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The [[United States Department of State]] issued a general license allowing corporations access to the Iranian internet market.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iranintl.com/202209238477 |title=آمریکا مجوز کلی توسعه دست‌رسی به خدمات و حمایت از آزادی اینترنت را برای ایرانیان صادر کرد |website=[[Iran International]] |date=23 September 2022 |language=fa}}</ref> In response, billionaire [[Elon Musk]] said that he would activate his satellite internet firm, [[Starlink]], to provide internet services to Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1573379244268437504 |url=https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1573379244268437504 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> However, the updated license did not cover hardware supplied by Starlink but the firm and similarly others were allowed to apply for permission to the US treasury.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-24 |title=Iran protests: US to ease internet curbs for Iranians |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-63013359 |access-date=2022-09-24}}</ref>
The [[United States Department of State]] issued a general license allowing corporations access to the Iranian internet market.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iranintl.com/202209238477 |title=آمریکا مجوز کلی توسعه دست‌رسی به خدمات و حمایت از آزادی اینترنت را برای ایرانیان صادر کرد |website=[[Iran International]] |date=23 September 2022 |language=fa}}</ref> In response, billionaire [[Elon Musk]] said that he would activate his satellite internet firm, [[Starlink]], to provide internet services to Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1573379244268437504 |url=https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1573379244268437504 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> However, the updated license did not cover hardware supplied by Starlink but the firm and similarly others were allowed to apply for permission to the US treasury.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-24 |title=Iran protests: US to ease internet curbs for Iranians |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-63013359 |access-date=2022-09-24}}</ref>


All [[Imam of Friday Prayer|Imams of Friday Prayers]] expressed anger and demanded police enforcement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iranintl.com/202209239211 |title=خشم امامان جمعه از چهره‌های حامی اعتراضات؛ شعار «مرگ بر سلبریتی خائن» در حاشیه نماز جمعه |website=[[Iran International]] |date=23 September 2022 |language=fa}}</ref>
All [[Imam of Friday Prayer|Imams of Friday Prayers]] expressed anger and demanded police enforcement.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iranintl.com/202209239211 |title=خشم امامان جمعه از چهره‌های حامی اعتراضات؛ شعار «مرگ بر سلبریتی خائن» در حاشیه نماز جمعه |website=[[Iran International]] |date=23 September 2022 |language=fa}}</ref> Pro-government demonstrations occurred across Iran in response to the week long protest over Amini's death. According to live state television broadcast, demonstrators chanted "Death to America" and "Death to Israel."<ref>{{cite news |title=Iran marchers call for execution of anti-government protesters |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/23/iran-reportedly-arrests-journalist-activist-mahsa-amini-protests |access-date=24 September 2022 |work=the Guardian |date=23 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>


===24 September===
===24 September===

Revision as of 13:41, 24 September 2022

Mahsa Amini protests
Part of the 2021–2022 Iranian protests, the Iranian Democracy Movement, Iranian protests against compulsory hijab, and the death of Mahsa Amini
Date16 September 2022 – present
Location
Iran
Caused by
Goals
  • Overthrow of the Islamic Republic of Iran
  • Establishment of a democracy
  • Revoking mandatory requirements in public law
  • Disbandment of Morality Police
  • Ending violence against women and men in Iran
  • Prosecuting the perpetrators of Mahsa Amini's death
MethodsProtests, demonstrations, riots, roadblocks, barricades, and disobeying of hijab laws in public
StatusOngoing
Parties
Iranian protesters
Lead figures

No centralised leadership

Casualties
Death(s)50+[1][2][3]
See casualties for details.
Injuries733+[4]

