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Coordinates: 34°40′29″N 33°02′39″E / 34.67472°N 33.04417°E / 34.67472; 33.04417
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===Medieval===
===Medieval===
[[File:Kolossi Castle 01.JPG|thumb|View of [[Kolossi Castle]] built in 1210 by the Frankish military.|left|180x180px]]
[[File:Kolossi Castle 01.JPG|thumb|View of [[Kolossi Castle]] built in 1210 by the Frankish military.|left|180x180px]]
The history of Limassol is largely known by the events associated with the [[Third Crusade]]. The king of England, [[Richard I of England|Richard the Lionheart]], was travelling to the [[Holy Land]] in 1190.<ref name="CyprusHistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/history/17.htm |title=Cyprus History: Cyprus under Richard I – cypnet.co.uk |last=Cypnet.co.uk |work=cypnet.co.uk |year=2011 |access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref> His fiancée ([[Berengaria of Navarre|Berengaria]]) and his sister ([[Joan of England, Queen of Sicily|Joan, Queen of Sicily]]) were also travelling there, but on a different ship. Due to a storm, the ship with the queens arrived in Limassol.<ref name="CyprusHistory"/> [[Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus|Isaac Komnenos]], the renegade Byzantine Greek governor of Cyprus, invited the noblewomen ashore, with the intention of holding them for ransom, but they refused. So he refused them fresh water and they had to put out to sea again or yield to capture. When Richard arrived in Limassol and met Isaac Komnenos, he asked him to contribute to the crusade for the liberation of [[Holy Land|the Holy Land]].<ref name="CyprusHistory"/> At the beginning Isaac agreed but later on refused. Richard took him captive; the entire island was therefore taken over by the [[Anglo-Normans]], bringing the long Byzantine dominion of Cyprus to an end.<ref>Wolff and Hazard, pp. 63–64</ref> Richard celebrated his marriage with Berengaria who had received the crown as queen of England in Cyprus. Richard destroyed Amathus and the inhabitants were transferred to Limassol.<ref name="CyprusHistory"/>
The history of Limassol is largely known by the events associated with the [[Third Crusade]]. The king of England, [[Richard the Lionheart]], was travelling to the [[Holy Land]] in 1190.<ref name="CyprusHistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.cypnet.co.uk/ncyprus/history/17.htm |title=Cyprus History: Cyprus under Richard I – cypnet.co.uk |last=Cypnet.co.uk |work=cypnet.co.uk |year=2011 |access-date=5 July 2011}}</ref> His fiancée, [[Berengaria of Navarre|Berengaria]], and his sister, [[Joan of England, Queen of Sicily|Joan]], were also travelling there, but on a different ship. Due to a storm, the women's ship arrived in Limassol.<ref name="CyprusHistory"/> [[Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus|Isaac Komnenos]], the renegade Byzantine governor of Cyprus, invited the noblewomen ashore, with the intention of holding them for ransom, but they refused. So he refused them fresh water and they had to put out to sea again or yield to capture. When Richard arrived in Limassol and met Isaac Komnenos, he asked him to contribute to the crusade for the liberation of the [[Holy Land]].<ref name="CyprusHistory"/> At the beginning Isaac agreed but later on refused. Richard took him captive; the entire island was therefore taken over by the [[Anglo-Normans]], bringing the long Byzantine dominion of Cyprus to an end.<ref>Wolff and Hazard, pp. 63–64</ref> Richard celebrated his marriage with Berengaria who had received the crown as queen of England in Cyprus. Richard destroyed Amathus and the inhabitants were transferred to Limassol.<ref name="CyprusHistory"/>


A year later, in 1191 Cyprus was sold for the sum of 100,000 [[bezant]]s to the [[Knights Templar|Templars]], rich monks and soldiers whose aim was the protection of the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre|Holy Sepulchre]] in [[Jerusalem]].<ref name="CyprusHistory"/>
A year later, in 1191 Cyprus was sold for the sum of 100,000 [[bezant]]s to the [[Templars]], rich monks and soldiers whose aim was the protection of the [[Holy Sepulchre]] in [[Jerusalem]].<ref name="CyprusHistory"/>


