Lukovë: Difference between revisions

Lukovë
Lukovë
Municipal unit
	Lukova village
	Lukovë
	Coordinates: 39°59′N 19°55′E / 39.983°N 19.917°E
Country	Albania
County	Vlorë
Municipality	Himarë
Population (2011)
• Municipal unit	2,916
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)

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Lukovë is a village and a former municipality in the Vlorë County, southern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform, it became a subdivision of the municipality Himarë.^[1] The population at the 2011 census was 2,916.^[2]

Name

The Albanian toponym Lukovë stems from Slavic, either from the words Luk, Laka, Luka meaning water flowing nearby, meadowland, river meadow, wet meadow along a river or from luk, luka, place of onions; alongside the suffix ov/a.^[3] It is known in Greek as "Λούκοβο".

History

During the Ottoman period, Lukovë, together with nearby Piqeras and Nivicë, was a part of the Himara area and enjoyed special semi-autonomous status inside this community.^[4] In 1570 and 1571, a short-lived rebellion broke out under Emmanuel Mormoris in the Himara region. After a prolonged siege, the rebels managed to capture the castle of Nivicë.^[5]

The Italian missionary Giuseppe Schirò wrote in 1722 that Lukovë was inhabited by ethnic Albanians.^[6]^[7]

In 1798, Lukovë, together with adjacent villages in the region south of Himara, were attacked and plundered by the local Ottoman lord Ali Pasha of Ioannina.^[8] In the villages of Nivice and Shën Vasil, massacres of Orthodox inhabitants were committed around Easter of 1798. As such, cases of largescale Islamization among the local population were followed in the region.^[9]

During the end of the 19th century, Greek elementary schools were already operating in the villages of Lukovë, Nivicë, Çorraj and Shën Vasil.^[10]

Demographics

According to 1991 estimates, Lukovë, the municipal seat is inhabited by a majority Orthodox Albanian population (2076 or 82%), alongside minorities of Muslim Albanians (250 or 12%) and Greeks (150 or 6%).^[11] Borsh, Fterrë and Sasaj are exclusively populated by Muslim Albanians.^[11] Piqeras is inhabited by an Orthodox Albanian majority (991) with a minority of 100 Muslim Albanians and 50 Greeks.^[11] Çorraj is a mixed village inhabited by an Orthodox Albanian population and Albanian Muslims.^[11] Shën Vasil (Shënvasil) is inhabited by a majority Orthodox Albanian population (1434) and with a minority of Muslim Albanians (220) and Greeks (210).^[11] Nivicë is inhabited by an Orthodox Albanian majority (899) and a minority of Greeks (30).^[11] Qazim Pali is a new village established during the communist period and is populated by Muslim Albanians (861) alongside minorities of Orthodox Albanians (50) and Greeks (80).^[11] In a demographic investigation by Leonidas Kallivretakis in the late 20th century, the population of Lukovë commune and all its villages, 54% were Albanian Christians, 40% were Albanian Muslims and 6% were Greek Christians.^[11]

According to a 2016 estimate the municipality is by majority Albanian speaking with a minority of Greek speakers.^[12]

The Albanians of the Lukovë region speak in the Tosk dialect of the Albanian language; more specifically in the Lab regional dialect.^{[citation needed]}

Seaside settlements of the Lukovë area were among Greek minority areas that underwent a substantial decrease in population after the fall of communism in Albania in the early 1990s.^[13]

Climate

Lukovë is located within the Mediterranean Biogeographic Region.

Lukovë has a hot-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa). Precipitation mainly falls within the winter months. Lukovë has mild winters and hot, dry summers. The average annual temperature is 15.1 °C or 59.2 °F. Precipitation amounts to 737 mm or 29.0 inches annually.^[14]

Notable people

Nafiz Bezhani, Albanian jurist, politician and writer.
Dimitrios Doulis (1865–1928), Greek politician, minister of military affairs of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, from Nivice.
Muzafer Korkuti, Albanian archaeologist and Vice President of the Academy of Sciences of Albania
Vasil Laçi (1922–1941), Albanian patriot who attempted to kill in 1941 Victor Emmanuel III, then King of Italy and Shefqet Bej Vërlaci, then Prime Minister of Albania
Jakup Mato, Albanian publicist and educational administrator, head of Centre of Art Studies of the Academy of Sciences of Albania.
Niphon of Kafsokalyvia (1316–1411), Greek monk and saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church