The Mahsa Amini protests are a series of ongoing protests and civil unrest in Iran that began on 16 September 2022, following the death of Mahsa Amini (Persian: مهسا امینی), who died while in police custody. According to eyewitnesses she was beaten by the Guidance Patrol, the Islamic "morality police" of Iran, and accused of a fashion violation related to an improper hijab.[5] Iranian Police denied that Amini was beaten while she was in custody.[6] The protests began in Tehran, then spread to the cities of Saqqez, Sanandaj, Divandarreh, Baneh and Bijar in Kurdistan province, and later to other parts of Iran. These protests rapidly grew after the first day, with people in the cities of Hamedan, Kermanshah, Mashhad, Sabzevar, Qom, Amol, Babol, Isfahan, Kerman, Shiraz, Tabriz, Rasht, Sari, Karaj, Chalus, Nowshahr, Tonekabon, Arak, Ilam, Kish Island and many others joining in protest.[7][8]

As of 23 September 2022, at least fifty protesters have been killed,[1] making these the most deadly protests since the 2019–2020 protests that caused more than 1,500 fatalities.[9]

In response to the protests, the government of Iran not only suppressed the protests but also blocked access to apps like Instagram and WhatsApp, and limited Internet accessibility, to reduce the protesters' ability to organize. These may be the most severe Internet restrictions in Iran since 2019 protests, when it was shut down completely.[10]

Background

Main article: Death of Mahsa Amini

Iranian protests against compulsory hijab began in 2017. Mahsa Amini was a 22-year-old Kurdish Iranian woman who was arrested by the Guidance Patrol on 14 September 2022 because of an "improper hijab." She suffered brain death due to a skull injury after allegedly having been beaten. She died two days later, on 16 September. After her funeral, protests were held in different parts of Iran. A nationwide strike was later called from Kurdistan province to Tehran on 18 September. Iranian Kurdistan parties and civil and political activists from Kurdistan declared Monday a general strike day.[11][12][13]

Timeline

Hours after Mahsa Amini died, a group of people gathered in protest against her alleged murder near Kasra Hospital, where Amini died, and chanted slogans such as "death to the dictator", "Guidance Patrol is a killer", "I will kill, I will kill the one who killed my sister", "I swear by Mahsa's blood, Iran will be free", "Khamenei is a murderer, his government is invalid", and "oppression against women from Kurdistan to Tehran". These protests were met with the suppression and arrest of protesters. A number of women took off and burned their headscarves in response to the attack of the counter-insurgency forces and chanted the slogan "Shameless Daesh".[14][15] Some people honked their car horns in the streets as a protest. Another protest against compulsory hijab-wearing laws took place that evening in Tehran's Argentina Square. Protesters chanted slogans against Iran's president and compulsory hijab-wearing laws. Released videos of the evening show the violent arrest of some of the protesters.[16][17]

17 September

Beginning on Saturday, after Amini's burial, Saqqez, her hometown, and the city of Sanandaj were the scene of massive demonstrations, in response to which government used violent force to disperse protesters. Following the publication of an image of Amini's tombstone in Saqqez, its inscription became a slogan of the protests:

Persian: ژینا جان تو نمی‌میری. نامت یک نماد می‌شود
romanized: Žīnā Ǧān to ne-mī-mīrī. Nām-at Yek Namād mī-šavad
"Beloved Žina (Mahsa), you will not die. Your name will become a symbol." [18][19][20]

18 September

The people of Sanandaj once again took to the streets on Sunday night to protest against the death of Mahsa and chanted the slogans "death to the dictator", "shame on us, shame on us / our bastard leader", and "death to Khamenei". As a sign of protest, a group of women took off their hijabs. According to unconfirmed sources quoted by the BBC, security forces fired on the demonstrators.[21] A number of students from Tehran University held a protest rally on Sunday with placards in their hands.[22] A heavy presence of security forces was reported in Tehran and Mashhad.[23]

19 September

By the 19th of September, mobile internet service was shuttered in central Tehran. According to videos on social media, protests continued in downtown Tehran, the northern city of Rasht, the central city of Isfahan, as well as in Western Kurdish territory.[24] According to Hengaw, a Nordic organization that monitors human rights in Iran, three protesters were killed by security forces in Kurdistan province.[25]

