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The [[Lok Sabha]] is the [[lower house]] of the [[Parliament of India]]. Unlike the [[Rajya Sabha]], the Lok Sabha is not a continuous body. According to the [[Constitution of India]], it has a maximum term of five years, following which the assembly is dissolved. The Lok Sabha currently consists of 543 members corresponding to as many territorial constituencies, each directly elected on the basis of [[universal adult franchise]] in a [[first-past-the-post]] system. Since 1952, '''fifteen Lok Sabhas''' have been convened, after conducting as many [[Elections in India|general elections]].
'''Manmohan Singh''' ({{IPA-pa|mənˈmoːɦən ˈsɪ́ŋɡ||Hi-ManmohanSingh.ogg}}; born 26 September 1932) is the [[List of Prime Ministers of India|13th]] and current [[Prime Minister of India]]. An economist by profession, he is the country's first [[Sikh]] (and non-Hindu) Prime Minister. Born in [[Gah, Pakistan|Gah]] (now in Punjab, Pakistan) in 1932, Singh's family migrated to India during its [[Partition of India|partition]] in 1947. After obtaining his doctorate in economics from Oxford, Singh worked for the [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD) from 1966–69. He subsequently began his bureaucratic career as an advisor in [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]]'s Foreign Trade Ministry. Over the 70s and 80s, Singh held several key posts in the [[Government of India]], such as Chief Economic Advisor (1972–76), and heading the [[Reserve Bank of India|Reserve Bank]] (1982–85) and the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] (1985–87).


==Lok Sabhas==
In 1991, as India faced a severe [[1991 India economic crisis|economic crisis]], newly elected Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]] surprisingly inducted the apolitical Singh into his cabinet as [[Finance Minister of India|Finance Minister]]. Over the next few years, despite strong opposition, Finance Minister Singh carried several structural reforms that [[Economic liberalization in India|liberalized India's economy]]. These measures proved very successful; India's high growth rate ever since has established Singh's reputation among the world's leading economists.


{|class="wikitable"
In 2004, when the Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) came to power, party president [[Sonia Gandhi]] surprisingly offered the Prime Ministership to Manmohan Singh. This Singh-led "UPA I" government executed several key legislations and projects—including the [[National Rural Health Mission]], the [[Unique Identification Authority]] project, the [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] and the [[Right to Information Act]]—at a time when the Indian economy grew rapidly. However, the era also saw India suffer several Pakistan-sponsored terrorist incidents, culminating in the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]. Singh also ensured the passing of a historic [[U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement|Civil Nuclear Agreement with the United States]]. The anti-US Left parties subsequently pulled out of the UPA, the Singh government found itself on the brink of collapse.
|-
! Lok Sabha
! Date of first meeting
! Date of dissolution
! Duration
! Speaker
! Election
! Party-wise composition
|-
| [[1st Lok Sabha|First]]
| 13 May 1952
| 4 April 1957
| 4 years, 327 days
| [[G. V. Mavalankar]], [[M. A. Ayyangar]]
| [[Indian general election, 1952|1952]]
| Total: 489
* INC: 364
* CPI: 16
|-
| [[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]
| 10 May 1957
| 31 March 1962
| 4 years, 325 days
| [[M. A. Ayyangar]]
| [[Indian general election, 1957|1957]]
| Total: 494
* INC: 402
* CPI: 29
*
|-
| [[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]
| 16 April 1962
| 3 March 1967
| 4 years, 321 days
| [[Hukam Singh]]
| [[Indian general election, 1962|1962]]
| Total:
* INC:
|-
| [[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]
| 16 March 1967
| 27 December 1970
| 3 years, 286 days
| [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]], [[Gurdial Singh Dhillon]]
| [[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
| Total:
* INC:
|-
| [[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]]
| 19 March 1971
| 18 January 1977
| 5 years, 10 months, 6 days
| [[Gurdial Singh Dhillon]], [[Bali Ram Bhagat]]
| [[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
| Total:
* INC:
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]
| 25 March 1977
| 22 August 1979
| 2 years, 4 months and 28 days
| [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]], [[K. S. Hegde]]
| [[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
| Total:
* INC:
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]
| 21 January 1980
| 31 December 1984
| 4 years, 345 days
| [[Bal Ram Jakhar]]
| [[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
| Total:
* INC:
|-
| [[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]
| 15 January 1985
| 27 November 1989
| 4 years, 345 days
| [[Bal Ram Jakhar]]
| [[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
| Total:
* INC:
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]
| 18 December 1989
| 13 March 1991
| 1 year, 2 months and 25 days
| [[Rabi Ray]]
| [[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| Total:
* INC:
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]
| 9 July 1991
| 10 May 1996
| 4 years, 10 months
| [[Shivraj V. Patil]]
| [[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
| Total:
* INC:
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]
| 22 May 1996
| 4 December 1997
| 1 year, 6 months and 13 days
| [[P. A. Sangma]]
| [[Indian general election, 1996|1996]]
| Total:
* INC:
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelveth]]
| 23 March 1998
| 26 April 1999
| 1 year, 1 month and 4 days
| [[G. M. C. Balayogi]]
| [[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
| Total:
* INC:
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]
| 20 October 1999
| 6 February 2004
| 4 years, 112 days
| [[G. M. C. Balayogi]], [[Manohar Joshi]]
| [[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
| Total:
* INC:
|-
| [[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]
| 2 June 2004
| 18 May 2009
| 4 years, 351 days
| [[Somnath Chatterjee]]
| [[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
| Total:
* INC:
|-
| [[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]
| 1 June 2009
|
|
| [[Meira Kumar]]
| [[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|
|}