References

^ "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6376. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
^ 2011 census results Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
^ Ylli, Xhelal (2000). Das slavische Lehngut im Albanischen. 2 [Slavic settlement in Albania. Verlag Otto Sagner. p. 139. "LUKÓV/È, -A ( 1431 Lokove, Sopot; BZHS III :1759,1856 Aouxoßov, Delvinë); + LUKOVE (1431, Korçë) A. SE 228 Луково; JO 624.B. SE erklärt den DN als Benennung eines Dorfes nach dem in der Nähe fließenden Gewässer: adj. Bildung zu aksl. лжка ,Biegung; Sumpf, bulg. лъка ,Wiesenland; Flußwiese‘, так. mundartl. лака ,feuchte Wiese längs eines Flusses4, serb. лука ,Meerbusen; Wiese; Tal4, БЕРЗ 551,+ -ов-а. Die älteren Formen haben in der ersten Silbe о / и. Es ist schwer zu entscheiden, welche Form zutriflft. Ein Reflex aksl. ж > и kommt nicht im Bulg. vor, aber ihn findet man im Mak. mundartl. und im Serb. Andererseits findet auch eine Entwicklung о > и innerhalb der historischen Phonologie des Albanischen keine Stütze. Mit einem Einfluß des Serbischen, besonders fur Korça, ist ebenfalls nicht zu rechnen. Man könnte den ON aus zwei verschiedenen Wurzeln herieiten: im Falle von SR aus serb. лука ,Au, Meerbusen, Wiese, Tal4, wobei mit dem Einfluß der serb. Königreiche zu rechnen ist, und im Falle von Korça, ein bekanntes Gebiet für die Herstellung von Zwiebeln, aus der Wurzel bulg, лука ,Zwiebel‘."
^ From the Turkish Conquest to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century: Terms of Submission - The "Privileges" (in "4000 years of Greek history and civilization" Vranousis L., Sfyroeras B., Ekdotike Athenon, 1997. ISBN 978-960-213-371-2, p. 243.
^ Konstantinos., Giakoumis (2002). The monasteries of Jorgucat and Vanishte in Dropull and of Spelaio in Lunxheri as monuments and institutions during the Ottoman period in Albania (16th-19th centuries) (PhD thesis). University of Birmingham. p. 21. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
^ Bartl 1991, p. 331: "Nach der Relation von Giuseppe Schirò aus dem Jahre 1722 waren von den 14 himariotischen Ortschaften drei (Himara, Dhërmi und Palasa) "di natione greci", die restlichen 11 (Ilias, Vuno, Kalarat, Piluri, Qeparo, Piçerras, Lukovë, Shën-Vasil, Hundëcovë, Nivicë e Bubarit und Lëkurës) wurden als "di natione albanesi" bezeichnet."
^ Borgia 2014, pp. 317–318: "IV. Relacioni i pare i At Schirò-it ... Fillimisht kjo provincë, e cila motit ishte shumë e populluar me të krishterë, tani nuk ka më shumë se katërmbëdhjetë fshatra, që ushtrojnë ligjin e Krishtit në ritin grek (lindor): domethënë: Cimara (Himara) kryeqendra e provincës, Drimades (Dhërmiu) dhe Balasa (Palasa) të kombësisë greke (di natione greci); Egliates (Iliates, Ilias), Vuno (Vuno), Caloghirates (Kallarati), Piluri (Pilur), Clapero (Qeparo), Pichierasi (Piqeras), Lúculo (Lukovë), S. Basili (Shën Vasil), Gudezzona (Hundëcova), Nivizza (Nivica) e Licunisi (Lëkurësi) të kombësisë shqiptare (di natione albanesi)."
^ Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1982). Greeks in Russian military service in the late eighteen and early nineteenth centuries. Stanford University. p. 265. Following this, Ali's troops attacked and pillaged other habitations in southern Cheimarra, such as Loukovo, Lykouresi, Agios Vasileios, Pikerni and Borsi. The rest of the area held off the assault. Those Cheimarriotes in the south who were not killed or found refuge in the remaining free area of their community were sent to the çiftliks of Ali Pasha in the Trikalla region of Thessaly as tenant farmers .
^ Skendi, Stavro (1980). Balkan Cultural Studies. East European Monographs. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-914710-66-0. Following the massacre in the church on Easter day 1798 of the Orthodox Christians of Shën Vasil and Nivica - Bubari
^ Vakalopoulos, Kōnstantinos Apostolou (2003). History of Epirus: From Ottoman Times to Present (in Greek). Hērodotos. p. 620. ISBN 9789607290977. στο Τσοράϊ , στο Λούκοβο , στη Νέβιτσα και στον Άγ . Βασίλειο λειτουργούσαν δημοτικά σχολεία . Ο Βούνος , το Πικέρνι και το Κηπαρό συντηρούσαν από 1 δημοτικό , 1 ελληνικό σχολείο και 1 παρθεναγωγείο.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Kallivretakis, Leonidas (1995). "Η ελληνική κοινότητα της Αλβανίας υπό το πρίσμα της ιστορικής γεωγραφίας και δημογραφίας [The Greek Community of Albania in terms of historical geography and demography." In Nikolakopoulos, Ilias, Kouloubis Theodoros A. & Thanos M. Veremis (eds). Ο Ελληνισμός της Αλβανίας [The Greeks of Albania]. University of Athens. p. 51. "Ε Έλληνες, ΑΧ Αλβανοί Ορθόδοξοι Χριστιανοί, AM Αλβανοί Μουσουλμάνοι, ΤΣ Τσάμηδες, Β Βλάχοι, Μ Μικτός πληθυσμός”; p.53. "LUKOVE ΛΟYKΟBΟ 2076 ΑΧ + αμ (250) + ε (120); NIVICE ΝΙΒΓΓΣΑ 899 ΑΧ + ε (30); SHENVASIL Αϊ ΒΑΣΙΛΗ 1434 ΑΧ + αμ (220) + ε (210); PIQERAS ΠΙΚΙΕΡΑΣ (ΠΙΚΕΡΝΗ) 991 ΑΧ + αμ (100) + ε (50); SASAJ ΣΑΣΑΪ 297 AM; BORSH ΜΠΟΡΣΙ 1243 AM; FTERE ΦΤΕΡΑ 378 AM; ÇORAJ ΤΣΟΡΑΪ 282 ΑΧ (150) + AM (132); QAZIM PALI ΚΙΑΣΙΜ ΠΑΛΙ (νέο) 861 AM + ε (80) + αχ (50)"
^ Triantis, Loukas (2016). "The Politics of Space, Institutional Change and International Development: the Area of Himara/Albania during the post-Socialist Transition". Didaktorika.gr (in Greek). Athens National Polytechnic: 81. doi:10.12681/eadd/37436. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
^ Pettifer, James; Poulton, Hugh (1994). The Southern Balkans. Minority Rights Group. ISBN 978-1-897693-75-9. As a result there has been a substantial depopulation of many Greek minority areas in southern Albania in the last two years, particularly in the coastal villages around Lukova and Himara
^ "Lukovë climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Lukovë water temperature - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2023-03-19.