A 23-year-old man named Farjad Darvishi was killed by police while protesting in the Waliasr town of Urmia, Iran. He was allegedly shot by police security agents during the demonstration and died on his way to the hospital from his wounds.[26][27][28]

20 September

According to the Voice of America, unconfirmed social media videos showed anti-government protests in at least 16 of Iran's 31 provinces, including "Alborz, East Azerbaijan, Fars, Gilan, Golestan, Hormozgan, Ilam, Isfahan, Kerman, Kermanshah, Kurdistan, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Razavi Khorasan, Tehran, and West Azerbaijan." Protesters in Sari appeared to tear down pictures of the Ayatollah and his predecessor from a city building. Iranian state media reported that three people had been killed in Kurdistan protests.[29] According to Hengaw, two male protesters (Zakaria Khial, 16 years old, and Farjad Darvishi, 23 in Piranshahr and Urmia respectively) were killed by security forces in West Azerbaijan,[30][31] and a female protester was similarly killed in Kermanshah. The prosecutor in Kermanshah denied state responsibility, stating that people were being killed by "anti-revolutionary elements". Iranian state media reported a police assistant's death from protesters in the southern city of Shiraz.[25] In the city of Kerman, a woman was filmed removing her hijab and cutting off her ponytail during a protest. Some witnesses interviewed by CNN characterized the day's protests as "flash protests" that sought to form and then disperse quickly before security forces could intervene.[32]

21 September

Women in Sari were recorded burning their hijabs in protest. According to Hengaw, a man allegedly shot by security forces on the 19th died on the 21st.[25] Hengaw stated that a total of ten demonstrators had been killed so far by security forces; Amnesty International stated it had confirmed eight of those deaths so far. Amnesty International also condemned what it called the "unlawful use of birdshot and other munitions" against the protesters. WhatsApp and Instagram, the only mainstream social media and messaging apps permitted in Iran, were restricted; in addition, there was a widespread internet shutdown, especially on mobile networks. Iran's Basij, a state militia, held pro-government counter-rallies in Tehran. In other countries, demonstrations of solidarity with the protesters occurred in countries including Canada, Italy, Sweden, Turkey, and the United States.[33]

According to two semi-official Iranian news agencies, a member of the Basij was stabbed to death in Mashhad.[34]

22 September

Protesters in Tehran and other cities burned police stations and cars.[34] The protests continued despite widespread internet outages throughout Iran.[35] People in different areas of north and south of the capital, Tehran, continued their protests with different slogans.[36][37] Also, people protested in different regions of the country in small and big cities and even in areas that did not participate in the protests of previous years. These protests were met with heavy repression by the Revolutionary Guards and the anti-riot police of the Islamic Government of Iran. These forces confronted the people by using tear gas and direct shooting. Many people were injured and killed.[38][39][40]

23 September

Protests continued in Tehran, heavy fighting was reported in Isfahan at dusk. also in many other cities like Tehran, Mashhad, Oshnavieh, Babol people continue to protest.[41] Many more new notable celebrities advised the state not to continue repression.[42]

Universities were closed and shifted to virtual teaching mode.[43]

The United States Department of State issued a general license allowing corporations access to the Iranian internet market.[44] In response, billionaire Elon Musk said that he would activate his satellite internet firm, Starlink, to provide internet services to Iran.[45] However, the updated license did not cover hardware supplied by Starlink but the firm and similarly others were allowed to apply for permission to the US treasury.[46]

All Imams of Friday Prayers expressed anger and demanded police enforcement.[47] Pro-government demonstrations occurred across Iran in response to the week long protest over Amini's death. According to live state television broadcast, demonstrators chanted "Death to America" and "Death to Israel."[48]

24 September

On September 24, the city of Oshnavieh was reportedly taken by protesters. The city's police stations and weapons storage have been taken over by the local population. [49][50][51]

Slogans

Demonstrators have employed a variety of slogans and placards in these protests, which directly criticize the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its leader, Khamenei. Protesters have shown strong opposition to acts of Human Rights Violations perpetrated by Iran's Guidance Patrol in particular.[52] "Woman, Life, Freedom" (Persian: زن، زندگی، آزادی, romanized: Zan, Zendegī, Āzādī, Kurdish: ژن، ژیان، ئازادی, romanized: Jin, Jiyan, Azadî) is a popular slogan of the protests.[53]

Casualties

According to Iran Human Rights, as of 23 September, at least 50 people had been killed alongside hundreds of women detained and abused by the authorities.[1][3][9] Name and date of killing is shown when possible.

