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* ''[[Ender's Game]]'', by [[Orson Scott Card]] (1985)<ref name="autogenerated2006"/> |
* ''[[Ender's Game]]'', by [[Orson Scott Card]] (1985)<ref name="autogenerated2006"/> |
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* ''[[Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit]]'', by [[Jeanette Winterson]] (1985)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oranges/context.html |title=Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit: Context |publisher=Sparknotes |date=1959-08-27 |accessdate=2011-04-21| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110503021102/http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oranges/context.html| archivedate= 3 May 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
* ''[[Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit]]'', by [[Jeanette Winterson]] (1985)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oranges/context.html |title=Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit: Context |publisher=Sparknotes |date=1959-08-27 |accessdate=2011-04-21| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110503021102/http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/oranges/context.html| archivedate= 3 May 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
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* ''[[Norwegian Wood (novel)|Norwegian Wood]]'', by [[Haruki Murakami]] (1987)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2010/07/norwegian-wood-on-having-a-girl-and-losing-her/60340/}}</ref> |
* ''[[Norwegian Wood (novel)|Norwegian Wood]]'', by [[Haruki Murakami]] (1987)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2010/07/norwegian-wood-on-having-a-girl-and-losing-her/60340/}}</ref> |
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* ''[[English Music (novel)|English Music]]'', by [[Peter Ackroyd]] (1992) <ref>{{cite web|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mRWtSWDXBn8C&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=%22english+music%22+ackroyd&source=bl&ots=zH19JErc-S&sig=pleb503Dw6r78VC6uxQvCVhB9-o&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nIOzUcniOaSt0QWa9IGYCQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q=%22english%20music%22%20ackroyd&f=false</ref> |
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* ''[[The Perks of Being a Wallflower]]'', by [[Stephen Chbosky]] (1999)<ref name="thetop2" /> |
* ''[[The Perks of Being a Wallflower]]'', by [[Stephen Chbosky]] (1999)<ref name="thetop2" /> |
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* ''[[The Secret Life of Bees]]'', by [[Sue Monk Kidd]] (2002)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/secretbees/canalysis.html |title=Secret Life of Bees-Character Analysis |publisher=Sparknotes |date= |accessdate=2011-04-21| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110503023152/http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/secretbees/canalysis.html| archivedate= 3 May 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
* ''[[The Secret Life of Bees]]'', by [[Sue Monk Kidd]] (2002)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/secretbees/canalysis.html |title=Secret Life of Bees-Character Analysis |publisher=Sparknotes |date= |accessdate=2011-04-21| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20110503023152/http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/secretbees/canalysis.html| archivedate= 3 May 2011 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 09:36, 9 June 2013
 | It has been suggested that this article be merged into Coming-of-age story. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2013. |
In literary criticism, a Bildungsroman (German pronunciation: [ˈbɪldʊŋs.ʁoˌmaːn]; German: "novel of formation/education/culture"),[1] novel of formation, novel of education,[2] or coming-of-age story is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age),[3] and in which character change is thus extremely important.[4]
History
The term was coined in 1819 by philologist Karl Morgenstern in his university lectures, and later famously reprised by Wilhelm Dilthey, who legitimized it in 1870 and popularized it in 1905.[1][5] The genre is further characterized by a number of formal, topical, and thematic features.[6] The term coming-of-age novel is sometimes used interchangeably with Bildungsroman, but its use is usually wider and less technical.
The birth of the Bildungsroman is normally dated to the publication Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang Goethe in 1795–96.[7] Although the Bildungsroman arose in Germany, it has had extensive influence first in Europe and later throughout the world. Thomas Carlyle translated Goethe’s novel into English, and after its publication in 1824, many British authors wrote novels inspired by it.[citation needed] In the 20th century, it has spread to Germany, Britain, France,[8] and several other countries around the globe.[citation needed]
The genre translates fairly directly into cinematic form, the coming-of-age film.
Plot outline
A Bildungsroman tells about the growing up or coming of age of a sensitive person who is looking for answers and experience. The genre evolved from folklore tales of a dunce or youngest son going out in the world to seek his fortune. Usually in the beginning of the story there is an emotional loss which makes the protagonist leave on his journey. In a Bildungsroman, the goal is maturity, and the protagonist achieves it gradually and with difficulty. The genre often features a main conflict between the main character and society. Typically, the values of society are gradually accepted by the protagonist and he is ultimately accepted into society – the protagonist's mistakes and disappointments are over. In some works, the protagonist is able to reach out and help others after having achieved maturity.