The knights enforced high taxes, in order to get back the money that had been given for the purchase of Cyprus. This led to the revolt of the Cypriots, who wished to get rid of the bond of the promise. Richard accepted their request and a new purchaser was found: [[Guy of Lusignan|Guy de Lusignan]], a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] from [[Poitou]]. Cyprus was therefore handed over to the French dynasty of the house of [[Lusignan]], thus establishing the medieval [[Kingdom of Cyprus]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bozkurtoğlu |first=Özge |date=2018-01-01 |title=A Multi-lingual Island in the Middle Ages: Cyprus of the Lusignan Dynasty |url=https://www.academia.edu/39786867 |journal=A Multi-lingual Island in the Middle Ages: Cyprus of the Lusignan Dynasty}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Nicholson |first=Helen |title=Remembering the crusaders in Cyprus: the Lusignans, the Hospitallers and the 1191 conquest of Cyprus in Jean d'Arras' Mélusine |date=2018-01-18 |pages=158–172 |editor-last=Parsons |editor-first=Simon Thomas |url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/108535/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |place=Woodbridge, Suffolk |publisher=D. S. Brewer |isbn=978-1-84384-458-7 |editor2-last=Paterson |editor2-first=Linda M.}}</ref>
The knights enforced high taxes, in order to get back the money that had been given for the purchase of Cyprus. This led to the revolt of the Cypriots, who wished to get rid of the bond of the promise. Richard accepted their request and a new purchaser was found: [[Guy of Lusignan]], a [[Roman Catholic]] from [[Poitou]]. Cyprus was therefore handed over to the French dynasty of the house of [[Lusignan]], thus establishing the medieval [[Kingdom of Cyprus]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bozkurtoğlu |first=Özge |date=2018-01-01 |title=A Multi-lingual Island in the Middle Ages: Cyprus of the Lusignan Dynasty |url=https://www.academia.edu/39786867 |journal=A Multi-lingual Island in the Middle Ages: Cyprus of the Lusignan Dynasty}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Nicholson |first=Helen |title=Remembering the crusaders in Cyprus: the Lusignans, the Hospitallers and the 1191 conquest of Cyprus in Jean d'Arras' Mélusine |date=2018-01-18 |pages=158–172 |editor-last=Parsons |editor-first=Simon Thomas |url=https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/108535/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |place=Woodbridge, Suffolk |publisher=D. S. Brewer |isbn=978-1-84384-458-7 |editor2-last=Paterson |editor2-first=Linda M.}}</ref>


For a period of about three centuries (1192–1489), Limassol enjoyed remarkable prosperity. Cyprus was characterised by its great number of Latin bishops. This lasted until the occupation of Cyprus by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in 1570. Latin battalions which established monasteries were settled down there. The settlement of merchants in Cyprus and particularly in Limassol in the 13th century led to the financial welfare of its inhabitants. Its harbour as a centre of transportation and commerce, contributed greatly to the financial and [[Sociocultural evolution|cultural development]].<ref name=":1" />
For a period of about three centuries (1192–1489), Limassol enjoyed remarkable prosperity. Cyprus was characterised by its great number of Latin bishops. This lasted until the occupation of Cyprus by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in 1570. Latin battalions which established monasteries were settled down there. The settlement of merchants in Cyprus and particularly in Limassol in the 13th century led to the financial welfare of its inhabitants. Its harbour as a centre of transportation and commerce, contributed greatly to the financial and [[cultural development]].<ref name=":1" />


