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Published by Parbury, Allen, and Co., 1841, Item notes: v. 39, Original from the New York Public Library, Digitized 1 Apr 2008, pg 220-224</ref>
Published by Parbury, Allen, and Co., 1841, Item notes: v. 39, Original from the New York Public Library, Digitized 1 Apr 2008, pg 220-224</ref>


The Imperial Gazetteer of India also confirms this line of descent; it states, "Its (Tanawul's) real rulers, however, were the Tanawalis, a tribe of Mughal descent divided into two septs, the Pul-al and Hando-al or Hind-wal."<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee23greauoft/imperialgazettee23greauoft_djvu.txt Imperial Gazetteer of India], v. 23, Singhbhum to Trashi-Chod-Zong, p. 219. 1908, by [[India Office|India Office of Great Britain]], Sir [[William Wilson Hunter]], edited by Henry Frowde, publisher to the [[University of Oxford]]</ref>
The Imperial Gazetteer of India also confirms this line of descent; it states, "Its (Tanawul's) real rulers, however, were the Tanawalis, divided into two septs, the Pul-al and Hando-al or Hind-wal."<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/imperialgazettee23greauoft/imperialgazettee23greauoft_djvu.txt Imperial Gazetteer of India], v. 23, Singhbhum to Trashi-Chod-Zong, p. 219. 1908, by [[India Office|India Office of Great Britain]], Sir [[William Wilson Hunter]], edited by Henry Frowde, publisher to the [[University of Oxford]]</ref>


The Sikh records<ref>Maharaja Kharak Singh, June 27, 1839-November 5, 1840: select records preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi
The Sikh records<ref>Maharaja Kharak Singh, June 27, 1839-November 5, 1840: select records preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi
Line 34: Line 34:
Digitized 12 Feb 2009
Digitized 12 Feb 2009
458 pages
458 pages
</ref> of the region also confirm this line of descent of the Tanolis. They state, "The family of Paeendah Khan is a branch of the Birlas, a Mogul House, well known in history. All record of its first settlement in Tanawul is lost. It may perhaps have been left there by the Emperor Baber. Among the list of whose nobles, the name Birlas is found."
</ref> of the region also confirm this line of descent of the Tanolis. They state, "The family of Paeendah Khan , well known in history. All record of its first settlement in Tanawul is lost. It may perhaps have been left there by the Emperor Baber. Among the list of whose nobles, the name Birlas is found."


This claim of descent has also been mentioned by Wikeley, J. M, who writes "The Tanaolis claim de-
This claim of descent has also been mentioned by Wikeley, J. M, who writes "The Tanaolis claim de-
scent from Amir Khan, a Barlas Moghal, whose two sons Hind Khan and Pal Khan crossed the Indus about the end of the 17th century, from the country round Mahaban, and settled in the Mountainous area now held by them and named after the tribe — Tanawal.<ref>Punjabi Musalmans ([19--])
scent from Amir Khan, whose two sons Hind Khan and Pal Khan crossed the Indus about the end of the 17th century, from the country round Mahaban, and settled in the Mountainous area now held by them and named after the tribe — Tanawal.<ref>Punjabi Musalmans ([19--])


Author: Wikeley, J. M
Author: Wikeley, J. M
Line 49: Line 49:
Collection: toronto (page 159)</ref>
Collection: toronto (page 159)</ref>


Some historians have mentioned the Pashtun origin of the tanoli family of the Nawab of Amb. In 'The Golden Book of India', Sir Roper Lethbridge on page 328 states about Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan, ''Sir, K.C.S.I The Nawab Bahadur is Chief of Amb, on the right bank of the Indus, where he and his ancestors have long been independent. Belongs to a Pathan (Muhammadan) family...''.<ref>The golden book of India By Roper Lethbridge, Sir Roper Lethbridge K.C.I.E., pg 328</ref>
Some historians have mentioned origin of the tanoli family of the Nawab of Amb. In 'The Golden Book of India', Sir Roper Lethbridge on page 328 states about Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan, ''Sir, K.C.S.I The Nawab Bahadur is Chief of Amb, on the right bank of the Indus, where he and his ancestors have long been independent. Belongs to a) family...''.<ref>The golden book of India By Roper Lethbridge, Sir Roper Lethbridge K.C.I.E., pg 328</ref>