City Fatalities Name(s) Date Details
Amol 11 Erfan Rezai, 21, Ghazaleh Chalavi 22 September [54][55]
Babol 6
Divandarre 2 Fouad Qadimi, Mohsen Mohammadi 20 September Iran Human Rights Group reports two deaths while other sources report four.[56]
Saqqez 1 Fereydoun Mahmoudi [57]
Dehgolan 1 Reza Lotfi 20 September [58]
Mahabad 1
Urmia 3 Farjad Darvishi, Abdollah Mohammad poor, Danesh Rahnama 21 September [59]
Karaj 1 Hadis Najafi
Piranshahr 1 Zakaria Khyal 21 September Video showing his mother singing a Kurdish lullaby on his grave, calling him a "martyr".[30]
Kermanshah 2 Minoo Majidi, 55 22 September [60][61]
Oshnavieh 4 Amin Marefat (16), Milan Haqiqi (21), Sadreddin Litani (27), Danesh Rahnama (25) 22 September [62]
Quchan 1 Ali Mozaffari 22 September Saipa Volleyball Team player[63]
Bandar Anzali 1
Nowshahr 1 Hananeh Kia 21 September Shot and killed by security agents while returning home from the dentist.[64][65]
Ilam 1 Mohsen Qeysari 21 September [66]
Tabriz 1
Rasht 1 Maziar Salmanian 21 September Killed by direct police bullets.[67]
Eslamabad-e Gharb 2 Amir Fooladi (15 years old), Saeid Mohammadi (21 years old) 22 September [68]
Dehdasht 2 Pedram Azarnoosh, Mehrdad Behnam Asl 22 September
Fooladshahr 1 Mahsa Mogoei 23 September
Total 44

Internet blackout

In order to prevent photos and videos of the protests from being broadcast on the Internet and to prevent them from reaching the world's leading news agencies, the Iranian government initially cut off Internet networks and social media channels in the cities of Saqqez and Sanandaj for a few days. With the spread of protests throughout Iran, the government of the Islamic Republic cut off the entire Internet throughout Iran.[69] On Twitter, the messaging platform WhatsApp stated that it was working to keep Iranian users connected and would not block Iranian phone numbers.[34] Iran's state television tried to control the protests by broadcasting propaganda programs against popular protests. Also, supporters of the Iranian government, escorted by the Iranian government police, protested in the streets with slogans against the Iranian protestors and the countries of America and England.[70]

Reactions

On September 22, CNN's chief international correspondent Christiane Amanpour was scheduled to interview Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi in New York City, following his appearance at the United Nations general assembly. Amanpour planned to speak with President Raisi about several international issues, including the death of Mahsa Amini and the related protests. The long-anticipated interview would have been the first time Raisi spoke with US media on American soil. Forty minutes after the interview was set to begin and before Raisi arrived, an aide to the Iranian leader made a last-minute request and stated that the meeting would not happen unless the journalist wore a headscarf, referring to "the situation in Iran" and calling it "a matter of respect". Amanpour responded that she could not agree to the "unprecedented and unexpected condition" and later reflected on the situation, saying that when conducting interviews outside of Iran, "I have never been asked by any Iranian president ... to wear a head scarf".[71][72][73]

Several Iranian women living in India demonstrated against the Iranian government and burned their hijabs as a sign of protests.[74]