===Venetian rule===
===Venetian rule===

Revision as of 18:15, 28 October 2024

"Limasol" redirects here. For the racehorse, see Limasol (horse).
Limassol
Λεμεσός (Greek)
Limasol, Leymosun (Turkish)
Lemesos
City and municipality
A ground view of the Limassol seafront, with the Trilogy buildings and the Limassol One building triumphing over the city
Trilogy buildings (left) and ONE in the distance
The medieval castle in Limassol
Limassol Castle
Street in the Old Town of Limassol
Street in the Old Town
View of Limassol taken from Limassol Molos
Limassol Molos
Boats docked in the Limassol Marina
Limassol Marina
Ground view of The Icon building Limassol
The Icon
The Oval office building in Limassol
The Oval
Flag of Limassol
Flag
Official seal of Limassol
Seal
Map
Interactive map outlining Limassol Municipality
Limassol is located in Cyprus
Limassol
Limassol
Location within Cyprus
Limassol is located in Eastern Mediterranean
Limassol
Limassol
Location within the Eastern Mediterranean
Limassol is located in European Union
Limassol
Limassol
Location within the European Union
Limassol is located in Asia
Limassol
Limassol
Location within Asia
Coordinates: 34°40′29″N 33°02′39″E / 34.67472°N 33.04417°E / 34.67472; 33.04417
Country Cyprus
DistrictLimassol District
Government
 • MayorYiannis Armeftis (Ind.)
Area
[1]
 • Municipality35.09 km2 (13.55 sq mi)
 • Urban
124.71 km2 (48.15 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[2]
 • Municipality108,105
 • Rank1st municipality,[3] 2nd urban in Cyprus
 • Urban
[2]
198,558
 • Urban density1,600/km2 (4,100/sq mi)
 • District[2]
262,238
Demonym(s)Limassolian(s) (en) Lemesianos (masc.), Lemesiani (fem.) (gr)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Post code
3010–3150
Area code25
ISO 3166 codeCY-02
Patron SaintJohn the Merciful (12 November)
Major port(s)Port of Limassol
Websitewww.limassolmunicipal.com.cy

Limassol,[a] also known as Lemesos, is a city on the southern coast of Cyprus and capital of the Limassol district. Limassol is the second-largest urban area in Cyprus after Nicosia, with an urban population of 195,139[2] and a district population of 262,238.[2] The Limassol municipality is the most populated in Cyprus, with a population of 108,105, followed by Strovolos in Nicosia.[4]

Limassol was built between two ancient Greek cities, Amathus and Kourion. Its historical centre is located around the medieval Limassol Castle and the Old Port.[5] Today the city spreads along the Mediterranean coast and has extended much farther than the castle and port, with its suburbs stretching along the coast to Amathus. To the west of the city is Akrotiri, one of the two British Overseas Territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia on the island.[6]

In 2014, Limassol was ranked by TripAdvisor as the 3rd up-and-coming destination in the world, in its Top 10 Traveler's Choice Destinations on the Rise list.[7][8] In Mercer's Quality of Living Ranking, the city was ranked 90th in 2023,[9] and 89th in 2017.[10] In the 2022 GaWC ranking, Limassol was classified as a "High Sufficiency" city,[11] falling down one category from "Gamma −" (lit. 'global city'), in 2020.[12] In 2023, the largest integrated casino resort in Europe opened its doors in Limassol along the south coast.[13] It spans 14 stories, with 500 rooms and houses as well as the island's largest pool area.[14]

Etymology

The name “Limassol” originates from the ancient Greek word “Nemesos” (Greek: Νέμεσσος, romanized: Nemessos), which means “one found in the middle". This likely refers to the city’s location between the ancient towns of Amathus and Kourion. Over time, the name evolved into “Lemesos", which is known in English as “Limassol".[15][16]

History

Ancient

Limestone sarcophagus found in Amathus, dating to the 5th century BC[17]
Kourion Theatre

Limassol is situated between the ancient city-kingdoms of Amathus, founded around 1100 BC by Greek settlers, and Kourion, founded around the same time. Settlements in the modern area of Limassol were most likely founded after the decline and destruction of Amathus, around the 7th century AD. The area around Limassol shows evidence of human activity dating back to the Neolithic period (around 7000 BC). Sites like Chirokitia, although not directly in Limassol, indicate the presence of early farming communities. During the Bronze Age, the region saw the development of more complex societies, with evidence of trade and cultural exchanges with neighbouring regions. These early settlements and city-kingdoms laid the foundation for Limassol’s development, contributing to its rich historical and cultural heritage. Ancient writers and geographers mention nothing about the foundation of the town.[18][19][20]

According to the Council of Chalcedon which took place in 451, the local bishop as well as the bishops of Amathus and Arsinoe were involved in the foundation of the city, which would be known by the names of Theodosiana and Neapolis.[21] Bishop Leontios of Neapolis was an important church writer in the 7th century. The records of the 7th Synod (757) refer to it as the bishop's see. The town was known as Lemesos by the 10th century.[citation needed]

Medieval

View of Kolossi Castle built in 1210 by the Frankish military.

