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One of the most important historical entries in the diary was written on [[October 28]], [[1941]]. Most Germans after the war would insist they knew nothing at all about the [[The Holocaust|state-sponsored genocide]] of the [[Jew]]s,<ref>Robert Gellately: Backing Hitler. Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany, Oxford University Press, 2001 ISBN 0192802917 - [http://www.amazon.co.uk/Backing-Hitler-Consent-Coercion-Germany/dp/0192802917/ref=sr_1_1/202-7335552-6287847 Review by Simon Miller]</ref> yet very early in the war Kellner recorded this in his diary, showing that even in the small towns, the average citizen knew what was occurring:
One of the most important historical entries in the diary was written on [[October 28]], [[1941]]. Most Germans after the war would insist they knew nothing at all about the [[The Holocaust|state-sponsored genocide]] of the [[Jew]]s,<ref>Robert Gellately: Backing Hitler. Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany, Oxford University Press, 2001 ISBN 0192802917 - [http://www.amazon.co.uk/Backing-Hitler-Consent-Coercion-Germany/dp/0192802917/ref=sr_1_1/202-7335552-6287847 Review by Simon Miller]</ref> yet very early in the war Kellner recorded this in his diary, showing that even in the small towns, the average citizen knew what was occurring:


:"A soldier on vacation here said he witnessed a terrible atrocity in the [[History of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied parts of Poland]]. He watched as naked Jewish men and women were placed in front of a long deep ditch and upon the order of the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] were shot by [[Ukrainians]] in the back of their heads and they fell into the ditch. Then the ditch was filled with dirt even as he could hear screams coming from people still alive in the ditch.
:"A soldier on vacation here said he was an eyewitness to terrible atrocities in the [[History of Poland (1939–1945)|occupied parts of Poland]]. He watched as naked Jewish men and women were placed in front of a long deep ditch and upon the order of the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] were shot by [[Ukrainians]] in the back of their heads and they fell into the ditch. Then the ditch was filled with dirt even as he could hear screams coming from people still alive in the ditch.
:These inhuman atrocities were so terrible that some of the Ukrainians, who were used as tools, suffered nervous breakdowns. All the soldiers who had knowledge of these bestial actions of these Nazi sub-humans were of the opinion that the German people should be shaking in their shoes because of the coming retribution.
:These inhuman atrocities were so terrible that some of the Ukrainians, who were used as tools, suffered nervous breakdowns. All the soldiers who had knowledge of these bestial actions of these Nazi sub-humans were of the opinion that the German people should be shaking in their shoes because of the coming retribution.
:There is no punishment that would be hard enough to be applied to these Nazi beasts. Of course, when the retribution comes, the innocent will have to suffer along with them. But because ninety-nine percent of the German population is guilty, directly or indirectly, for the present situation, we can only say that those who travel together will hang together."<ref>{{cite book |last = Kellner |first = Friedrich |authorlink = |coauthors = Robert Scott Kellner |title = Friedrich Kellner Diary |publisher = |date = 2005 |location = |pages = 861, p.112}}<br /> [http://bushlib.tamu.edu/pastexhibits/kellner/October%2028,%201941.pdf George Bush Presidential Library and Museum], Friedrich Kellner exhibit. Retrieved 2007-05-14</ref>
:There is no punishment that would be hard enough to be applied to these Nazi beasts. Of course, when the retribution comes, the innocent will have to suffer along with them. But because ninety-nine percent of the German population is guilty, directly or indirectly, for the present situation, we can only say that those who travel together will hang together."<ref>{{cite book |last = Kellner |first = Friedrich |authorlink = |coauthors = Robert Scott Kellner |title = Friedrich Kellner Diary |publisher = |date = 2005 |location = |pages = 861, p.112}}<br /> [http://bushlib.tamu.edu/pastexhibits/kellner/October%2028,%201941.pdf George Bush Presidential Library and Museum], Friedrich Kellner exhibit. Retrieved 2007-05-14</ref>

Revision as of 22:20, 30 May 2007

Friedrich Kellner
EducationGymnasium (High School)
OccupationJustice Inspector
SpousePaulina Preuss
ChildrenFred William Kellner
Parent(s)Georg and Wilhelmina Kellner