Another authoritative source, namely 'Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Foreign Department'(1856)<ref>Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Foreign Department By India Foreign and Political Dept, India Published by "Calcutta Gazette" Office, 1856, Item notes: no. 12, Original from Harvard University, Digitized 10 Jun 2008</ref>, states about the Tanolis; "It (Tannawal) is inhabited chiefly by the Turnoulees, a Tribe of martial Puthans."<ref>pg 84</ref>
Another authoritative source, namely 'Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Foreign Department'(1856)<ref>Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Foreign Department By India Foreign and Political Dept, India Published by "Calcutta Gazette" Office, 1856, Item notes: no. 12, Original from Harvard University, Digitized 10 Jun 2008</ref>, states about the Tanolis; "It (Tannawal) is inhabited chiefly by the Turnoulees, a Tribe of martial ."<ref>pg 84</ref>


The commentary to the 1881/1891 census narrates this tradition but it observes that "[however,] there can be little doubt that they are of <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] or [[Indo-European]]<nowiki> origin]</nowiki><ref group="n"> Rose uses the term "Aryan",<!-- DO NOT LINK. Not same meaning. --> which in the 1880s context refers to either "[[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]]" or "[[Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]]", and speakers of those language groups.</ref> and probably of [[India]]n stock."<ref name="Rose_256" />
The commentary to the 1881/1891 census narrates this tradition but it observes that "[however,] there can be little doubt that they are of <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]] or [[Indo-European]]<nowiki> origin]</nowiki><ref group="n"> Rose uses the term "Aryan",<!-- DO NOT LINK. Not same meaning. --> which in the 1880s context refers to either "[[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Iranian]]" or "[[Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]]", and speakers of those language groups.</ref> and probably of [[India]]n stock."<ref name="Rose_256" />

Revision as of 19:12, 13 February 2010

The Tanoli are a tribe of the Tanawal valley region in the Hazara region of Pakistan's North-West Frontier Province and Afghanistan

Although "not usually acknowledged as Pashtuns, the Tanoli have by long association become assimilated with them in manners, customs, and character."[1] "The tribal and cultural practices of the Tanolis closely resemble those of the Pathans".[2] Tribally allied with the Pathans,[3][4][5] the Tanoli participated in the frontier wars with the British and in Charles Allen's analysis of those wars, the Tanoli are described as being "extremely hostile" and "brave and hardy and accounted for the best swordsmen in Hazara."[6]

Names

The Tanoli are also known as Tanawal, for the name of the river. The British Census included several variant forms of the name:[7] Taniwal Tanole Tanaoli, Tanol, Tol, Tholi, Tahoa, Tarnoli,Tanis,Tanai, Turnouli, Tanawali.

Homelands

The Tanoli were first encountered by Westerners around 1700 "in the trans Indus basin of the Mahaban from which they were driven across the Indus by the Yusufzai" tribe.[1] By the late 19th century the Tanaoli had settled the Tanawal tract in the west center of the district between Abbottabad and the Indus,[1] and in the extensive hill country between the river and the Urash plains.[1]

According to the Settlement Report of Hazara, compiled by Major Wace (1872), the Tanolis, who founded a state named Amb, had already established their authority over Tanawal. The voluminous Urdu copy of the settlement report of Hazara contains many passages in its historical resume of the area. In a number of maps drawn at the time and enclosed in the report, showing Hazara under the Mughals and under the Durranis, the Amb state has been shown as Mulk-i-Tanawal. The original existence of that Mulk is as old as the middle period of the great Afghan invasions of India.

The Tanoli are divided into two major sub-tribes: the Hindwal and the Pallal. The latter occupies the northern portion of the Tanawal tract, and, until the dissolution of the princely states in 1968, constituted the semi-independent principality of Amb.[1]

According to Tanoli tradition (preserved in a commentary based on an 1881/1891 census report[8]) they are named after a place in "Afghanistan" (not to be confused with the present-day state of Afghanistan[n 1])

Apical ancestor

As is also the case for all other ethnic groups of the region, tracing their lineage to an apical ancestor is crucial to the Tanoli's sense of identity.