Sources

Bartl, Peter (1991). "Zur Topographie und Geschichte der Landschaft Himara in Südalbanien". Münchner Zeitschrift für Balkankunde (in German). 7–8. ISBN 9783878281962. ISSN 0170-8929.
Borgia, Nilo (2014). "Kapitulli V: At Giuseppe Schirò-i". In Sinani, Shaban (ed.). Murgjit bazilianë të Italisë në Shqipëri: Shënime mbi misionet në Himarë, shek. XVI-XVIII (in Albanian). Translated by Hysa, Mimoza. Naimi. ISBN 978-9928-109-67-5.

External links

Kakome Beaches

[1] "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6376. Retrieved 25 February 2022.

[census11-2] 2011 census results Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine

[Ylli139-3] Ylli, Xhelal (2000). Das slavische Lehngut im Albanischen. 2 [Slavic settlement in Albania. Verlag Otto Sagner. p. 139. "LUKÓV/È, -A ( 1431 Lokove, Sopot; BZHS III :1759,1856 Aouxoßov, Delvinë); + LUKOVE (1431, Korçë) A. SE 228 Луково; JO 624.B. SE erklärt den DN als Benennung eines Dorfes nach dem in der Nähe fließenden Gewässer: adj. Bildung zu aksl. лжка ,Biegung; Sumpf, bulg. лъка ,Wiesenland; Flußwiese‘, так. mundartl. лака ,feuchte Wiese längs eines Flusses4, serb. лука ,Meerbusen; Wiese; Tal4, БЕРЗ 551,+ -ов-а. Die älteren Formen haben in der ersten Silbe о / и. Es ist schwer zu entscheiden, welche Form zutriflft. Ein Reflex aksl. ж > и kommt nicht im Bulg. vor, aber ihn findet man im Mak. mundartl. und im Serb. Andererseits findet auch eine Entwicklung о > и innerhalb der historischen Phonologie des Albanischen keine Stütze. Mit einem Einfluß des Serbischen, besonders fur Korça, ist ebenfalls nicht zu rechnen. Man könnte den ON aus zwei verschiedenen Wurzeln herieiten: im Falle von SR aus serb. лука ,Au, Meerbusen, Wiese, Tal4, wobei mit dem Einfluß der serb. Königreiche zu rechnen ist, und im Falle von Korça, ein bekanntes Gebiet für die Herstellung von Zwiebeln, aus der Wurzel bulg, лука ,Zwiebel‘."

[4] From the Turkish Conquest to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century: Terms of Submission - The "Privileges" (in "4000 years of Greek history and civilization" Vranousis L., Sfyroeras B., Ekdotike Athenon, 1997. ISBN 978-960-213-371-2, p. 243.

[5] Konstantinos., Giakoumis (2002). The monasteries of Jorgucat and Vanishte in Dropull and of Spelaio in Lunxheri as monuments and institutions during the Ottoman period in Albania (16th-19th centuries) (PhD thesis). University of Birmingham. p. 21. Retrieved 20 November 2023.

[6] Bartl 1991, p. 331: "Nach der Relation von Giuseppe Schirò aus dem Jahre 1722 waren von den 14 himariotischen Ortschaften drei (Himara, Dhërmi und Palasa) "di natione greci", die restlichen 11 (Ilias, Vuno, Kalarat, Piluri, Qeparo, Piçerras, Lukovë, Shën-Vasil, Hundëcovë, Nivicë e Bubarit und Lëkurës) wurden als "di natione albanesi" bezeichnet."

[7] Borgia 2014, pp. 317–318: "IV. Relacioni i pare i At Schirò-it ... Fillimisht kjo provincë, e cila motit ishte shumë e populluar me të krishterë, tani nuk ka më shumë se katërmbëdhjetë fshatra, që ushtrojnë ligjin e Krishtit në ritin grek (lindor): domethënë: Cimara (Himara) kryeqendra e provincës, Drimades (Dhërmiu) dhe Balasa (Palasa) të kombësisë greke (di natione greci); Egliates (Iliates, Ilias), Vuno (Vuno), Caloghirates (Kallarati), Piluri (Pilur), Clapero (Qeparo), Pichierasi (Piqeras), Lúculo (Lukovë), S. Basili (Shën Vasil), Gudezzona (Hundëcova), Nivizza (Nivica) e Licunisi (Lëkurësi) të kombësisë shqiptare (di natione albanesi)."

[8] Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1982). Greeks in Russian military service in the late eighteen and early nineteenth centuries. Stanford University. p. 265. Following this, Ali's troops attacked and pillaged other habitations in southern Cheimarra, such as Loukovo, Lykouresi, Agios Vasileios, Pikerni and Borsi. The rest of the area held off the assault. Those Cheimarriotes in the south who were not killed or found refuge in the remaining free area of their community were sent to the çiftliks of Ali Pasha in the Trikalla region of Thessaly as tenant farmers .

[9] Skendi, Stavro (1980). Balkan Cultural Studies. East European Monographs. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-914710-66-0. Following the massacre in the church on Easter day 1798 of the Orthodox Christians of Shën Vasil and Nivica - Bubari

[10] Vakalopoulos, Kōnstantinos Apostolou (2003). History of Epirus: From Ottoman Times to Present (in Greek). Hērodotos. p. 620. ISBN 9789607290977. στο Τσοράϊ , στο Λούκοβο , στη Νέβιτσα και στον Άγ . Βασίλειο λειτουργούσαν δημοτικά σχολεία . Ο Βούνος , το Πικέρνι και το Κηπαρό συντηρούσαν από 1 δημοτικό , 1 ελληνικό σχολείο και 1 παρθεναγωγείο.