August Friedrich Kellner (listenⓘ) (February 1, 1885 – November 4, 1970) was a mid-level official in Germany who worked as a justice inspector in Mainz and Laubach. During the First World War, Kellner was an infantryman in a Hessian regiment. After the war he became a political organizer for the Social Democratic Party of Germany, which was the leading political party during the time of the turbulent and short-lived Weimar Republic, the name given to Germany’s first democracy. Kellner campaigned against Adolf Hitler and the Nazis. At the beginning of World War II, Kellner began writing in a diary to record his observations of the Nazi regime. He titled his work Mein Widerstand, meaning "My Opposition". After the war Kellner served on denazification boards, and he also helped to reestablish the Social Democratic Party. He gave his diary to his American grandson in 1968 to translate into English and to bring it to the attention of the public. He explained his purpose for writing the diary:

"I could not fight the Nazis in the present, as they had the power to still my voice, so I decided to fight them in the future. I would give the coming generations a weapon against any resurgence of such evil. My eyewitness account would record the barbarous acts, and also show the way to stop them."[1][2]

Biography

Family and education

Kellner was born in in Vaihingen an der Enz, a town on the Enz River in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. He was the only child of Georg Friedrich Kellner, a baker and confectioner from the town of Arnstadt in Thuringia, and Barbara Wilhelmine Vaigle from Bietigheim-Bissingen near Ludwigsburg. The Kellner family could trace its beginnings to when the Protestant reformer, Martin Luther, lived and preached not far from Arnstadt. The Kellners were Evangelical Lutherans.

Vaihingen/Enz, Kellner birthplace

When Friedrich Kellner was four years old, his family moved to Mainz where his father became the master baker at Goebels Zuckerwerk (Goebels Confectionery).

After completing Volksschule, primary school, Kellner had a nine-year course of non-classical study in the Oberrealschule in Mainz. In 1902 he completed his final exams at Goetheschule, which qualified him for an apprenticeship in courthouse administration.

In 1903 he started work as a junior clerk in the Mainz courthouse, remaining there until 1933. He advanced in the administrative ranks to justice secretary, then to court accountant, and in April 1920 to justice inspector.

Military service and marriage

Friedrich Kellner, 1914

From September 1907 through October 1908 Kellner fulfilled his initial military reserve duty in the 6th Infantry Company of the Leibregiments Großherzogin (3. Großherzoglich Hessisches) Nr. 117 in Mainz. In 1911 he completed an additional two months reserve training. When the First World War began in 1914, Kellner was called back to active duty as a sergeant and deputy-officer in the Prinz Carl Infantry Regiment (4. Großherzoglich Hessisches Regiment) Nr. 118, in Worms. His regiment fought in France at the First Battle of the Marne.

1908 beer stein

Under a prolonged bombardment in the trenches near Reims, he was wounded and was sent to St. Rochus Hospital in Mainz to recover. He spent the remainder of the war as a quartermaster secretary for the 13th Army Corps in Frankfurt.

In 1913, a few months prior to being called up for service in the war, Kellner married Pauline Preuss, who was from Mainz. Their son, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm (a.k.a. Fred William), who was to be their only child, was born in February 1916.

Political activism

Kellner welcomed the birth of German democracy after the war. In 1919 he became a political organizer for the Mainz branch of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, the (SPD). Throughout the 1920’s and into the 1930’s, he spoke out against the danger posed to the fragile democracy by the extremists in the Communist Party and the Nazi Party. At rallies near the Gutenberg Museum, which honored the founder of the printing press, Kellner would hold above his head Adolf Hitler’s book, Mein Kampf, and yell out to the crowd: "Gutenberg, your printing press has been violated by this evil book". He would often be accosted by brown-shirted thugs from the Nazi Party, known as Storm Troopers.[3] [4]

Kellner as Justice Inspector in 1923.

Two weeks before Adolf Hitler was sworn in as Chancellor in January 1933, and before the beginning of Hitler's murderous purge of his political opponents, Kellner and his family moved to the village of Laubach in Hesse, where he worked as the chief justice inspector in the district court. In 1935 his son immigrated to the United States in order to avoid service in the Wehrmacht, Hitler’s army.