The Tanoli consider themselves to descend from one Amir Khan, a Barlas Mughal who (so says their tradition) arrived in the Tanawal valley with his sons around 1500, having crossed the Indus river to get there.[1]

The details of this tradition—as preserved in the Tarikh-i-Tanaolian ("History of Tanolies")—runs as follows: Upon defeating a Hindu king Jaipala, one Sultan Sabuktagin conquered the region up to Attock on the Indus. The victor then resettled[n 1] five thousand Mughals, Syeds and Afghans in Swat where Din Khan Mughal, an Anawar, was appointed the ruler. The ancestors of the Tanoli eventually settled in Mahaban. Some time later, in search of land, they crossed the Indus river under the command of Maulvi Mohammad Ibrahim, and captured territory from the Turkic peoples settled there. Among the new settlers was Amir Khan Beerdewa and his six[clarification needed] sons (Pall Khan, Hind Khan, Thakar Khan, Arjin Khan and Kul Khan) who settled the Tanawal region; the six clans or sub-tribes are allegedly named after the six sons of Beerdewa.

This claim of descent of Tanolis is also mentioned in The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia (1841), in the following words; "There is one chief who, though not a Eusofzye, yet from his position in the midst of, and intimate connection with, the Eusofzyes, and his singular history and character, must not be omitted in a description of the Eusofzye country. Paieendah Khan, of Tanawul, is a Mogul of the Birlas tribe, the same from which the Ameer Timoor was descended. All record of the first settlement in Tanawul of his family is lost, and it has long ago broken off all connection with the other branches of the Birlas, which are still to be found in Turkestan."[9]

The Imperial Gazetteer of India also confirms this line of descent; it states, "Its (Tanawul's) real rulers, however, were the Tanawalis, divided into two septs, the Pul-al and Hando-al or Hind-wal."[10]

The Sikh records[11] of the region also confirm this line of descent of the Tanolis. They state, "The family of Paeendah Khan , well known in history. All record of its first settlement in Tanawul is lost. It may perhaps have been left there by the Emperor Baber. Among the list of whose nobles, the name Birlas is found."

This claim of descent has also been mentioned by Wikeley, J. M, who writes "The Tanaolis claim de- scent from Amir Khan, whose two sons Hind Khan and Pal Khan crossed the Indus about the end of the 17th century, from the country round Mahaban, and settled in the Mountainous area now held by them and named after the tribe — Tanawal.[12]

Some historians have mentioned origin of the tanoli family of the Nawab of Amb. In 'The Golden Book of India', Sir Roper Lethbridge on page 328 states about Nawab Muhammad Akram Khan, Sir, K.C.S.I The Nawab Bahadur is Chief of Amb, on the right bank of the Indus, where he and his ancestors have long been independent. Belongs to a) family....[13]

Another authoritative source, namely 'Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Foreign Department'(1856)[14], states about the Tanolis; "It (Tannawal) is inhabited chiefly by the Turnoulees, a Tribe of martial ."[15]

The commentary to the 1881/1891 census narrates this tradition but it observes that "[however,] there can be little doubt that they are of [Indo-Iranian or Indo-European origin][n 2] and probably of Indian stock."[1]

Some sources relate the Tanoli tribe to the Janjua Rajputs. They believe the Tanolis are offspring of one Raja Tanoli, son of Raja Mal. Raja Mal had five sons...Wir(Bhir), Jodh, Kahla, Tanoli, and Khaka.[16]. It is to be noted that the Tanolis do not support this theory and it is an exceptional case where a tribe recorded of Rajput decent by the Rajputs, denies such a connection.

The Tanoli are said to be of Afghan race by quite a few historians, including Edward Balfour in his best known work, Cyclopaedia of India.[17]

History

Mir Painda Khan

Mir Painda Khan, son of Mir Nawab Khan (who defeated the Durranis), is famed for his rebellion against Maharaja Ranjit Singh's governors of Hazara. Painda Khan "played a considerable part in the history of his time and vigorously opposed the Sikhs."[18]

From about 1813, Mir Painda Khan spent a life long rebellion against the Sikhs. Hari Singh Nalwa, the Sikh Governor of Maharaja Ranjit Singh to Hazara, took the initiative during his governorship of setting up forts at strategic locations to keep Painda Khan in check.

Painda Khan's rebellion against the Sikh empire cost him a major portion of his kingdom, leaving only the tract around Amb,[19] with his twin capitals Amb and Darband. This increased his resistance against the Sikh government.