The history of Limassol is largely known by the events associated with the Third Crusade. The king of England, Richard the Lionheart, was travelling to the Holy Land in 1190.[22] His fiancée, Berengaria, and his sister, Joan, were also travelling there, but on a different ship. Due to a storm, the women's ship arrived in Limassol.[22] Isaac Komnenos, the renegade Byzantine governor of Cyprus, invited the noblewomen ashore, with the intention of holding them for ransom, but they refused. So he refused them fresh water and they had to put out to sea again or yield to capture. When Richard arrived in Limassol and met Isaac Komnenos, he asked him to contribute to the crusade for the liberation of the Holy Land.[22] At the beginning Isaac agreed but later on refused. Richard took him captive; the entire island was therefore taken over by the Anglo-Normans, bringing the long Byzantine dominion of Cyprus to an end.[23] Richard celebrated his marriage with Berengaria who had received the crown as queen of England in Cyprus. Richard destroyed Amathus and the inhabitants were transferred to Limassol.[22]

A year later, in 1191 Cyprus was sold for the sum of 100,000 bezants to the Templars, rich monks and soldiers whose aim was the protection of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.[22]

The knights enforced high taxes, in order to get back the money that had been given for the purchase of Cyprus. This led to the revolt of the Cypriots, who wished to get rid of the bond of the promise. Richard accepted their request and a new purchaser was found: Guy of Lusignan, a Roman Catholic from Poitou. Cyprus was therefore handed over to the French dynasty of the house of Lusignan, thus establishing the medieval Kingdom of Cyprus.[24][25]

For a period of about three centuries (1192–1489), Limassol enjoyed remarkable prosperity. Cyprus was characterised by its great number of Latin bishops. This lasted until the occupation of Cyprus by the Ottomans in 1570. Latin battalions which established monasteries were settled down there. The settlement of merchants in Cyprus and particularly in Limassol in the 13th century led to the financial welfare of its inhabitants. Its harbour as a centre of transportation and commerce, contributed greatly to the financial and cultural development.[18]

Venetian rule

Cyprus was sold in 1489 to Venice by the Cypriot Queen Catherine Cornaro.[26] The Venetians were not interested in Cyprus. They only wanted to receive taxes and exploit the island’s sources. All the inhabitants were enslaved by the Venetians, and were obliged to give a third of their income, whether this was part of their products of the land. Travelers who visited Cyprus in the 16th century commented on the poor condition of the local population in the towns of the island.[18]

In 1538 the Ottomans captured the city and the Limassol castle. The Venetian governor of Cyprus, after recapturing the castle, decided to demolish it in order to avoid its possible seizure. This destruction was completed in 1567-68. Two years later the Ottomans captured the city.[27]

Ottoman rule

Ottomans conquering the Limassol Castle in 1570

The Ottoman Empire invaded Cyprus in 1570–1577 and occupied it.[28][29] Limassol was conquered in July 1570 without any resistance. After the Ottoman acquisition of Cyprus in 1576, the remains or parts of the remains of the Limassol castle were incorporated in the new Ottoman fort, completed in 1590, which was considerably strengthened. The underground chamber and the first floor were transformed into prison cells and remained in use until 1950.[27]

Some neighbourhoods, primarily to the east of the city, were predominantly Greek, while those to the west were mainly Turkish, with a mixed area around the castle. Christians lived in small, low houses that required one to bend to enter, a deliberate design to prevent Turks from riding horses into the homes. During the period of Turkish rule, Cyprus experienced a general decline. The Turks did not contribute to any development, and Greeks and Turks lived in separate neighbourhoods. The intellectual standards of Cypriots declined due to the lack of interest from the conquerors, oppression, and high taxation, which hindered the intellectual development of children.[18]

The church played an important role in the education of Greeks during the years 1754–1821. During those years, many new schools were established all over the island, most notable in Limassol being the Greek School (modern-day Laniteio Lyceum). Greek history, Turkish and French were taught at schools.[18]

