Metohija: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Kosovo och Metohija.PNG|thumb|right|299px|Map of |
[[File:Kosovo och Metohija.PNG|thumb|right|299px|Map of Metohija within [[Kosovo]].]] |
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''' |
'''Metohija''' ({{lang-sq|Rrafshi i Dukagjinit}}; [[Serbian language|Serbian]]: {{lang|sr-Cyrl|Метохија}}, [[Transliteration|transliterated]] {{lang|sr-Latn|''Metohija''}} or, infrequently, {{lang|sr-Latn|''Metochia''}}), is a large [[drainage basin|basin]] and the name of the region covering the southwestern part of [[Kosovo]]. It encompasses three of the seven [[Subdivisions of Kosovo|districts]] of Kosovo, namely: |
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* [[District of Peć]] |
* [[District of Peć]] |
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== Names == |
== Names == |
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The name '' |
The name ''Metohija'' derives from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word μετόχια (''metókhia''), meaning "monastic estates" - a reference to the large number of villages and estates in the region that were owned by the [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Orthodox monasteries]] of Serbia and [[Mount Athos]] during the Middle Ages.<ref>Paulin Kola, ''The Search for Greater Albania'', p. 47 fn 108. C. Hurst & Co, 2003. ISBN 1850656649</ref> |
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In [[Albanian language|Albanian]] the area is called ''Rrafshi i Dukagjinit''<ref>"Metohija". Robert Elsie, ''Historical Dictionary Of Kosova''</ref> and means ''the plateau of [[Lekë Dukagjini|Duke Gjin (John)]]'', named after a famous Albanian medieval nobleman.<ref name="trix">Francis Trix, "Kosovar Albanians between a rock and a hard place", in ''Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milosevic and After'', p. 312. Sabrina P. Ramet, Vjeran Pavlaković (ed.). University of Washington Press, 2005. ISBN 0295985380</ref> |
In [[Albanian language|Albanian]] the area is called ''Rrafshi i Dukagjinit''<ref>"Metohija". Robert Elsie, ''Historical Dictionary Of Kosova''</ref> and means ''the plateau of [[Lekë Dukagjini|Duke Gjin (John)]]'', named after a famous Albanian medieval nobleman.<ref name="trix">Francis Trix, "Kosovar Albanians between a rock and a hard place", in ''Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milosevic and After'', p. 312. Sabrina P. Ramet, Vjeran Pavlaković (ed.). University of Washington Press, 2005. ISBN 0295985380</ref> |
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== Geography == |
== Geography == |
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Metohija is {{convert|23|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} wide at its broadest point and about {{convert|60|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long, at an average [[altitude]] of {{convert|450|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref>Geographical Atlas of Yugoslavia, University Press "Liber", Zagreb, 1987. - made from military maps of Geographical Military Institute, Belgrade.</ref> above [[sea level]]. Its principal river is the [[White Drin]]. It is bordered by the mountain ranges [[Mokra Gora]] in the north and northwest, the [[Prokletije]] in the west, [[Paštrik]] in the southwest, the [[Šar Mountains]] in the south and southeast, and [[Drenica]], which distinguishes it from the rest of Kosovo in the east and northeast. |
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The geographic division between |
The geographic division between Metohija and Kosovo causes differences between the two areas' [[flora]] and [[fauna]]. Metohija has the characteristic influence of the [[Mediterranean]], thus being the region with the highest number of Mediterranean [[species]] of flora and fauna in [[Serbia]], while Kosovo's ecology does not differ from that of the rest of Serbia. |
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Metohija consists of fertile arable land with many small rivers which provide water for irrigation and, in combination with the Mediterranean climate, give excellent fields except for [[cereals]]. This area is well known for its high quality [[vineyards]], [[fruit]] orchards and for the growing of [[chestnut]] and [[almond]] trees. |
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== Cities == |
== Cities == |
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The largest cities of |
The largest cities of Metohija are (with population figures for 2006): |
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*[[Prizren]] (165,229) |
*[[Prizren]] (165,229) |
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*[[Đakovica]] (97,156) |