In 1828 Mir Painda Khan gifted the territory of Phulra as an independent Khanate to his brother Madad Khan, which later on was recognised by the British as a semi-independent Princely State.

Painda Khan was the Nawab of Amb who took over the valley of Agror in 1834. The Swatis appealed to Sardar Hari Singh, who was unable to help them but in 1841[20], Hari Singh's successor restored Agror to Ata Muhammad, a descendant of Sad-ud-din.[21]

General Dhaurikal Singh, commanding officer of the Sikh troops in Hazara, had Painda Khan poisoned to death in September 1844. Painda Khan is still revered in Hazara as a hero.

Major J. Abbott[22] commented that 'During the first period of Painda Khan's career, he was far too vigorous and powerful to be molested by any neighbouring tribe, and when he began to fail before the armies and purse of the Sikh Government, he was interested in keeping upon the best terms with his northern neighbours of the Black Mountains.' He is further described by him as, 'a Chief renowned on the Border, a wild and energetic man who was never subjugated by the Sikhs.'[23]

Mir Jehandad Khan

"Of all the tribal chiefs of Hazara, the most powerful [was] said to be Jehandad Khan of the Tanoli."[6] His territories laid on both banks of the Indus, and, as the son of Painda Khan, Jehandad Khan was particularly well respected among his peoples.[6]

When Sikh power was on the fall in 1845 Jehandad Khan blockaded the garrisons of no less than 22 Sikh posts in Upper Tanawal; and when they surrendered at discretion, he spared their lives, as the servants of a fallen Empire. "The act, however, stood him afterwards in good stead; for, when Hazara was assigened to Maharaja Golab Singh, that politic ruler rewarded Jehandad Khan's humanity with the jagir of Koolge and Badnuck in Lower Tannowul."[24]

As far as Jehandad Khans hereditary domain of Upper Tanawal, with the capital at Amb is concerned, the term 'jagir' has never been applicable to it. The British Government considered Upper Tannowul as a chiefship held under the British Government, but in which, as a rule, they did not possess internal jurisdiction. The Chief managed his own people in his own way without regard to British laws, rules or system. This tenure resembled that on which the Chiefs of Patiala, Jhind, Nabha, Kapurthala and others held their lands.[25]

In 1852, Jehandad Khan was summoned by the president of the Board of Administration (who travelled to Hazara to see the Khan) in relation to a murder enquiry of two British officers in his lands.[26] When the president threatened the Khan to give up the murderers or suffer the consequences (of burning down the villages and giving the region to another), the Khan is said to have replied "We should consider your presence (in our kingdom) an honour, but our country is a 'rather difficult one' for your army."[27]

This response was the talk of the day and it is remembered by many locals of Hazara even to this day as a heroic answer.

He was the son of Painda Khan. When he died, he left a nine year old boy: Muhammad Akram Khan.[28]

Nawab Sir Muhammad Akram Khan

During the tenure of Nawab Sir Akram Khan K.C.S.I. (1868 - 1907), son of Jehandad Khan, the fort at Shergarh was constructed, along with Dogah and Shahkot Forts. His rule was a peaceful time for Tanawal with no major conflicts. He was later conferred the title Nawab Bahadur by the British Raj.[29]

Shergarh Fort

Not to be confused with Muhammad Akram (1817-1852), one of the sons of Dost Mohammad Khan.[30]

Nawab Sir Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan

Nawab Khanizaman Khan, son of Akram Khan, helped the British in carrying out the Black Mountain (Kala Dhaka/Tur Ghar) expeditions..

File:1920, field marshall lord william birdwood and nawab khan zaman khan, commander in chief india.jpg
Left:Field Marshal William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood, Commander-in-Chief of the British Indian Army, Right:Nawab Sir Muhammad Khan Zaman Khan of Amb. At Darband, Amb State, 1925

Nawab Sir Muhammad Farid Khan

Nawab Sir Muhammad Farid Khan K.B.E. succeeded his father Nawab Khanizaman Khan. He had had a very good relationship with The Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Nawabzada Liaqat Ali Khan. His contributions to the Pakistan movement have been acknowledged by letters from The Quaid e Azam[31][32]. In 1947 the Nawab of Amb, Mohammad Farid Khan, acceded to Pakistan by signing the Instrument of Accession of his State, in favour of Pakistan. In 1969, the State was incorporated into the North-West Frontier Province. He died in 1969 and in 1971 the royal status of the Nawab was abolished by the Government of Pakistan.>

In this picture seated (left to right): Sahibzada Mohammad Khurshid (first Pakistani Governor of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan), Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan (Liāqat Alī Khān) (Urdu: لیاقت علی خان) listen (help·info) (2 October 1896 – 16 October 1951) the first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawab Sir Muhammad Farid Khan (Nawab of Amb) and Begum Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan (wife of Liaquat Ali Khan. Darband, Amb State, 1949.