British colony

Limassol Old Town with British colonial architecture

In 1878, the British had administrative control over Cyprus after the Cyprus convention. The first British governor of Limassol was Colonel Warren.[30] He showed a particular interest in Limassol and even from the first days the condition of the town showed an improvement. The roads were cleaned, the animals were removed from the centre, roads were fixed, trees were planted and docks were constructed for the loading and unloading of those ships that were anchored off-shore. Lanterns for the lighting of the central areas were also installed in the 1880s. In 1912, electricity replaced the old lanterns.[30]

From the first years of the British occupation, a post office, a telegraph office and a hospital began to operate.[30] In 1880, the first printing press started working. It was in this printing press that the newspapers Alithia and Anagennisis were published in 1897. The newspaper Salpinx was published at the same time.

At the end of the 19th century, the first hotels began to operate. Among these were Europe and Amathus. These changes that the British brought about contributed to the development of an intellectual and artistic life. Schools, theatres, clubs, art galleries, music halls, sport societies, football clubs etc. were all set up and meant a great deal to the cultural life of Limassol.[18]

Modern day

Due to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 the Turkish Cypriot inhabitants of Limassol were transferred to the north of Cyprus. Accordingly, many Greek Cypriots refugees who were uprooted from their homes in the north, fled, and settled down in the city. When Famagusta was occupied by Turkish troops, Limassol experienced rapid growth fuelled by the large population increase and the need for housing. Many luxury hotels, restaurants and entertainment venues were built, making Limassol the new commerce centre of Cyprus, the role which had been filled by Famagusta.[18]

Today, Limassol is the second largest city in Cyprus and hosts the island’s main port. It is renowned for its extravagant annual events, attracting numerous visitors from both the island and around the globe.[31]

Geography

Municipalities and quarters

Today, the Limassol urban area includes the Limassol Municipality and the municipalities of Kato Polemidia, Mesa Geitonia, Agios Athanasios, Germasogeia, and Ypsonas. For administrative purposes, the municipalities of Limassol are divided into quarters, with the exception of Ypsonas.

Map of Limassol's Municipalities and their quarters

Climate

Limassol has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa), closely bordering a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh),[32] with hot and dry summers and mild and wet winters, which are separated by short springs and autumns which are generally warm and sunny. From December to March, the weather is unsettled and can be rainy and windy. Sunshine averages around 6 hours a day. During this season there are a few days when the daytime highs might not exceed 12 °C (54 °F) and the night time lows might be as low as 2 °C (36 °F) but usually the temperature ranges from 16 °C (61 °F) to 20 °C (68 °F) in the day and from 7 °C (45 °F) to 12 °C (54 °F) in the night. Rain tends to be heavy this time of the year and thunderstorms occur often though they usually do not last for a long time.

Snow in Limassol is a very rare occurrence and usually falls mixed with rain every 7 to 13 years. Snow mixed with rain fell in February 2004, in January 2008 and in February 2012. In January 2022 Limassol registered a record low temperature of −0.8 °C (31 °F).[33] In spring the weather is mild to warm and pleasant. It is sunny almost every day and the temperatures are around 19–20 °C (66–68 °F) in the day and 9 °C (48 °F) in the night. Rain showers and thunderstorms are common especially in late March and April. Sometimes during the spring dust comes from the Sahara desert which degrades air quality in the city. Summer for Limassol is the longest season of the year, and lasts about six months; it begins in May and ends in October. At this time of the year, the weather is sunny every day and rain is rare. The temperatures range between 19 °C (66 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F) in June and September and 22 °C (72 °F) to 40 °C (104 °F) in July and August. In June, sea mist can sometimes occur, usually resolving early in the morning.[citation needed] Autumn is warm and usually sunny. It begins in the end of November and in December. During this period of the year, temperatures range from as low as 12 °C (54 °F) to as high as 20 °C (68 °F).