*[[Đakovica]] (97,156) |
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{{seealso|History of Kosovo}} |
{{seealso|History of Kosovo}} |
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The region of |
The region of Metohija received waves of Slavic migrations in the 6th-7th centuries. In the 630s, it became a part of the newly formed [[Serbs|Serbian]] [[Principality]], Grand Principality since the middle of the 9th century) of [[Rascia]] under the [[Byzantine Empire]], with [[Desnik|Dostinik]] as its capital, ruled by the [[House of Vlastimirović]]. |
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At the dawn of the 10th century, |
At the dawn of the 10th century, Metohija was conquered by the Bulgarian Tsar [[Simeon I of Bulgaria|Simeon]]. Although Serbian rule would be briefly restored in the early 10th, Byzantine rule was restored after its fall in 960. |
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Control over the region of |
Control over the region of Metohija was slowly restored by the [[House of Vojislavljević]] Princes and Grand Princes of Rascia throughout the 11th and 12th centuries. They were replaced by the new [[House of Nemanjić]] subsequently. The [[History of Serbia|Kingdom of the Serbs]] was created in 1217, and an [[Serbian Empire|Empire]] in 1345. |
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Metohija was conquered by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] and incorporated into the Empire's [[Vilayet of Kosovo]] after the fall of Serbia in 1459. |
Metohija was conquered by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] and incorporated into the Empire's [[Vilayet of Kosovo]] after the fall of Serbia in 1459. Metohija witnessed very intense migrations of [[Albanians]], who would replace the [[Serbs]] as the dominant ethnic group of Metohija and [[Islam]] replace the previously dominant [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]].<ref>http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/balkans/serbia14591660.html</ref><ref>http://www.worldrover.com/history/serbia_and_montenegro_history.html</ref> |
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The area was taken by the [[Kingdom of Montenegro]] in the 1912 [[First Balkan War]]. During the [[First World War]], Montenegro was conquered by the [[Austro-Hungarian]] forces in 1915. The [[Central Powers]] were pushed out of |
The area was taken by the [[Kingdom of Montenegro]] in the 1912 [[First Balkan War]]. During the [[First World War]], Montenegro was conquered by the [[Austro-Hungarian]] forces in 1915. The [[Central Powers]] were pushed out of Metohija by the [[Serbian Army]] in 1918. Montenegro subsequently joined the [[Kingdom of Serbia]], which was followed by the formation of the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]. The Kingdom was reformed into the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] in 1929. The Kingdom suffered an [[Axis Powers|Axis]] invasion during [[World War II]] in 1941, and the region of Metohija was incorporated into the [[Albania under Italy|Italian-controlled Albania]]. After Italy's treaty with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in 1943, the Germans took direct control over the region. After numerous rebellions of [[Serbs|Serbian]] [[Chetniks]] and [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia|Yugoslav]] [[Partisans (Yugoslavia)|Partisans]], Metohija was liberated after 1944 and became a part of [[Serbia]]'s [[History of Kosovo|Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija]] - inside the transitional [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia]]. |
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On 17 February 2008, Kosovo [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declared independence]] from Serbia. However, Serbia still considers it as a part of its sovereign territory as an autonomous province. |
On 17 February 2008, Kosovo [[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|declared independence]] from Serbia. However, Serbia still considers it as a part of its sovereign territory as an autonomous province. |
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Revision as of 09:44, 12 February 2010
Metohija (Albanian: Rrafshi i Dukagjinit; Serbian: Метохија, transliterated [Metohija] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) or, infrequently, [Metochia] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), is a large basin and the name of the region covering the southwestern part of Kosovo. It encompasses three of the seven districts of Kosovo, namely:
The area of the region is 3,340 km2 (1,290 sq mi). The population in 2002 was 790,272, or 40 percent of the territory's total of 1,956,194.