Malik Nawab Khan Tanoli

Malik Nawab Khan,[clarification needed] of Lower Tanawal, is commented by Major J. Abbott[22] as a "Brave man" in his book written on Abbottabad. Malik Nawab Khan was a learned man and an able soldier. He was a strong religious man. Malik Nawab Khan was among the fellow tribesmen of famous Mir Jehandad Khan.

List of the hereditary Tanoli rulers of Amb State

Tenure Rulers of Amb (Tanawal)[33]
unknown date - 1803 (Mir) Haibat Khan
1803 - unknown date (Mir) Hashim Ali Khan
unknown date - 1818 (Mir) Nawab Khan
1818 - 1840 (Mir) Painda Khan
1840 - 1868 (Nawab) Jahandad Khan
1868 - 1907 (Nawab) Mohammad Akram Khan
1907 - 26 February 1936 (Nawab) Khanizaman Khan
26 February 1936 - 1971 (Nawab) Mohammad Farid Khan
1971 - 1973 (Nawab) Saeed Khan
1973 (Nawab) Salahuddin Khan

Characteristics and Features of Tribal Tanolies (Based on the classification of tribes of the Indo-Pak by the British)

[34]

The Tanolies were counted amongst the Martial races, an ideology based on the assumption that certain ethnic groups are inherently more martially inclined than others( It was a term originally used by the British, who observed that the Scottish Highlanders were more fierce in battle than others in Britain, and extended this concept to India).

File:1941, field marshall sir claude auchenlek. commander in chief of india reviewing amb state guard.jpg
Field Marshal Sir Claude John Eyre Auchinleck, Commmander in Chief of India, reviewing Amb State Guard, escorted by Ali Asghar Khan and Subedar Major Shah Zaman of Amb State Guard, Darband, 1941.

They have many Pashtun customs and take much pride in their dress and appearance.

The Tanolis support themselves almost exclusively by agriculture, and their principal food is unleavened bread with buttermilk and butter; but fowls, eggs, fish, and game are also articles of diet.

Of those who live in the hills, many are as fair as Italians, with eyes of light hazel or greyish blue, and frequently brown hair and reddish beards. Those who live on the low-lying lands near the Indus are darker. All are stout and active men, and have the reputation of being good soldiers and staunch partisans.

They are hardy and simple in their habits, generally free from the vices of thieving and debauchery; but credulous, obstinate, and unforgiving.

Religiously; they are Mohammedans of the Sunni sect.

Tanoli Sub Tribes

The Hindwal and Pallal are the major divisions of the tribe. The further sub–divisions of the tribe are :[35]

1. Hindwal. —

(1) Jamal :- Charyal. Ledhyal. Abdwal. Khankhail
(2) Saryal :- Lalal. Hedral. Baizal
(3) Jalwal.
(4) Bohal.
(5) Baigal.
(6) Tekral.
(7) An sal.
(8) Masand.
(9) Rains.

2. Pallal.

(1) Labhya (Suba Khani).
(2) Matyal.
{3) Bainkaryal.
(4) Dairal.
(5) Sadhal.
(6) Judhal.
(7) Baigal.
(8) Tekral.
{9) Asnal.
{10) Masand.
{11) Rains.

3. Bhujal

  • Khan Khel
  • Painda Khel
  • Tani Khel

Tanolis Today

Most members of the Tanoli tribe reside in the former state of Amb in the Hazara Division of the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, in the cities of Abbottabad, Haripur and its district, Mansehra, Battagram and Kohistan districts. A branch of the Tanoli tribe also resides in Kashmir, mainly in Muzaffarabad and Srinagar. Tanolis are also living in some areas of Swabi,Khalabat, Nowshera, Mardan,Rawalpindi, Gujar Khan and Sultanpur. A significant number of Tanolis also living in Karachi. There are also quite a few Tanoli families residing in the city of Queeta in the Balochistan Province. They dominate the Tanawal-Sherwan belt.[2]

The Tanoli tribe lives all over Afghanistan, where most of them live are Paktia, Gardaiz, and Ghazni, in the Hazara Division of Pakistan The principal language of the Tanoli is adopted Hindko. Tanolis living in Pashtun dominated areas speak Pashto.