This season the weather differs from year to year and it can be very wet with violent thunderstorms sometimes (October 2009 rainfall was around 90 mm (3.5 in)) or very dry (October 2007 rainfall of 2 to 5 millimetres (0.079 to 0.197 in)). Limassol receives around 410 mm (16.1 in) of rain each year but this varies from year to year and sometimes droughts do occur (every 3–5 years).[citation needed] The rainy season 2009–2010 was a wet one with precipitation being as high as 515 mm (20.3 in) in some areas whilst the rainy season of 2007–2008 was dry with only 300 mm (11.8 in) of rain.[citation needed] Hail is rare and usually falls between October and April.[citation needed]

Climate data for Limassol (1991–2005)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.3
(73.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		29.0
(84.2) 		33.6
(92.5) 		38.6
(101.5) 		40.3
(104.5) 		38.8
(101.8) 		40.2
(104.4) 		39.3
(102.7) 		35.6
(96.1) 		32.5
(90.5) 		24.6
(76.3) 		40.3
(104.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 17.6
(63.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		22.9
(73.2) 		26.9
(80.4) 		30.8
(87.4) 		33.2
(91.8) 		33.3
(91.9) 		31.3
(88.3) 		28.6
(83.5) 		23.5
(74.3) 		18.9
(66.0) 		25.4
(77.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.2
(55.8) 		13.5
(56.3) 		15.2
(59.4) 		18.0
(64.4) 		21.8
(71.2) 		25.5
(77.9) 		27.8
(82.0) 		28.0
(82.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		23.2
(73.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		14.5
(58.1) 		20.4
(68.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.8
(47.8) 		8.5
(47.3) 		10.4
(50.7) 		13.1
(55.6) 		16.7
(62.1) 		20.1
(68.2) 		22.4
(72.3) 		22.7
(72.9) 		20.6
(69.1) 		17.7
(63.9) 		13.5
(56.3) 		10.1
(50.2) 		15.4
(59.7)
Record low °C (°F) −0.8
(30.6) 		1.0
(33.8) 		3.4
(38.1) 		5.0
(41.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.9
(57.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		18.9
(66.0) 		13.8
(56.8) 		8.8
(47.8) 		3.8
(38.8) 		0.5
(32.9) 		−0.8
(30.6)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 86.7
(3.41) 		66.9
(2.63) 		35.8
(1.41) 		18.4
(0.72) 		5.1
(0.20) 		1.4
(0.06) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		2.9
(0.11) 		13.1
(0.52) 		77.5
(3.05) 		99.7
(3.93) 		407.5
(16.04)
Average rainy days (≥ 1 mm) 9.3 7.1 5.6 3.3 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.9 5.5 8.8 43.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 195.3 211.7 244.9 270.0 344.1 381.0 390.6 365.8 315.0 285.2 225.0 186.0 3,414.6
Average ultraviolet index 3 4 6 8 10 11 11 10 8 6 4 3 7
Source: Meteorological Service (Cyprus)[34]
Average sea temperature[35]
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
17.8 °C
(64.0 °F) 		17.0 °C
(62.6 °F) 		17.3 °C
(63.1 °F) 		18.1 °C
(64.6 °F) 		20.8 °C
(69.4 °F) 		24.4 °C
(75.9 °F) 		27.2 °C
(81.0 °F) 		28.0 °C
(82.4 °F) 		27.2 °C
(81.0 °F) 		25.2 °C
(77.4 °F) 		22.1 °C
(71.8 °F) 		19.6 °C
(67.3 °F) 		22.0 °C
(71.6 °F)

Demographics

See also: Armenian Cypriots and Russian Cypriots
Agia Napa Church

Limassol is the 2nd most populous district in the Cyprus, with 198,558 residents as of the 2021 Cyprus census. The district population’s citizenships in 2021 was 77.7% Cypriot, 8.6% EU citizen, 13.1% Foreign citizen, with 0.6% not stating their nationality. Between 2011 and 2021, the district gained 26,827 residents.[36]

Since the 1960s, internal migration and the influx of displaced persons after 1974 have significantly increased the population of Limassol and its suburbs.