International reactions

Countries

  •  Canada: Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced his government's support for the protesters, calling on the Iranian government to "end its repression of freedom of expression – and to end the ongoing harassment of, and discrimination against, women."[75] Foreign minister Mélanie Joly called for "a full and complete investigation into the regime's actions" in the aftermath of Amini's death.[76]
  •  Turkey: Presidential Spokesperson İbrahim Kalın said he was saddened by the death of Mahsa Amini and that Iran needs to find a balanced way to respect one’s free will and maintain the public order.[77] Demonstrations occurred in several Turkish cities, including a protest of a group of Iranians in front of the Iranian Consulate in Istanbul.[78][79]
  •  United States: During his floor speech to the United Nations General Assembly, President Joe Biden offered solidarity to the protesters, imploring them to "secure their basic rights". [80] Secretary of State Antony Blinken condemned the Iranian government in response to Amini's death, tweeting that "[Amini's] death is unforgiveable. We will continue to hold Iranian officials accountable for such human rights abuses".[81] Later Blinken would announce that the US Government would be issuing a General License allowing US companies to ignore telecommunications sanctions against Iran in order to assist the protesters in attaining internet access.[82] Relpying to Blinken's tweet, Elon Musk implied that he would be activating Starlink to help keep the internet up in Iran.[83] Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez wrote, "Solidarity with the courageous women and allies in Iran protesting for their freedom. Mahsa Amini was senselessly murdered".[84] Senator Amy Klobuchar tweeted "The women of Iran are taking to the streets, risking their lives for their rights and freedoms. I am with you, we are with you." [85]

International organizations

Human rights advocates

After photos and videos of the protests and the responding force shown during the protests, many international human rights groups such as the Iran Human Rights group and the Human Rights Watch group, and the UN Acting High Commissioner for Human Rights Nada al-Nashif, issued statements of concern. The Human Rights Watch group raised specific concerns about reports that seem to indicate authorities using teargas and lethal force to disperse protesters.[88]

Sanctions

Main article: United States sanctions against Iran

On 22 September 2022, the United States Department of the Treasury announced sanctions against the Morality Police as well as seven senior leaders of Iran's various security organizations, "for violence against protestors and the death of Mahsa Amini". These include Mohammad Rostami Cheshmeh Gachi, chief of Iran’s Morality Police, and Kioumars Heidari, commander of the Iranian army's ground force, in addition to the Iranian Minister of Intelligence Esmail Khatib, Haj Ahmad Mirzaei, head of the Tehran division of the Morality Police, Salar Abnoush, deputy commander of the Basij militia, and two law enforcement commanders, Manouchehr Amanollahi and Qasem Rezaei of the LEF in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province of Iran. The sanctions would involve blocking any properties or interests in property within the jurisdiction of the US, and reporting them to the US Treasury. Penalties would be imposed on any parties that facilitate transactions or services to the sanctioned entities.[89][90][91]

See also

References

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  58. ^ "Sevvomīn Rūz-e Eʿterāżāt-e Mardomī be Qatl-e Žīnā Amīnī; Eʿtesāb-e Gostarde-ye Bāzāryān va Kasabe dar Šahr-hā-ye Moḫtalef-e Kord-e-stān/Košte Šodan-e Dast-e Kam Čahār Nafar va Zaḫmī Šodan-e Biš az 85 Nafar dar Natiǧe-ye Tīr-andāzī-ye Nīrūhay-e Mosallaḥ-e Ǧomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Irān" سومین روز اعتراضات مردمی به قتل ژینا امینی؛ اعتصاب گسترده بازاریان و کسبه در شهرهای مختلف کردستان / کشته شدن دست‌کم چهار نفر و زخمی شدن بیش از ۸۵ نفر در نتیجه تیراندازی نیروهای مسلح جمهوری اسلامی ایران [Day Three of Public Protests Against the Murder of Žina Amini; Widespread Strike by Market Sellers and Businessmen in Various Cities Across Kurdistan / At least Four People were Slain and 85 Injured as the Result of Shots Fired by the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran]. Kurdistan Human Rights Network (in Persian). 19 September 2022. Retrieved 22 September 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
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