There are many variations and subgenres of Bildungsroman that focus on the growth of an individual. An Entwicklungsroman ("development novel") is a story of general growth rather than self-cultivation. An Erziehungsroman ("education novel") focuses on training and formal schooling,[citation needed] while a Künstlerroman ("artist novel") is about the development of an artist and shows a growth of the self.[9]
Examples
- Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, by Ibn Tufail (12th century), a precursor of the genre[10]
- Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontë (1847) [11]
- The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, by Henry Fielding (1749)[12]
- The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman, by Laurence Sterne (1759)[12]
- Candide, by Voltaire (1759)[13]
- David Copperfield, by Charles Dickens (1850)
- Green Henry, by Gottfried Keller (1855)[14]
- Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens (1861)
- Maurice, by E. M. Forster (written in 1913–14, published posthumously in 1971)
- What Maisie Knew, by Henry James (1897)[15]
- Martin Eden, by Jack London (1909)[16]
- The Book of Khalid, by Ameen Rihani (1911)[17]
- Sons and Lovers, by D. H. Lawrence (1913)[18]
- A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, by James Joyce (1916)[19]
- Demian: The Story of Emil Sinclair's Youth by Hermann Hesse (1919, prologue added in 1960)
- This Side of Paradise by F. Scott Fitzgerald (1920)[20]
- Pather Panchali, by Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay (1929)[21]
- Black Boy, by Richard Wright (1945),[22]
- The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger (1951)[23]
- The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (for plot character Eustace Scrubb) by C. S. Lewis (1952)
- Goodbye, Columbus, by Philip Roth (1959)[24]
- To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee (1960)[23]
- Dune, by Frank Herbert (1965)[25]
- The Outsiders, by S.E. Hinton (1967)[26]
- Bless Me, Ultima, by Rudolfo Anaya (1972)[27]
- The Princess Bride, by William Goldman (1973)
- Bright Lights, Big City, by Jay McInerney (1984)[28]
- Ender's Game, by Orson Scott Card (1985)[26]
- Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, by Jeanette Winterson (1985)[29]
- Norwegian Wood, by Haruki Murakami (1987)[30]
- English Music, by Peter Ackroyd (1992) [31]
- The Perks of Being a Wallflower, by Stephen Chbosky (1999)[23]
- The Secret Life of Bees, by Sue Monk Kidd (2002)[32]
- The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini (2003)[33]
- Never Let Me Go, by Kazuo Ishiguro (2005)[23]
- Indecision, by Benjamin Kunkel (2005)[34]
- Black Swan Green, by David Mitchell (2006)[35]
- The Harry Potter series, by J. K. Rowling (1997-2007)
- Gone With the Wind, by Margaret Mitchell (1936)
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Engel (2008) p. 263 and 266. Engel explains that the term has in recent years been applied to very different novels but originally meant a novel of formation of a character, of an individual personality in interaction (including conflict) with society. He also points out that it was, like the "novel of education" (Erziehungsroman), a subgenre of the "novel of development" ("Entwicklungsroman").
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica
- ^ Lynch (1999)
- ^ Bakhtin, 1996, p. 21. Jeffers, 2005. p. 2
- ^ Summerfield (2010) p. 1
- ^ Iversen 2010; Change and Continuity
- ^ Jeffers, 2005, p. 49
- ^ Moretti (1987) and Hirsh[page needed]
- ^ Werlock, James P. (2010) The Facts on File companion to the American short story, Volume 2, p. 387
- ^ Joy Palmer, Liora Bresler, David Edward Cooper (2001). Fifty major thinkers on education: from Confucius to Dewey. Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 0-415-23126-4.
- ^ http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/bronte/cbronte/bildungs.html
- ^ a b McWilliams, Ellen (2009). Margaret Atwood and the Female Bildungsroman. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7546-6027-9.
The two early English Bildungsromane already mentioned, Tom Jones and The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, are examples of coming-of-age narratives that predate the generic expectations of the German tradition.
- ^ "Candide". Fajardo-acosta.com. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
- ^ "The Bildungsroman in Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism". Enotes.com. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
- ^ "Formalism and the Novel: Henry James," in Martin Coyle et. al, eds., Encyclopedia or Literature and Criticism (New York: Routledge Florence, 1990), p. 593.
- ^ "Martin Eden Summary – Jack London – Masterplots II: American Fiction Series, Revised Edition". Enotes.com. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
- ^ Geoffrey Nash, "Ameen Rihani's The Book of Khalid and the Voice of Thomas Carlyle," New Comparison Journal, no. 17, The British Comparative Literature Association, University of Essex, Colchester, UK, 1994.