Limassol is home to a large community of Pontic Greeks, who settled in Cyprus after the collapse of the Soviet Union.[citation needed]

The city has also become increasingly popular with Russian and other post-Soviet nationals and expatriates, earning the nickname “Limassolgrad". Today, about 17% of Limassol’s population is Russian-speaking, and 8% are Russian citizens.[37]

Historically

Sourp Kevork Armenian Apostolic Church

Historically, Limassol had a mixed population of Greek Cypriots, Turkish Cypriots, and Armenian Cypriots. Most Turkish Cypriots moved to the north in 1974-1975. Consequently, many Greek Cypriots from the north, who became refugees following the Turkish invasion, settled in the city. In the 1990s, several Cypriot Romani people (considered Turkish Cypriots according to the constitution) returned from the north to the Turkish quarter of Limassol. Armenians remained in Limassol, residing around the Sourp Kevork Armenian Apostolic Church and maintain the Nareg Armenian School (Armenian: Նարեկ Հայկական Վարժարան). There is also an Armenian village in the Limassol district called Armenochori (Greek: Αρμενοχώρι).

The population birth rate rose by 70% during the late 19th and 20th centuries (1878–1960). The number of inhabitants increased from 6,131 in 1881 to 43,593 in 1960. The Greek Cypriot population was estimated at 37,478, while the Turkish Cypriot population was at 6,115.[18]

Human resources

Education

Further information: Education in Cyprus and Armenian education in Cyprus
Laniteio Lyceum
Monument of Fighting Youth, a work dedicated to the student warriors of Cypriot Hellenism[38]

Limassol has an educational infrastructure which spans primary education, secondary education and higher education. There are over a hundred public educational institutions in the city, mostly taught in Greek. Laniteio Lyceum, the oldest lyceum in the city, known as the Greek School when it was established in 1819, led education with many advancements that public education lacked at the time on the island.

Many private schools also exist, offering education in multiple languages including Greek and English. Such institutions include Saint Mary's School, a catholic private school open to all religions and races, The Grammar School Limassol, American Academy, The Heritage Private School and Foley's Grammar School.[39]

In addition to the various Greek and English speaking schools, the Nareg Armenian School also has a campus in the city, one of three on the island.[40]

In terms of higher education, Limassol is the base of Cyprus University of Technology (CUT), one of three state universities, established in 2004.[41] The city is also home to Frederick University and the University of Limassol, which are both private universities. Many institutions of tertiary education can be found in the city.[42]

Economy

Columbia Plaza in the Old City centre
Fasouri Watermania, Cyprus' biggest waterpark

Tourism in Limassol began to flourish after 1974, following the occupation of Famagusta and Kyrenia, the principal tourist resorts of Cyprus, during the 1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus. Limassol has many beaches, suitable for sunbathing and swimming. A bathing beach with all the necessary facilities, provided by the Cyprus Tourism Organisation, operates in the Dasoudi area.

In 1974, the Port of Limassol became the Republic of Cyprus’s main seaport.[43] Prior to that, the role had been filled by the port of Famagusta, now located in the de facto state of Northern Cyprus, which is not recognised as a legal port by any country except Turkey.

Limassol is home to many of Cyprus’s wine companies, which cater to the wine-growing regions on the southern slopes of the Troodos Mountains, including Commandaria. Notable companies such as KEO, LOEL, SODAP, and ETKO produce award-winning wines and brandies (cognacs) in international exhibitions.[44][45][46][47] These products are highly consumed by both locals and tourists, with significant quantities exported to Europe.

Limassol is the largest industrial centre in the district, hosting around 350 industrial units with 90 industry wares. These industries include dressmaking, furniture, footwear, beverages, food, printing, metalwork, electrical devices, plastics, and more.

Anexartisias Street

Limassol is a key trade centre in Cyprus, partially due to the presence of the UK sovereign base at Episkopi and Akrotiri, and the population displacement following the Turkish invasion in 1974. The main trade markets are located in the town centre and the coastal tourist area, stretching from the Old Port to the Amathus area. This area is home to most of the hotels, restaurants, confectioneries, discos, and entertainment venues. Major global retail shops can be found on Anexartisias Street and Makariou Avenue, the city’s primary shopping streets,[48] as well as at MYMALL, the largest mall in the district. Limassol has two ports, commonly known as the Old Port (Limassol Marina) and the New Port (Port of Limassol). The New Port handles the majority of commercial and passenger traffic and is one of the busiest ports in the Mediterranean transit trade and is the largest port in the Republic of Cyprus.[43] With a depth of 11 metres (36 feet) and breakwaters extending 1,300 metres (4,300 feet), can receive about ten ships, depending on their size. The Old Port, with a 250 metres (820 feet) breakwater, can accommodate only three small ships at a time and is primarily used by fishing boats. These ports facilitate the export of grapes, wines, carobs, and citrus fruits, as well as the import of cereals, vehicles, machinery, textiles, agricultural medicines, fertilizers, and iron.