== Prashant Kishor—sources ==


===ET===


* ET1 http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-07/news/42794656_1_cag-gujarat-cm-narendra-modi-vibrant-gujarat
He is the only Prime Minister since [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] to return to power after completing a full five-year term.<ref name='"US Department of State"'>{{cite web|title=Background Note: India|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3454.htm|work=Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs|publisher=U. S. Department of State|accessdate=27 March 2012}}</ref> A [[Sikh]], he is the first non-Hindu to occupy the office. Singh is also the 7th Prime Minister from the [[Indian National Congress]] (Congress) party. He is a four-time Member of Parliament from the Upper House of the [[Parliament of India]], the [[Rajya Sabha]], representing the state of [[Assam]].<ref name="rajya sabha">{{cite web|title=RAJYA SABHA(COUNCIL OF STATES)|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/miscellaneous_statistics/rajya_sabha_council.pdf|accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> His term in the 14th [[Rajya Sabha]] was from 22 May 2004 to 26 February 2009. In the 15th Rajya Sabha his term started 22 May 2009 and is scheduled to continue till 2014. On 27 May 2012, he became the first Indian Prime Minister to visit [[Burma|Myanmar]] in 25 years.<ref name=>{{cite web|title=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Manmohan-arrives-in-Myanmar-First-Indian-PM-to-visit-in-25-years/articleshow/13571678.cms|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Manmohan-arrives-in-Myanmar-First-Indian-PM-to-visit-in-25-years/articleshow/13571678.cms|accessdate=2012-05-27}}</ref>


* ET2 http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-05-15/news/49873617_1_narendra-modi-prashant-kishor-pm-candidate
Born in [[Gah, Pakistan|Gah]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in [[British India]] (now [[Pakistan]]) in 1932, he migrated to India with his family at the time of [[Partition of India|Partition]] in 1947. Singh studied at [[Panjab University, Chandigarh|Panjab University]], [[University of Cambridge]] and [[University of Oxford]].<ref name="dr mms"/> Thereafter, while Singh was working at [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] (UNCTAD), [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]], the then Indian Minister for Foreign Trade, appointed Singh as an advisor to his ministry. He was appointed Governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] between 1982 and 1985,<ref name="dr mms">{{cite web|title=Detailed Profile: Dr. Manmohan Singh|url=http://india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2|accessdate=2011-12-18}}</ref> Deputy Chairman of the [[Planning Commission of India]] from 1985 to 1987 <ref name="dr mms"/> and Secretary General of the [[South Centre (organization)|South Commission]] from 1987 to 1990.<ref name="India - Head of Government">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/YearbookInternal/172024/head_of_government|title=India - Head of Government}}</ref> Elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1991, he was inducted into Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]'s cabinet as [[Finance Minister of India|Finance Minister]] the same year, a post he held until 1996. His tenure as Finance Minister is best remembered for the [[Economic liberalization in India|economic reforms]] he carried out, which ended the [[Licence Raj]] system and helped open the Indian economy.<ref name=BBC1>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3725357.stm |title= India's architect of reforms |accessdate=11 December 2008 |last= Biswas |first= Soutik |coauthors= |date= 14 October 2005 |publisher=BBC News }}</ref>


* ET3 http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-05-20/news/62413210_1_pm-narendra-modi-nitish-kumar-prashant-kishor/2
When the Congress-led [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) came to power after the [[Indian general election, 2004|2004 general elections]], Singh became Prime Minister when Congress President [[Sonia Gandhi]] unexpectedly declined the position.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/23/world/india-swears-in-13th-prime-minister-and-first-sikh-in-job.html | work=NYT | title= India Swears In 13th Prime Minister and First Sikh in Job| date=23 May 2004| first=Amy| last=Waldman}}</ref> In 2009, the UPA and Singh were reelected for a second consecutive five year term.


* ET4 http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/meet-prashant-kishor-the-man-who-shaped-narendra-modi-and-nitish-kumar-campaigns-now-in-demand-globally/articleshow/49559637.cms
Key legislation passed during his tenure include the [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] and the [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]. Major initiatives include the [[National Rural Health Mission of India]] and the [[Unique Identification Authority of India]].