During the November pogrom of 1938, known as Kristallnacht, ("Night of the Broken Glass"), Friedrich and Pauline Kellner tried to stop the rioting. When he approached the presiding judge to bring charges against the leaders of the riot, Judge Schmitt instead opened an investigation into the Kellners’ religious heritage. The Kellner family documents, which included baptismal records dating back three hundred years, proved Kellner and his wife were Christians. On November 18, 1938, the district judge in Darmstadt closed the case in Kellner’s favor: “Doubts about the Kellner bloodlines cannot be validated.” [5] A finding to the contrary could have meant imprisonment and death.

The war years

Kellner knew during his campaigns against the National Socialists that the election of Hitler would mean another war in Europe. Within a few years after coming to power, Hitler abrogated the Treaty of Versailles, the WWI peace treaty that many Germans considered a humiliation. Hitler re-militarized the Rhineland, and spent great sums on modern weaponry and to expand the German military forces.

The politicians in Britain and France were unprepared for another war, so they appeased Hitler and gave in to his demands. In a meeting in Munich in 1938, Britain and France agreed that Germany could annex and occupy the Sudetenland, the German-speaking regions of Czechoslovakia. [6][7] The British prime minister, Neville Chamberlain, declared that the Munich Agreement meant "peace for our time." Despite having given his word that Germany would make no further territorial claims, Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939.

Hitler next signed a pact with the Soviet Union that included a secret protocol to divide Central Europe into German and Soviet areas of interest, and to divide Poland between the two countries. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. The Third Reich’s propaganda ministry, under Josef Goebbels, convinced the German nation the invasion was necessary and would lead to great victories.

It was on this day that Friedrich Kellner began to record his observations in a secret diary that he entitled Mein Widerstand, "My Opposition". He wanted the coming generations to know how easily young democracies could turn into dictatorships, and how people were too willing to believe propaganda rather than resist tyranny and terrorism. [8]

Kellner did not confine himself to the diary. He continued to express his views, and in February 1940 he was summoned to the district court in Giessen where he was warned by the president of the court, Hermann Colnot, to moderate his views.[9] A few months later he was summoned to the mayor’s office in Laubach where he was warned by the mayor and the local Nazi Party leader that he and his wife would be sent to a concentration camp if he continued to be a "bad influence" on the population of Laubach.[10] A report written by the district Nazi leader, Hermann Engst, shows that authorities were planning to punish Kellner at the conclusion of the war.[11]

A page from the diary

Throughout the first two years of the war, Kellner looked to America to provide support for England and France. Numerous entries in the diary reveal Kellner’s belief that Germany had no chance to win if America would put aside its neutrality and do more than just send supplies to England. When America entered the war in 1941, the diary entries show Kellner’s impatience for the Allies to mount an effective invasion of the continent, and to bring the fight to the Germans on their own territory. When the invasion of Normandy took place on June 6, 1944, Kellner inscribed in large letters in the entry of that date: “Endlich!,” meaning “Finally!”[12]

Kellner rarely wrote about his personal situation. He wrote primarily about Nazi policies and propaganda, and about the war. He noted the injustices in the court system, and recorded the inhumane deeds and genocidal intentions of the Nazis. In all of this he considered the German people as accomplices before and after the fact: first voting Hitler into power, and then acquiescing in his abuse of that power.

One of the most important historical entries in the diary was written on October 28, 1941. Most Germans after the war would insist they knew nothing at all about the state-sponsored genocide of the Jews,[13] yet very early in the war Kellner recorded this in his diary, showing that even in the small towns, the average citizen knew what was occurring:

"A soldier on vacation here said he was an eyewitness to terrible atrocities in the occupied parts of Poland. He watched as naked Jewish men and women were placed in front of a long deep ditch and upon the order of the SS were shot by Ukrainians in the back of their heads and they fell into the ditch. Then the ditch was filled with dirt even as he could hear screams coming from people still alive in the ditch.
These inhuman atrocities were so terrible that some of the Ukrainians, who were used as tools, suffered nervous breakdowns. All the soldiers who had knowledge of these bestial actions of these Nazi sub-humans were of the opinion that the German people should be shaking in their shoes because of the coming retribution.
There is no punishment that would be hard enough to be applied to these Nazi beasts. Of course, when the retribution comes, the innocent will have to suffer along with them. But because ninety-nine percent of the German population is guilty, directly or indirectly, for the present situation, we can only say that those who travel together will hang together."[14]
Part of the 28 October 1941 entry. Sütterlin script transcribed to modern German and translated into English