[Kallivretakis-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Kallivretakis, Leonidas (1995). "Η ελληνική κοινότητα της Αλβανίας υπό το πρίσμα της ιστορικής γεωγραφίας και δημογραφίας [The Greek Community of Albania in terms of historical geography and demography." In Nikolakopoulos, Ilias, Kouloubis Theodoros A. & Thanos M. Veremis (eds). Ο Ελληνισμός της Αλβανίας [The Greeks of Albania]. University of Athens. p. 51. "Ε Έλληνες, ΑΧ Αλβανοί Ορθόδοξοι Χριστιανοί, AM Αλβανοί Μουσουλμάνοι, ΤΣ Τσάμηδες, Β Βλάχοι, Μ Μικτός πληθυσμός”; p.53. "LUKOVE ΛΟYKΟBΟ 2076 ΑΧ + αμ (250) + ε (120); NIVICE ΝΙΒΓΓΣΑ 899 ΑΧ + ε (30); SHENVASIL Αϊ ΒΑΣΙΛΗ 1434 ΑΧ + αμ (220) + ε (210); PIQERAS ΠΙΚΙΕΡΑΣ (ΠΙΚΕΡΝΗ) 991 ΑΧ + αμ (100) + ε (50); SASAJ ΣΑΣΑΪ 297 AM; BORSH ΜΠΟΡΣΙ 1243 AM; FTERE ΦΤΕΡΑ 378 AM; ÇORAJ ΤΣΟΡΑΪ 282 ΑΧ (150) + AM (132); QAZIM PALI ΚΙΑΣΙΜ ΠΑΛΙ (νέο) 861 AM + ε (80) + αχ (50)"

[12] Triantis, Loukas (2016). "The Politics of Space, Institutional Change and International Development: the Area of Himara/Albania during the post-Socialist Transition". Didaktorika.gr (in Greek). Athens National Polytechnic: 81. doi:10.12681/eadd/37436. Retrieved 27 June 2023.

[13] Pettifer, James; Poulton, Hugh (1994). The Southern Balkans. Minority Rights Group. ISBN 978-1-897693-75-9. As a result there has been a substantial depopulation of many Greek minority areas in southern Albania in the last two years, particularly in the coastal villages around Lukova and Himara

[14] "Lukovë climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Lukovë water temperature - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2023-03-19.