* ET5 http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bihar-verdict-prashant-kishor-does-it-again-this-time-for-nitish-kumar/articleshow/49717353.cms

* ET6 http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/up-elections-after-narendra-modi-and-nitish-kumar-congress-enters-prashant-kishors-fan-club/articleshow/49837514.cms

===Telegraph===

* TELE1 http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150723/jsp/frontpage/story_33229.jsp

* TELE2 http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150724/jsp/frontpage/story_33373.jsp

* TELE3 http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150805/jsp/frontpage/story_35529.jsp

* TELE4 http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151016/jsp/frontpage/story_48287.jsp

* TELE5 http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151109/jsp/nation/story_52204.jsp

* TELE6 http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151109/jsp/nation/story_52238.jsp

* TELE7 http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151115/jsp/bihar/story_53193.jsp

===Outlook===

* OUT1 http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-prashant-kishor-factor/295759

* OUT2 http://www.outlookindia.com/blogs/post/rejoinder-election-campaign-not-a-business/3654/12

===Misc===

* http://www.oneindia.com/india/modi-s-man-work-nitish-know-all-about-prashant-kishor-1753450.html

* http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/a-team-prashant-kishor-member-on-the-nitish-campaign-1242716

* http://www.livemint.com/Politics/z8ecilJSX0cpgom8dzZzeM/Relearning-Indian-politics-the-Prashant-Kishor-way.html

* http://www.firstpost.com/politics/behind-the-mahagathbandhans-bihar-win-take-a-bow-prashant-kishor-the-man-who-had-the-last-laugh-2500266.html

* http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rahul-gandhi-meets-nitishs-poll-strategist-prashant-kishor/

* http://www.ndtv.com/bihar/after-pm-modi-nitish-kumar-team-prashant-kishore-on-winning-spree-1241514

* http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/11/18/prashant-kishor-next_n_8588602.html

* http://top10wala.in/prashant-kishor-biography-10-facts-about-man-who-helped-modi-nitish-kumar-campaign-win-election/

* http://scroll.in/article/768885/prashant-kishor-the-master-strategist-who-kept-the-mahagathbandhan-on-course

* http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/political-strategists-become-hot-property-after-bihar-polls-115111500346_1.html

* http://scroll.in/article/667401/meet-the-nonprofit-that-did-the-backroom-work-to-power-modi-to-victory

* http://ipious.blogspot.in/2015/11/prashant-kishore-biography-family-and.html

* http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sunday-story-the-leader-and-his-machine/

* http://indiancag.org/#

* http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2014/02/new-style-indian-campaign

Latest revision as of 18:49, 8 January 2016

The Lok Sabha is the lower house of the Parliament of India. Unlike the Rajya Sabha, the Lok Sabha is not a continuous body. According to the Constitution of India, it has a maximum term of five years, following which the assembly is dissolved. The Lok Sabha currently consists of 543 members corresponding to as many territorial constituencies, each directly elected on the basis of universal adult franchise in a first-past-the-post system. Since 1952, fifteen Lok Sabhas have been convened, after conducting as many general elections.

Lok Sabhas

[edit]
Lok Sabha Date of first meeting Date of dissolution Duration Speaker Election Party-wise composition
First 13 May 1952 4 April 1957 4 years, 327 days G. V. Mavalankar, M. A. Ayyangar 1952 Total: 489
  • INC: 364
  • CPI: 16
Second 10 May 1957 31 March 1962 4 years, 325 days M. A. Ayyangar 1957 Total: 494
  • INC: 402
  • CPI: 29
Third 16 April 1962 3 March 1967 4 years, 321 days Hukam Singh 1962 Total:
  • INC:
Fourth 16 March 1967 27 December 1970 3 years, 286 days Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, Gurdial Singh Dhillon 1967 Total:
  • INC:
Fifth 19 March 1971 18 January 1977 5 years, 10 months, 6 days Gurdial Singh Dhillon, Bali Ram Bhagat 1971 Total:
  • INC:
Sixth 25 March 1977 22 August 1979 2 years, 4 months and 28 days Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, K. S. Hegde 1971 Total:
  • INC:
Seventh 21 January 1980 31 December 1984 4 years, 345 days Bal Ram Jakhar 1980 Total:
  • INC:
Eighth 15 January 1985 27 November 1989 4 years, 345 days Bal Ram Jakhar 1984 Total:
  • INC:
Ninth 18 December 1989 13 March 1991 1 year, 2 months and 25 days Rabi Ray 1989 Total:
  • INC:
Tenth 9 July 1991 10 May 1996 4 years, 10 months Shivraj V. Patil 1991 Total:
  • INC:
Eleventh 22 May 1996 4 December 1997 1 year, 6 months and 13 days P. A. Sangma 1996 Total:
  • INC:
Twelveth 23 March 1998 26 April 1999 1 year, 1 month and 4 days G. M. C. Balayogi 1998 Total:
  • INC:
Thirteenth 20 October 1999 6 February 2004 4 years, 112 days G. M. C. Balayogi, Manohar Joshi 1999 Total:
  • INC:
Fourteenth 2 June 2004 18 May 2009 4 years, 351 days Somnath Chatterjee 2004 Total:
  • INC:
Fifteenth 1 June 2009 Meira Kumar 2009

Prashant Kishor—sources

[edit]

ET

[edit]

Telegraph

[edit]

Outlook

[edit]

Misc

[edit]
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