Names
The name Metohija derives from the Greek word μετόχια (metókhia), meaning "monastic estates" - a reference to the large number of villages and estates in the region that were owned by the Orthodox monasteries of Serbia and Mount Athos during the Middle Ages.[1]
In Albanian the area is called Rrafshi i Dukagjinit[2] and means the plateau of Duke Gjin (John), named after a famous Albanian medieval nobleman.[3]
The full Serbian name "Kosovo i Metohija" was in official use until 1974, when the constitutional status of Kosovo underwent major changes in a newly established constitution for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The 1974 constitution dropped the term "Metohija" and "Kosovo" became the official term for the province as a whole. The change was not accepted in Serbia, where the old name continued to be in use (for example in the Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1986). In 1989, the then Serbian President Slobodan Milošević promulgated a new constitution for Serbia that greatly reduced the province's autonomy and restored the old name, thus symbolically undoing the earlier reforms.[3]
Geography
Metohija is 23 km (14 mi) wide at its broadest point and about 60 km (37 mi) long, at an average altitude of 450 m (1,476 ft)[4] above sea level. Its principal river is the White Drin. It is bordered by the mountain ranges Mokra Gora in the north and northwest, the Prokletije in the west, Paštrik in the southwest, the Šar Mountains in the south and southeast, and Drenica, which distinguishes it from the rest of Kosovo in the east and northeast.
The geographic division between Metohija and Kosovo causes differences between the two areas' flora and fauna. Metohija has the characteristic influence of the Mediterranean, thus being the region with the highest number of Mediterranean species of flora and fauna in Serbia, while Kosovo's ecology does not differ from that of the rest of Serbia.
Metohija consists of fertile arable land with many small rivers which provide water for irrigation and, in combination with the Mediterranean climate, give excellent fields except for cereals. This area is well known for its high quality vineyards, fruit orchards and for the growing of chestnut and almond trees.
Cities
The largest cities of Metohija are (with population figures for 2006):
History
The region of Metohija received waves of Slavic migrations in the 6th-7th centuries. In the 630s, it became a part of the newly formed Serbian Principality, Grand Principality since the middle of the 9th century) of Rascia under the Byzantine Empire, with Dostinik as its capital, ruled by the House of Vlastimirović.
At the dawn of the 10th century, Metohija was conquered by the Bulgarian Tsar Simeon. Although Serbian rule would be briefly restored in the early 10th, Byzantine rule was restored after its fall in 960.
Control over the region of Metohija was slowly restored by the House of Vojislavljević Princes and Grand Princes of Rascia throughout the 11th and 12th centuries. They were replaced by the new House of Nemanjić subsequently. The Kingdom of the Serbs was created in 1217, and an Empire in 1345.
Metohija was conquered by the Ottomans and incorporated into the Empire's Vilayet of Kosovo after the fall of Serbia in 1459. Metohija witnessed very intense migrations of Albanians, who would replace the Serbs as the dominant ethnic group of Metohija and Islam replace the previously dominant Orthodox Christianity.[5][6]
The area was taken by the Kingdom of Montenegro in the 1912 First Balkan War. During the First World War, Montenegro was conquered by the Austro-Hungarian forces in 1915. The Central Powers were pushed out of Metohija by the Serbian Army in 1918. Montenegro subsequently joined the Kingdom of Serbia, which was followed by the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. The Kingdom was reformed into the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. The Kingdom suffered an Axis invasion during World War II in 1941, and the region of Metohija was incorporated into the Italian-controlled Albania. After Italy's treaty with the Allies in 1943, the Germans took direct control over the region. After numerous rebellions of Serbian Chetniks and Yugoslav Partisans, Metohija was liberated after 1944 and became a part of Serbia's Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija - inside the transitional Democratic Federal Yugoslavia.
On 17 February 2008, Kosovo declared independence from Serbia. However, Serbia still considers it as a part of its sovereign territory as an autonomous province.
References
- ^ Paulin Kola, The Search for Greater Albania, p. 47 fn 108. C. Hurst & Co, 2003. ISBN 1850656649
- ^ "Metohija". Robert Elsie, Historical Dictionary Of Kosova
- ^ a b Francis Trix, "Kosovar Albanians between a rock and a hard place", in Serbia Since 1989: Politics and Society Under Milosevic and After, p. 312. Sabrina P. Ramet, Vjeran Pavlaković (ed.). University of Washington Press, 2005. ISBN 0295985380
- ^ Geographical Atlas of Yugoslavia, University Press "Liber", Zagreb, 1987. - made from military maps of Geographical Military Institute, Belgrade.
- ^ http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/balkans/serbia14591660.html
- ^ http://www.worldrover.com/history/serbia_and_montenegro_history.html
See also