After the war

The war came to an end for Kellner on March 29, 1945 when the Americans marched into Laubach. Only a few days earlier the Allies had crossed the Rhine River in their invasion of the German homeland. With the approval of the occupation forces, the new mayor of Laubach made Kellner deputy mayor. Kellner aided in the denazification process, which primarily meant removing former Nazis from positions of power in the region. Kellner helped to resurrect the Social Democratic Party in Laubach, and he became the regional party chairman.[15]

Robert Scott Kellner, translator of the diary into English, in 1960.

Kellner wrote only a few more entries in the diary. In one of the last entries, on May 8, 1945, the day Germany officially surrendered to the Allies, Kellner noted:

“If now, after the collapse, should any of these lackeys of Adolf Hitler have the insolence to claim they were merely harmless onlookers, let them feel the scourge of avenging mankind …. Whoever cries about having lost the Nazi system or wants to resurrect National Socialism is to be treated as a lunatic.”[16]

Kellner served as chief justice inspector and administrator of the Laubach courthouse until 1948. He was appointed district auditor in the regional court in Giessen until his retirement in 1950. For the next three years he was a legal advisor in Laubach. In 1956 he returned to politics and was Laubach’s leading councilor and deputy mayor until he retired in1960 at age 75.

On July 19, 1966, Kellner received compensation from Germany because of the injustices committed against him during the time of National Socialism. “It was his open opposition to National Socialism which prevented possible promotions and damaged him in his service.”[17]

Kellner’s son, Fred William Kellner, who had immigrated to the United States in 1935, returned to Germany in 1945 as a member of the U.S. Army. He was unable to cope with the devastation caused by his former comrades, and in 1953 he took his own life. He is buried in the American Legion Tomb in Neuilly, France, on the outskirts of Paris. Fred’s son, Robert Scott Kellner, grew up in a children's home in Connecticut. In 1960, while in the United States Navy and traveling through Germany, Robert Scott Kellner located his grandparents, Friedrich and Pauline Kellner, and learned of the existence of the diary.[18]

Kellner grave, Mainz

In 1968 Friedrich Kellner gave his diary to his American grandson to translate and bring to the attention of the public. He believed his observations during WWII could have meaning in the increasing hostilities in the world brought about by the Cold War with Communism, and the proliferation of neo-Nazi cults.

Friedrich and Pauline Kellner spent their last few years in Mainz. After her death on February 8, 1970, Friedrich returned to Laubach. He died on November 4, 1970 in the regional hospital in Lich, not far from Laubach. He was buried at the side of his wife in the Hauptfriedhof cemetery in Mainz.

Works

Main article: My Opposition

Diary

Volumes of the Friedrich Kellner Diary.

My Opposition consists of 10 volumes with a total of 861 pages. The volumes are sheets of accounting paper bound together by string. There are 676 individually dated entries beginning in September 1939 through May 1945. More than 500 newspaper clippings are pasted on the pages of the diary. The diary is written in a script called Sütterlin, the old German handwriting which was banned in 1941 and replaced by modern Latin lettering to make German easier for the conquered nations of Europe to read and understand.