Also, the Tanoli live in areas where most speak Urdu as the national language of Pakistan. It is all talk, but there are many who also adopted the Urdu language.

Notable Tanolis

Notable Tanolis include:


Notes

  1. ^ a b In a historical and ethnic context, "Afghanistan" has a different meaning and geography than the present-day borders indicate. Tanal Pass—which in the Tarikh-i-Tanaolian is mentioned as the place they migrated from—is only a short journey from the area that the same source says they migrated to. Today, they are even in the same administrative district (Swat).
  2. ^ Rose uses the term "Aryan", which in the 1880s context refers to either "Indo-Iranian" or "Indo-European", and speakers of those language groups.

References and bibliography

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Rose 1911, p. 256.
  2. ^ a b Society and Culture Abbottatabad District website, Government of Pakistan.
  3. ^ Oliver 1890, p. 313.
  4. ^ Scott 1928, p. 71.
  5. ^ Bonarjee 1899, p. 37.
  6. ^ a b c Allen 2001, p. 139.
  7. ^ Rose 1911, p. 455.
  8. ^ Rose 1911, pp. 1ff.
  9. ^ The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia Published by Parbury, Allen, and Co., 1841, Item notes: v. 39, Original from the New York Public Library, Digitized 1 Apr 2008, pg 220-224
  10. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 23, Singhbhum to Trashi-Chod-Zong, p. 219. 1908, by India Office of Great Britain, Sir William Wilson Hunter, edited by Henry Frowde, publisher to the University of Oxford
  11. ^ Maharaja Kharak Singh, June 27, 1839-November 5, 1840: select records preserved in the National Archives of India, New Delhi By Fauja Singh, National Archives of India Published by Dept. of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University, 1977 Original from the University of California Digitized 12 Feb 2009 458 pages
  12. ^ Punjabi Musalmans ([19--]) Author: Wikeley, J. M Subject: Muslims -- India; Punjab -- History Publisher: Lahore Book House Possible copyright status: NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT Language: English Call number: ABU-5769 Digitizing sponsor: MSN Book contributor: Robarts - University of Toronto Collection: toronto (page 159)
  13. ^ The golden book of India By Roper Lethbridge, Sir Roper Lethbridge K.C.I.E., pg 328
  14. ^ Selections from the Records of the Government of India, Foreign Department By India Foreign and Political Dept, India Published by "Calcutta Gazette" Office, 1856, Item notes: no. 12, Original from Harvard University, Digitized 10 Jun 2008
  15. ^ pg 84
  16. ^ Punjab Chiefs by Lepel H. Griffin, Lahore Press, 1909, p214
  17. ^ Cyclopædia India eastern southern Asia commercial industrial scientific, Edition: 3 - Item notes: v. 5, page 232 - 1873
  18. ^ Burns 1908, p. 219.
  19. ^ Hussain Khan (2003). iUniverse (ed.). Chronicles of Early Janjuas. p. 27. ISBN 059528096X. (it cites "The Gazeteer of North-West Frontier Province, 138" as its source)
  20. ^ Chiefs and families of note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat . By Charles Francis Massy, page 435
  21. ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 5, p. 92.
  22. ^ a b Deputy Commissioner and Superintendent of the British Government, Hazara, (1851), from whom the administrative capital of Hazara, Abbottabad, takes its name
  23. ^ A Collection of Papers realting to the HIstory, Status and Powers of The Nawab of Amb, pg 58, Published 1874, Punjab Secretariat
  24. ^ In a letter dated; Peshawar, 10th December 1858, from Lt. Col. H. B. Edwards, Commissioner and Supdt, Peshawar Division, to the Financial Commissioner of the Punjab. extracted from 'A Collection of Papers realting to the HIstory, Status and Powers of The Nawab of Amb, pg. 83, Published 1874, Punjab Secretariat
  25. ^ letter dated 21st March 1863. From T. D. Forsyth, Officiating Secretary to the Government Punjab to Secretary to the Governemnt of India, Foreign Department, Collection of Papers Relating To The HISTORY, STATUS AND POWERS Of THE CHIEF OF AMB, 97 Pages, Published 1874, Punjab Secretariat, pg. 58