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-'''Lukovë''' is a village and a former [[Municipalities of Albania|municipality]] in the [[Vlorë County]], southern [[Albania]]. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality [[Himarë]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vendime.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/137-2014.pdf |title=Law nr. 115/2014 |language=sq |pages=6376|access-date=25 February 2022 }}</ref> The population at the 2011 census was 2,916.<ref name=census11>[http://www.instat.gov.al/media/195841/12__vlore.pdf 2011 census results] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031315/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/195841/12__vlore.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>
+'''Lukovë''' is a village and a former [[Municipalities of Albania|municipality]] in the [[Vlorë County]], southern [[Albania]]. At the 2015 local government reform, it became a subdivision of the municipality [[Himarë]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vendime.al/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/137-2014.pdf |title=Law nr. 115/2014 |language=sq |pages=6376|access-date=25 February 2022 }}</ref> The population at the 2011 census was 2,916.<ref name=census11>[http://www.instat.gov.al/media/195841/12__vlore.pdf 2011 census results] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031315/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/195841/12__vlore.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}</ref>
 ==Name==
-The Albanian toponym Lukovë stems from Slavic from either the words ''Luk'', ''Laka'', ''Luka'' meaning water flowing nearby, meadowland, river meadow, [[wet meadow]] along a river or from ''luk'', ''luka'', place of onions; alongside the suffix ''ov/a''.<ref name= Ylli139>Ylli, Xhelal (2000). ''[https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/26167 Das slavische Lehngut im Albanischen. 2 [Slavic settlement in Albania]''. Verlag Otto Sagner. p. 139. "LUKÓV/È, -A ( 1431 Lokove, Sopot; BZHS III :1759,1856 Aouxoßov, Delvinë); + LUKOVE (1431, Korçë) A. SE 228 Луково; JO 624.B. SE erklärt den DN als Benennung eines Dorfes nach dem in der Nähe fließenden Gewässer: adj. Bildung zu aksl. лжка ,Biegung; Sumpf, bulg. лъка ,Wiesenland; Flußwiese‘, так. mundartl. лака ,feuchte Wiese längs eines Flusses4, serb. лука ,Meerbusen; Wiese; Tal4,  БЕРЗ 551,+ -ов-а. Die älteren Formen haben in der ersten Silbe о / и. Es ist schwer zu entscheiden, welche Form zutriflft. Ein Reflex aksl. ж > и kommt nicht im Bulg. vor, aber ihn findet man im Mak. mundartl. und  im  Serb.  Andererseits  findet auch eine Entwicklung о >  и innerhalb der historischen Phonologie des Albanischen keine Stütze. Mit einem Einfluß des Serbischen, besonders fur Korça, ist ebenfalls nicht zu rechnen. Man könnte den ON aus zwei verschiedenen Wurzeln herieiten: im Falle von SR aus serb. лука ,Au, Meerbusen, Wiese, Tal4, wobei mit dem Einfluß der serb. Königreiche zu rechnen ist, und im Falle von Korça, ein bekanntes Gebiet für die Herstellung von Zwiebeln, aus der Wurzel bulg, лука ,Zwiebel‘."</ref> It is known in [[Greek language|Greek]] as "Λούκοβο".
+The Albanian toponym Lukovë stems from [[Slavic languages|Slavic]], either from the words ''Luk'', ''Laka'', ''Luka'' meaning water flowing nearby, meadowland, river meadow, [[wet meadow]] along a river or from ''luk'', ''luka'', place of onions; alongside the suffix ''ov/a''.<ref name= Ylli139>Ylli, Xhelal (2000). ''[https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/26167 Das slavische Lehngut im Albanischen. 2 [Slavic settlement in Albania]''. Verlag Otto Sagner. p. 139. "LUKÓV/È, -A ( 1431 Lokove, Sopot; BZHS III :1759,1856 Aouxoßov, Delvinë); + LUKOVE (1431, Korçë) A. SE 228 Луково; JO 624.B. SE erklärt den DN als Benennung eines Dorfes nach dem in der Nähe fließenden Gewässer: adj. Bildung zu aksl. лжка ,Biegung; Sumpf, bulg. лъка ,Wiesenland; Flußwiese‘, так. mundartl. лака ,feuchte Wiese längs eines Flusses4, serb. лука ,Meerbusen; Wiese; Tal4,  БЕРЗ 551,+ -ов-а. Die älteren Formen haben in der ersten Silbe о / и. Es ist schwer zu entscheiden, welche Form zutriflft. Ein Reflex aksl. ж > и kommt nicht im Bulg. vor, aber ihn findet man im Mak. mundartl. und  im  Serb.  Andererseits  findet auch eine Entwicklung о >  и innerhalb der historischen Phonologie des Albanischen keine Stütze. Mit einem Einfluß des Serbischen, besonders fur Korça, ist ebenfalls nicht zu rechnen. Man könnte den ON aus zwei verschiedenen Wurzeln herieiten: im Falle von SR aus serb. лука ,Au, Meerbusen, Wiese, Tal4, wobei mit dem Einfluß der serb. Königreiche zu rechnen ist, und im Falle von Korça, ein bekanntes Gebiet für die Herstellung von Zwiebeln, aus der Wurzel bulg, лука ,Zwiebel‘."</ref> It is known in [[Greek language|Greek]] as "Λούκοβο".
 ==History==
-During the [[Ottoman period|Ottoman]] period Lukovë together with nearby [[Piqeras]] and Nivicë was part of the [[Himara]] area and enjoyed special semi-autonomous status inside this community.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?hl=el&id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ&dq= From the Turkish Conquest to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century: Terms of Submission - The "Privileges"] (in "4000 years of Greek history and civilization" Vranousis L., Sfyroeras B., Ekdotike Athenon, 1997. {{ISBN|978-960-213-371-2}}, p. 243.</ref> In 1570-1571 a short lived rebellion broke out under [[Emmanuel Mormoris]] in Himara region. After a prolonged siege the rebels managed to capture the castle of  Nivicë.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Konstantinos. |first1=Giakoumis |title=The monasteries of Jorgucat and Vanishte in Dropull and of Spelaio in Lunxheri as monuments and institutions during the Ottoman period in Albania (16th-19th centuries) |date=2002 |page= 21|url=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390688 |accessdate=8 July 2018 }}</ref>
+During the [[Ottoman period]], Lukovë, together with nearby [[Piqeras]] and Nivicë, was a part of the [[Himara]] area and enjoyed special semi-autonomous status inside this community.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?hl=el&id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ&dq= From the Turkish Conquest to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century: Terms of Submission - The "Privileges"] (in "4000 years of Greek history and civilization" Vranousis L., Sfyroeras B., Ekdotike Athenon, 1997. {{ISBN|978-960-213-371-2}}, p. 243.</ref> In 1570 and 1571, a short-lived rebellion broke out under [[Emmanuel Mormoris]] in the Himara region. After a prolonged siege, the rebels managed to capture the castle of Nivicë.<ref>{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |last1=Konstantinos. |first1=Giakoumis |title=The monasteries of Jorgucat and Vanishte in Dropull and of Spelaio in Lunxheri as monuments and institutions during the Ottoman period in Albania (16th-19th centuries) |date=2002 |page= 21 |publisher=University of Birmingham |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237149098_Giakoumis_K_2002_The_Monasteries_of_Jorgucat_and_Vanishte_in_Dropull_and_of_Spelaio_in_Lunxheri_as_Monuments_and_Institutions_During_the_Ottoman_Period_in_Albania_16th-19th_Centuries_Doctoral_thesis_s |access-date=20 November 2023 }}</ref>