There are separate pages written in 1938 and 1939, considered preliminary pages to the diary, that explain Kellner’s intentions. He meant for his observations to detail the events of those years, and to offer a prescription for future generations to prevent what occurred in Germany during Adolf Hitler’s rise to power, when a fledgling democracy willingly embraced dictatorship to solve political disputes. Kellner foresaw Germany’s defeat, and warned against a recurrence of totalitarianism. He prescribed unrelenting resistance against any ideology that threatened personal liberty and ignored the sanctity of human life.[19]

Reception of the diary

The diary’s first public appearance was at the George Bush Presidential Library and Museum, where it was on display to commemorate the 60th anniversary of VE Day.[20] It has since been exhibited in other museums in the United States and in Germany, and will soon be in Stockholm, Sweden. A permanent exhibit of diary facsimiles is at the Heimat Museum in Laubach, Germany, which is located on the same street as the courthouse where Kellner wrote the diary.[21]

In Giessen, where Kellner worked as district auditor, the Holocaust Literature Research Unit of the Justus Liebig University of Giessen has established the Kellner Project. The deputy director of the group, Dr. Sascha Feuchert, considers Kellner's work one of the most extensive diaries of the Nazi period.[22]

A number of major universities in the United States, such as Purdue, Columbia, and Stanford, have offered to make the diary part of their libraries. The directors of the Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum in Jerusalem and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C., have also requested the diary for their archives.[23]

In 2007 CCI Entertainment, a Canadian film company, produced a documentary film entitled My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner, which interweaves the stories of Kellner and his American grandson.[24]

References

  1. ^ Magers, Phil (2005-03-28). "German's war diary goes public". The Washington Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |access date= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Hogen-Ostlender, Klemens (2005-04-06). "Ich entschloss mich, die Nazis in der Zukunft zu bekämpfen". Giessener Anzeiger. Retrieved 2007-05-26. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ Schmidt-Wyk, Frank (2006-09-24). "Tagebücher gegen den Terror". Mainz Allgemeine Zeitung. Retrieved 2007-04-29.
  4. ^ Pritchard, Marietta (Fall 2005). "A Promise To Keep". UMassMag.com. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  5. ^ Hogen-Ostlender, Klemens (2005-08-20). "Die Einschaltung von Rudolf Heß wollte niemand riskieren". Giessener Anzeiger. Retrieved 2007-05-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ Chamberlain's radio broadcast, [27 September 1938
  7. ^ Churchill, Winston S. The Second World War. (6 volumes). (1948-1953). ISBN 978-0395416853
  8. ^ Casstevens, David (April 22, 2007). "Search led to family, diary and a cause". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
  9. ^ "George Bush Presidential Library and Museum - Friedrich Kellner exhibit" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-04-27.
  10. ^ "Private Writings of Texan's Grandfather Detail Holocaust Atrocities, but also Warn Future Generations to Put Aside Differences". Holocaust Museum Houston. 2006-05-04. Retrieved 2007-02-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  11. ^ "George Bush Presidential Library and Museum - Friedrich Kellner exhibit" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-04-24.
  12. ^ Kellner, Friedrich (2005). Friedrich Kellner Diary. pp. 861, p.577. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ Robert Gellately: Backing Hitler. Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany, Oxford University Press, 2001 ISBN 0192802917 - Review by Simon Miller
  14. ^ Kellner, Friedrich (2005). Friedrich Kellner Diary. pp. 861, p.112. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
    George Bush Presidential Library and Museum, Friedrich Kellner exhibit. Retrieved 2007-05-14
  15. ^ "Die Geschichte der Laubacher SPD". Retrieved 2007-04-24.
  16. ^ Kellner, Friedrich (2005). Friedrich Kellner Diary. pp. 861, p.750. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ Regierungspräsident in Darmstadt, I/1pe2-3w02, Reg. Nr. D/34613/85(J)/Ke, 19 Juli 1966
  18. ^ Pritchard, Marietta (Fall 2005). "A Promise To Keep". UMassMag.com. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  19. ^ Schmidt-Wyk, Frank (Jan. 7, 2006). "Gebrauche es wie eine Waffe". Mainz Allgemeine Zeitung. Retrieved 2007-04-24. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  20. ^ George Bush Presidential Library and Museum, Friedrich Kellner exhibit. Retrieved May 14, 2007.
  21. ^ Heimat Museum, Laubach, Germany Friedrich and Pauline Kellner exhibit
  22. ^ "Arbeitsstelle Holocaustliteratur will Kellner-Tagebücher veröffentlichen". Arbeitsstelle Holocaustliteratur am Institut für Germanistik der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen. Retrieved 2007-02-25. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  23. ^ Diary of Friedrich Kellner
  24. ^ Documentary: “My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner.”
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