  26. ^ The inquiry was regarding Messrs. Carne and Tapp the two British Salt Dept. officers who were killed in the country of Jehandad Khan, in 1851
  27. ^ Allen 2001, pp. 203–204.
  28. ^ Hubert Digby Watson (1992). Sarhad Urdu Academy (ed.). Gazetteer of the Hazara District, 1907. p. 20,170,193.
  29. ^ Roper Lethbridge (2001). Adamant Media Corporation (ed.). The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. ISBN 1402193289.
  30. ^ Christine Noelle, Christine Noelle-Karimi (1997). Routledge (ed.). State and Tribe in Nineteenth-century Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Dost Muhammad Khan (1826-1863) (illustrated ed.). pp. 36, 387. ISBN 0700706291.
  31. ^ Quaid-I-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: First Series, Volume III: On the Threshold of Pakistan, July 1 - July 25, 1947 By Mahomed Ali Jinnah, Z. H. Zaidi Contributor Z. H. Zaidi Edition: illustrated Published by Oxford University Press, 1997 Original from the University of Michigan Digitized 29 Aug 2008 ISBN 9698156070, 9789698156077 1120 pages
  32. ^ Frontier of faith: Islam in the Indo-Afghan borderland By Sana Haroon Edition: illustrated Published by Columbia University Press, 2008 ISBN 023170013X, 9780231700139 254 pages
  33. ^ Ben Cahoon, WorldStatesmen.org. "Pakistan Princely States". Retrieved 2007-10-03.
  34. ^ The People of India: A Series of Photographic Illustrations, with Descriptive Letterpress, of the Races and Tribes of Hindustan, Originally Prepared Under the Authority of the Government of India, and Reproduced by Order of the Secretary of State for India in Council By John Forbes Watson, John William Kaye, Meadows Taylor, Great Britain. India Office Published by India museum, 1872 Item notes: v. 5 online
  35. ^ Punjabi Musalmans ([19--]) Author: Wikeley, J. M Subject: Muslims -- India; Punjab -- History Publisher: Lahore Book House Possible copyright status: NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT Language: English Call number: ABU-5769 Digitizing sponsor: MSN Book contributor: Robarts - University of Toronto Collection: toronto pages: 159-161 online: [1]
  36. ^ http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Karachi/25-Oct-2009/Balochistan-education-minister-Shafiq-Ahmed-shot-dead
  37. ^ Professor Muftee Munib Ur RehmanChairman Central Royat Hillal Committee, interview with KalPoint.com, 2006-05-12
  38. ^ "Bollywood actor Firoz Khan dies at 70". Dawn. 2009-04-27.
  • Also referred here Pashtun tribe mentioned are Pashtun [2]
  • Allen, Charles (2001), Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-west Frontier, New York: Abacus, ISBN 0-349-11456-0.
  • Bonarjee, P. D. (1899), A Handbook of Fighting Races of India, Calcutta: Thacker Spink (fasc. 1975, New Delhi: Asian Publication Services).
  • Burns, Richard, ed. (1908), Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol. 23 (new ed.), Oxford: Clarendon, p. 219.
  • Lethbridge, Roper (1893), The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled or Decorated, of the Indian Empire, London: Macmillan (fasc. 2001 New York: Elibron/Adamant).
  • Oliver, Edward Emerson (1890), Across the Border: Pathan and Bilochi, ???????: ????????.
  • Scott, George Batley (1928), Afghan and Pathan: A Sketch, ???????: ???????.
  • Rose, Horace Arthur (1911), A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province: Based on the Census Report for the Punjab, 1883, by the late Sir Denzil Ibbetson, K.C.S.I., and the Census Report for the Punjab, 1892, by Sir Edward Maclagan, K.C.I.F, C.S.I., vol. 3 (L-Z), Lahore: Government Printing House (fasc. 1990 New Delhi: Asian Educational Services) (online version of facsimil, pages 216 256, 454)
  • Watson, H. D., ed. (1883/4), Gazeteer of Hazara District, London: Chatto & Windus {{citation}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link).
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