+The Italian missionary [[Giuseppe Schirò (archbishop)|Giuseppe Schirò]] wrote in 1722 that Lukovë was inhabited by ethnic Albanians.<ref>{{harvnb|Bartl|1991|p=331}}: "Nach der Relation von Giuseppe Schirò aus dem Jahre 1722 waren von den 14 himariotischen Ortschaften drei (Himara, Dhërmi und Palasa) "di natione greci", die restlichen 11 (Ilias, Vuno, Kalarat, Piluri, Qeparo, Piçerras, Lukovë, Shën-Vasil, Hundëcovë, Nivicë e Bubarit und Lëkurës) wurden als "di natione albanesi" bezeichnet."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Borgia|2014|pp=317–318}}: "IV. Relacioni i pare i At Schirò-it{{nbsp}}... Fillimisht kjo provincë, e cila motit ishte shumë e populluar me të krishterë, tani nuk ka më shumë se katërmbëdhjetë fshatra, që ushtrojnë ligjin e Krishtit në ritin grek (lindor): domethënë: Cimara (Himara) kryeqendra e provincës, Drimades (Dhërmiu) dhe Balasa (Palasa) të kombësisë greke (di natione greci); Egliates (Iliates, Ilias), Vuno (Vuno), Caloghirates (Kallarati), Piluri (Pilur), Clapero (Qeparo), Pichierasi (Piqeras), Lúculo (Lukovë), S. Basili (Shën Vasil), Gudezzona (Hundëcova), Nivizza (Nivica) e Licunisi (Lëkurësi) të kombësisë shqiptare (di natione albanesi)."</ref>
-In 1798, Lukovë, together with adjacent villages in the region south of Himara, were attacked and plundered by the local Ottoman lord [[Ali Pasha of Ioannina]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pappas |first1=Nicholas Charles |title=Greeks in Russian military service in the late eighteen and early nineteenth centuries |date=1982 |publisher=Stanford University |page=265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMtEAQAAIAAJ |language=en |quote=Following this, Ali's troops attacked and pillaged other habitations in southern Cheimarra, such as Loukovo, Lykouresi, Agios Vasileios, Pikerni and Borsi. The rest of the area held off the assault. Those Cheimarriotes in the south who were not killed or found refuge in the remaining free area of their community were sent to the çiftliks of Ali Pasha in the Trikalla region of Thessaly as tenant farmers .}}</ref> In the villages of Nivice and Shën Vasil massacres of Orthodox inhabitants were committed in Easter of 1798. As such cases of massive [[Islamization of Albania#Southern Albania|islamization]] among the local population were followed in the region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Skendi |first1=Stavro |title=Balkan Cultural Studies |date=1980 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-914710-66-0 |page=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWBiAAAAMAAJ |language=en |quote=Following the massacre in the church on Easter day 1798 of the Orthodox Christians of Shën Vasil and Nivica - Bubari}}</ref>
+In 1798, Lukovë, together with adjacent villages in the region south of Himara, were attacked and plundered by the local Ottoman lord [[Ali Pasha of Ioannina]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pappas |first1=Nicholas Charles |title=Greeks in Russian military service in the late eighteen and early nineteenth centuries |date=1982 |publisher=Stanford University |page=265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMtEAQAAIAAJ |language=en |quote=Following this, Ali's troops attacked and pillaged other habitations in southern Cheimarra, such as Loukovo, Lykouresi, Agios Vasileios, Pikerni and Borsi. The rest of the area held off the assault. Those Cheimarriotes in the south who were not killed or found refuge in the remaining free area of their community were sent to the çiftliks of Ali Pasha in the Trikalla region of Thessaly as tenant farmers .}}</ref> In the villages of Nivice and Shën Vasil, massacres of Orthodox inhabitants were committed around Easter of 1798. As such, cases of largescale [[Islamization of Albania#Southern Albania|Islamization]] among the local population were followed in the region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Skendi |first1=Stavro |title=Balkan Cultural Studies |date=1980 |publisher=East European Monographs |isbn=978-0-914710-66-0 |page=159 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JWBiAAAAMAAJ |language=en |quote=Following the massacre in the church on Easter day 1798 of the Orthodox Christians of Shën Vasil and Nivica - Bubari}}</ref>
-During the end of the 19th century Greek elementary schools were already operating in the villages of Lukovë, Nivicë, Çorraj and Shën Vasil.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vakalopoulos |first1=Kōnstantinos Apostolou |title=History of Epirus: From Ottoman Times to Present |date=2003 |publisher=Hērodotos |page=620 |isbn=9789607290977 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6s05AAAAMAAJ |language=el |quote=στο Τσοράϊ , στο Λούκοβο , στη Νέβιτσα και στον Άγ . Βασίλειο λειτουργούσαν δημοτικά σχολεία . Ο Βούνος , το Πικέρνι και το Κηπαρό συντηρούσαν από 1 δημοτικό , 1 ελληνικό σχολείο και 1 παρθεναγωγείο.}}</ref>
+During the end of the 19th century, [[Greece|Greek]] elementary schools were already operating in the villages of Lukovë, Nivicë, Çorraj and Shën Vasil.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vakalopoulos |first1=Kōnstantinos Apostolou |title=History of Epirus: From Ottoman Times to Present |date=2003 |publisher=Hērodotos |page=620 |isbn=9789607290977 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6s05AAAAMAAJ |language=el |quote=στο Τσοράϊ , στο Λούκοβο , στη Νέβιτσα και στον Άγ . Βασίλειο λειτουργούσαν δημοτικά σχολεία . Ο Βούνος , το Πικέρνι και το Κηπαρό συντηρούσαν από 1 δημοτικό , 1 ελληνικό σχολείο και 1 παρθεναγωγείο.}}</ref>
 == Demographics ==
+According to 1991 estimates, Lukovë, the municipal seat is inhabited by a majority [[Orthodox Albanians|Orthodox Albanian]] population (2076 or 82%), alongside minorities of [[Islam in Albania|Muslim Albanians]] (250 or 12%) and [[Greeks]] (150 or 6%).<ref name= Kallivretakis/> [[Borsh]], [[Fterrë]] and Sasaj are exclusively populated by Muslim Albanians.<ref name= Kallivretakis/> [[Piqeras]] is inhabited by an Orthodox Albanian majority (991) with a minority of 100 Muslim Albanians and 50 Greeks.<ref name= Kallivretakis/> Çorraj is a mixed village inhabited by an Orthodox Albanian population and Albanian Muslims.<ref name= Kallivretakis/> Shën Vasil (Shënvasil) is inhabited by a majority Orthodox Albanian population (1434) and  with a minority of Muslim Albanians (220) and Greeks (210).<ref name= Kallivretakis/> Nivicë is inhabited by an Orthodox Albanian majority (899) and a minority of Greeks (30).<ref name= Kallivretakis/> Qazim Pali is a new village established during the communist period and is populated by Muslim Albanians (861) alongside minorities of Orthodox Albanians (50) and Greeks (80).<ref name= Kallivretakis/> In a demographic investigation by Leonidas Kallivretakis in the late 20th century, the population of Lukovë commune and all its villages, 54% were Albanian Christians, 40% were Albanian Muslims and 6% were Greek Christians.<ref name= Kallivretakis>Kallivretakis, Leonidas (1995). "[http://helios-eie.ekt.gr/EIE/handle/10442/8696 Η ελληνική κοινότητα της Αλβανίας υπό το πρίσμα της ιστορικής γεωγραφίας και δημογραφίας [The Greek Community of Albania in terms of historical geography and demography]." In Nikolakopoulos, Ilias, Kouloubis Theodoros A. & Thanos M. Veremis (eds). ''Ο Ελληνισμός της Αλβανίας [The Greeks of Albania]''. University of Athens. p. 51. "Ε Έλληνες, ΑΧ Αλβανοί Ορθόδοξοι Χριστιανοί, AM Αλβανοί Μουσουλμάνοι, ΤΣ Τσάμηδες, Β Βλάχοι, Μ Μικτός πληθυσμός”; p.53. "LUKOVE ΛΟYKΟBΟ 2076 ΑΧ + αμ (250) + ε (120); NIVICE ΝΙΒΓΓΣΑ 899 ΑΧ + ε (30); SHENVASIL Αϊ ΒΑΣΙΛΗ 1434 ΑΧ + αμ (220) + ε (210); PIQERAS ΠΙΚΙΕΡΑΣ (ΠΙΚΕΡΝΗ) 991 ΑΧ + αμ (100) + ε (50); SASAJ ΣΑΣΑΪ 297 AM; BORSH ΜΠΟΡΣΙ 1243 AM; FTERE ΦΤΕΡΑ 378 AM; ÇORAJ ΤΣΟΡΑΪ 282 ΑΧ (150) + AM (132); QAZIM PALI ΚΙΑΣΙΜ ΠΑΛΙ (νέο) 861 AM + ε (80) + αχ (50)"</ref>
