archived 2019-04-04 at the Wayback Machine, Sendungs-Homepage auf orf.at, 25. Oktober 2015
  21. ^ „Am Schauplatz: Die Chinesen kommen“ Archived 2018-09-23 at the Wayback Machine, Sendungs-Homepage auf orf.at, 20. Oktober 2018
  22. ^ Street, Francesca (9 January 2020). "The adorable Alpine village of Hallstatt, Austria". CNN. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
  23. ^ Street, Francesca (10 January 2020) [9 January 2020]. "How the village that inspired 'Frozen' is dealing with overtourism". CNN. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
  24. ^ Hallstatt begrenzt Touristenbusse, orf-online Oberösterreich vom 29. Januar 2019
  25. ^ Wie Hallstatt sich gegen die chinesische Touristenflut wehrt, nzz-online vom 23. August 2019
  26. ^ Bell, Bethany (27 August 2023). "Hallstatt: Austrian town protests against mass tourism". BBC News. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  27. ^ "Austrian town that inspired Arendelle from 'Frozen' erects fence to stop selfies". The Independent. 2023-05-19. Retrieved 2024-07-24.
  28. ^ "Locals of Austrian town that inspired 'Frozen' block tunnel to protest overtourism". The Independent. 26 October 2023.
  29. ^ "Planning a vacation? Here's all the places that the locals don't want you". Yahoo News. 2024-07-21. Retrieved 2024-07-24.
  30. ^ Wainwright, Oliver (7 January 2013). "Seeing double: what China's copycat culture means for architecture". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2014-11-15.
  31. ^ "Xeroxed Village: Chinese Secretly Copy Austrian UNESCO Town". Spiegel Online International. 16 June 2011.
  32. ^ "Chinese replica of Austrian village unveiled". BBC News. 5 June 2012.
  33. ^ "Climate: Hallstatt". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
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