- ^ "Sons and Lovers Lawrence's novel as a Bildungsroman". Enotes.com. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
- ^ James Joyce. "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Summary & Study Guide – James Joyce". eNotes.com. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
- ^ Hendriksen, Jack; This side of paradise as a Bildungsroman; ISBN 0-8204-1852-8
- ^ Mukherjee, Meenakshi (1985). Realism and reality : the novel and society in India. Oxford University Press. p. 128. ISBN 0-19-561648-0Template:Inconsistent citations
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ http://www.blackstone.lioninc.org/bildungsroman.pdf
- ^ a b c d "The Top 13 Coming-of-Age Novels | The Top 13". www.thetop13.com. 2009-12-09. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
- ^ Kercheval, Jesse Lee. "Continuing Conflict". Building Fiction. The Story Press. p. 101. ISBN 1-884910-28-9.
- ^ McGregor, Gaile (1987). "The Technomyth in Transition: Reading American Popular Culture". Journal of American Studies. pp. 387–409. doi:10.1017/S0021875800022891.
- ^ a b Melanie Kinchen; et al. (2006-07-13). "Bildungsroman Novels for Young Adults".
{{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in:|author=(help) - ^ "Bless Me, Ultima - From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |subsection:Plot Summary".
- ^ http://www.randomhouse.com/kvpa/mcinerney/introduction_to_the_good_life_and_jays_tour.html
- ^ "Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit: Context". Sparknotes. 1959-08-27. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ http://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2010/07/norwegian-wood-on-having-a-girl-and-losing-her/60340/.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ {{cite web|url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mRWtSWDXBn8C&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=%22english+music%22+ackroyd&source=bl&ots=zH19JErc-S&sig=pleb503Dw6r78VC6uxQvCVhB9-o&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nIOzUcniOaSt0QWa9IGYCQ&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q=%22english%20music%22%20ackroyd&f=false
- ^ "Secret Life of Bees-Character Analysis". Sparknotes. Archived from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Khaled Hosseini (1965-03-04). "Katherine C. (Berwyn, PA)'s review of The Kite Runner". Goodreads.com. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/books/review/28MCINER.html
- ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/16/books/review/16freudenberger.html
- ^ http://www.book-review-circle.com/Gone-With-The-Wind-Margaret-Mitchell.html
References
- Abel, Elizabeth, Marianne Hirsch, and Elizabeth Langland. 1983. The Voyage In: Fictions of Female Development. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England.
- Bakhtin, Mikhail. Mikhail. 1996. “The Bildungsroman and its Significance in the History of Realism.” In Speech Genres and Other Late Essays. Edited by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, 10–59.
- Engel, Manfred (2008): Variants of the Romantic 'Bildungsroman' (with a Short Note on the 'Artist Novel')". In: Gerald Gillespie, Manfred Engel and Bernard Dieterle (eds.), Romantic Prose Fiction (= A Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages, vol. XXIII; ed. by the International Comparative Literature Association). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 263–295. ISBN 978-90-272-3456-8.
- Iversen, Anniken Telnes (2009): Change and Continuity: The Bildungsroman in English. University of Tromsø, Munin.
- Jeffers, Thomas L. (2005). Apprenticeships: The Bildungsroman from Goethe to Santayana. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 1-4039-6607-9.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Lynch, Jack (1999) Glossary of Literary and Rhetorical Terms, entry for bildungsroman, Rutgers University
- Summerfield, Giovanna and Downward, Lisa (2010) New Perspectives on the European Bildungsroman
Further reading
- Abrams, M. H. (2005). Glossary of Literary Terms (8th ed.). Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 1-4130-0218-8.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Feng, Pin-chia Kingston A. 1997. The Female Bildungsroman by Toni Morrison and Maxine Hong Kingston: A Postmodern Reading, Modern American Literature: New Approaches. New York: Peter Lang.
- Japtok, Martin Michael. 2005. Growing up Ethnic: Nationalism and the Bildungsroman in African-American and Jewish-American Fiction. University of Iowa Press.
- Karafilis, Maria. 1998. "Crossing the Borders of Genre: Revisions of the Bindungsroman in Sandra Cisneros's the House on Mango Street and Jamaica Kincaid's Annie John." Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association. 31, no. 2: 63–78.
- Minden, Michael (1997): The German Bildungsroman: Incest and Inheritance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Moretti, Franco. 1987. The Way of the World: The Bildungsroman in European Culture. London: Verso.
- Nyatetu-Waigwa, Wangari wa. 1996. The Liminal Novel: Studies in the Francophone-African Novel as Bildungsroman. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
- Otano, Alicia. 2005. Speaking the Past: Child Perspective in the Asian American Bildungsroman, Contributions to Asian American Literary Studies. Lit Verlag.
External links
Look up bildungsroman in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