-According to German academic research conducted in 1957 the villages of Piqeras, Lukovë and Sasaj were among the Greek speaking pockets on the Albanian Ionian coast.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fiedler |first1=Wilfried |title=Einführung in die Albanologie |url=https://www.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de/downloads/einfuehrung-in-die-alb-fiedler.pdf |website=albanologie.uni-muenchen.de |accessdate=4 August 2020 |page=5 |date=2006}}</ref>
+According to a 2016 estimate the municipality is by majority Albanian speaking with a minority of Greek speakers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Triantis |first1=Loukas |title=The Politics of Space, Institutional Change and International Development: the Area of Himara/Albania during the post-Socialist Transition |journal=Didaktorika.gr |date=2016 |url=https://www.didaktorika.gr/eadd/handle/10442/37436 |access-date=27 June 2023 |publisher=Athens National Polytechnic |language=el|page=81|doi=10.12681/eadd/37436 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
-The municipal unit consists of the following settlements:<ref>[http://www.interreg.gr/inst/interreg/gallery/File/Programmes/Greece%20-%20Albania/Simpliroma%20Programmatismou/EN/18-12-07_Programme_Complement_GREECE%20ALBANIA.doc Greece – Albania Neighbourhood Programme] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327014915/http://www.interreg.gr/inst/interreg/gallery/File/Programmes/Greece%20-%20Albania/Simpliroma%20Programmatismou/EN/18-12-07_Programme_Complement_GREECE%20ALBANIA.doc |date=2012-03-27 }}</ref> According to 1991 estimates, Lukovë, the municipal seat is inhabited by a majority Orthodox Albanian population (2076 or 82%) alongside minorities of Muslim Albanians (250 or 12%) and Greeks (150 or 6%).<ref name= Kallivretakis/> [[Borsh]], [[Fterrë]] and Sasaj are exclusively populated by Muslim Albanians.<ref name= Kallivretakis/> [[Piqeras]] is inhabited by an Orthodox Albanian majority (991) with a minority of 100 Muslim Albanians and 50 Greeks.<ref name= Kallivretakis/> Çorraj is a mixed village inhabited by an Orthodox Albanian population and Albanian Muslims.<ref name= Kallivretakis/> Shën Vasil (Shënvasil) is inhabited by a majority Orthodox Albanian population (1434) and  with a minority of Muslim Albanians (220) and Greeks (210).<ref name= Kallivretakis/> Nivicë is inhabited by an Orthodox Albanian majority (899) and a minority of Greeks (30).<ref name= Kallivretakis/> Qazim Pali is a new village established during the communist period and is populated by Muslim Albanians (861) alongside minorities of Orthodox Albanians (50) and Greeks (80).<ref name= Kallivretakis/> In a demographic investigation by Leonidas Kallivretakis in the late 20th century, the population of Lukovë commune and all its villages, 54% were Albanian Christians, 40% were Albanian Muslims and 6% were Greek Christians.<ref name= Kallivretakis>Kallivretakis, Leonidas (1995). "[http://helios-eie.ekt.gr/EIE/handle/10442/8696 Η ελληνική κοινότητα της Αλβανίας υπό το πρίσμα της ιστορικής γεωγραφίας και δημογραφίας [The Greek Community of Albania in terms of historical geography and demography]." In Nikolakopoulos, Ilias, Kouloubis Theodoros A. & Thanos M. Veremis (eds). ''Ο Ελληνισμός της Αλβανίας [The Greeks of Albania]''. University of Athens. p. 51. "Ε Έλληνες, ΑΧ Αλβανοί Ορθόδοξοι Χριστιανοί, AM Αλβανοί Μουσουλμάνοι, ΤΣ Τσάμηδες, Β Βλάχοι, Μ Μικτός πληθυσμός”; p.53. "LUKOVE ΛΟYKΟBΟ 2076 ΑΧ + αμ (250) + ε (120); NIVICE ΝΙΒΓΓΣΑ 899 ΑΧ + ε (30); SHENVASIL Αϊ ΒΑΣΙΛΗ 1434 ΑΧ + αμ (220) + ε (210); PIQERAS ΠΙΚΙΕΡΑΣ (ΠΙΚΕΡΝΗ) 991 ΑΧ + αμ (100) + ε (50); SASAJ ΣΑΣΑΪ 297 AM; BORSH ΜΠΟΡΣΙ 1243 AM; FTERE ΦΤΕΡΑ 378 AM; ÇORAJ ΤΣΟΡΑΪ 282 ΑΧ (150) + AM (132); QAZIM PALI ΚΙΑΣΙΜ ΠΑΛΙ (νέο) 861 AM + ε (80) + αχ (50)"</ref>
+The Albanians of the Lukovë region speak in the [[Tosk Albanian|Tosk]] dialect of the [[Albanian language]]; more specifically in the [[Labërisht|Lab]] regional dialect.{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}
-Seaside settlements of the Lukovë area were among Greek minority areas that underwent a substantial decrease in population after the [[Fall of communism in Albania|restoration of democracy in Albania]] in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pettifer |first1=James |last2=Poulton |first2=Hugh |title=The Southern Balkans |date=1994 |publisher=Minority Rights Group |isbn=978-1-897693-75-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Fy2AAAAIAAJ |language=en |quote=As a result there has been a substantial depopulation of many Greek minority areas in southern Albania in the last two years, particularly in the coastal villages around Lukova and Himara}}</ref>
+Seaside settlements of the Lukovë area were among Greek minority areas that underwent a substantial decrease in population after the [[fall of communism in Albania]] in the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pettifer |first1=James |last2=Poulton |first2=Hugh |title=The Southern Balkans |date=1994 |publisher=Minority Rights Group |isbn=978-1-897693-75-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Fy2AAAAIAAJ |language=en |quote=As a result there has been a substantial depopulation of many Greek minority areas in southern Albania in the last two years, particularly in the coastal villages around Lukova and Himara}}</ref>
+==Climate==
+[[File:LukovëStrand.JPG|250px|thumb|Lukovë is located within the [[Mediterranean Biogeographic Region]].]]
+Lukovë has a hot-summer [[mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Csa''). Precipitation mainly falls within the winter months. Lukovë has mild winters and hot, dry summers. The average annual temperature is 15.1 °C or 59.2 °F. Precipitation amounts to 737 mm or 29.0 inches annually.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lukovë climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Lukovë water temperature - Climate-Data.org |url=https://en.climate-data.org/europe/albania/lukove/lukove-468307/ |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>
 ==Notable people==
@@ Line 49: / Line 59: @@
 *[[Jakup Mato]], Albanian publicist and educational administrator, head of Centre of Art Studies of the Academy of Sciences of Albania.
 *[[Niphon of Kafsokalyvia]] (1316–1411), Greek monk and saint of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]
+==See also==
+* [[List of cities and towns in Albania]]
 ==References==
 {{reflist}}
+==Sources==
+*{{cite journal |last=Bartl |first=Peter |title=Zur Topographie und Geschichte der Landschaft Himara in Südalbanien |journal=Münchner Zeitschrift für Balkankunde |date=1991 |volume=7–8 |isbn=9783878281962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSlpAAAAMAAJ |issn=0170-8929 |language=de}}
+*{{cite book |last=Borgia |first=Nilo |editor-last=Sinani |editor-first=Shaban |translator-last=Hysa |translator-first=Mimoza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QATRoQEACAAJ |title=Murgjit bazilianë të Italisë në Shqipëri: Shënime mbi misionet në Himarë, shek. XVI-XVIII |chapter=Kapitulli V: At Giuseppe Schirò-i |date=2014 |publisher=Naimi |isbn=978-9928-109-67-5 |language=sq}}
 ==External links==
@@ Line 63: / Line 80: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Lukove}}
 [[Category:Former municipalities in Vlorë County]]
+[[Category:Greek communities in Albania]]
 [[Category:Administrative units of Himara]]
 [[Category:Villages in Vlorë County]]

v t e Subdivisions of Vlorë County
County seat: Vlorë
Municipality of Delvinë	Delvinë Vergo
Municipality of Finiq	Aliko Dhivër Finiq Livadhe Mesopotam
Municipality of Himarë	Himarë Horë-Vranisht Lukovë
Municipality of Konispol	Konispol Markat Xarrë
Municipality of Sarandë	Ksamil Sarandë
Municipality of Selenicë	Armen Brataj Kotë Selenicë Sevaster Vllahinë
Municipality of Vlorë	Novoselë Orikum Qendër Vlorë Shushicë Vlorë

v t e Subdivisions of Himarë municipality
Municipal seat: Himarë
Administrative unit of Himarë	Dhërmi Gjilekë Himarë Iljas Kudhës Palasë Pilur Qeparo Qeparo Fushë Vuno
Administrative unit of Horë-Vranisht	Bolenë Kallarat Kuç Kuç Buronjë Tërbaç Vranisht
Administrative unit of Lukovë	Borsh Çorraj Fterrë Lukovë Nivicë Piqeras Qazim Pali Sasaj Shënvasil

v t e Albanian Riviera
Cities	Himara Sarandë Vlorë
Villages	Borsh Butrint Dhërmi Iljas Ksamil Kudhës Lukovë Palasë Pilur Qeparo Vuno
National Parks	Butrint National Park Llogara National Park Karaburun-Sazan National Marine Park
Castles	Ali Pasha Castle Porto Palermo Castle Himara Castle Lëkurësi Castle
See also	Albanian Ionian Sea Coast Chaonia Labëria Tourism in Albania