Yachts at the Limassol Marina

The Limassol Marina, built in 2014, is located 500 metres (1,600 feet) west of the Limassol Castle, on the Old Port. This new development allows berthing of ocean-going yachts, having hosted its first yachts in 2013.[49] The marina has a capacity of 1,000 vessels.

Since 2014,[50] Limassol has experienced a construction boom driven by the tourism sector and increasing foreign investments. Public projects, such as the redesign of the one-kilometre (0.62-mile) Limassol Molos promenade, have enhanced the quality of life and the city’s image as a cosmopolitan destination. Infrastructure improvements, partly funded by European programs, have addressed traffic issues with new highway flyovers and roundabouts.

Columbia Pier at Akti Olympion, 2012
The same location in 2024

Limassol has become a major centre for tourism, trade, and services. The city offers numerous museums and archaeological sites for visitors. It attracts a diverse range of tourists, especially during the extended summer season, accommodated within a wide variety of hotels and apartments available.

The Limassol coastline, known as “The Limassol Riviera”, is undergoing a significant construction boom that began in late 2013 with new legislation encouraging development; becoming Europe's newest riviera.[51][52][53] Since then, hundreds of new housing units and mushrooming businesses are introduced to the community annually.[54] Currently, over 70 buildings taller than 50m are proposed or under construction, including 32 skyscrapers. Among these is “ONE", Cyprus’s tallest tower and Europe’s tallest seafront residential building.[55][56][57] Another notable project is the “City of Dreams Mediterranean (CoDM)”, the first and largest integrated resort in Europe.[58][59] In 2023, CoDM received the Seven Stars Luxury Hospitality and Lifestyle Award for “Best New Luxury Casino Resort in the World".[60]

Tourist area of Limassol with Hotels and Resorts

Landmarks

Archaeological sites

Amathus

Ancient city of Amathus

Amathus is an ancient city-kingdom, located about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) east of Limassol, dating back to 1100 BC, with a rich history with various influences by various civilisations. The most notable ruin is considered to be the Temple of Aphrodite, a major centre of worship and a sacred place for ceremonies and offerings, sitting atop the Acropolis of Amathus. Many tombs dating to the Iron Age can be found, as well as remnants of public baths and other buildings in the ancient Agora. One of the most remarkable finds from Amathus is a large limestone amphora, now housed in the Louvre Museum in Paris. This vase dates back to the 6th century BC and weighs 14 tonnes (14,000 kg).[61][62]

Kourion

Kourion agora

Kourion is another ancient city-kingdom, situated approx. 19 kilometres (12 mi) west of Limassol, with a rich history dating back to the Neolithic period, with significant developments during the Hellenistic, Roman, and Early Christian periods. The centerpiece of Kourion is the Greco-Roman theatre, originally built in the 2nd century BC and expanded in the 2nd century AD. It has been restored and is still used for open-air performances, overlooking the Mediterranean Sea. The Sanctuary of Apollo Hylates was dedicated to Apollo Hylates, the god of the woodland. It includes the remains of a temple, a bath complex, and a palaestra (wrestling school).[63][64]

Museums

Limassol Castle

The medieval Limassol Castle is one of the ten castles of Cyprus, constructed by the Byzantines around 1000 AD. A chapel was also built on the site during the same period. It is believed that Richard the Lionheart married his fiancée, Princess Berengaria of Navarre, at this location in 1191 after her ship was grounded nearby while she was accompanying him to the Third Crusade. The castle served as a prison from 1790 to 1940 and now functions as a medieval museum. The museum’s collection spans from 400 to 1870 AD, showcasing a variety of exhibits including cannons, 17th and 18th-century wood carvings, paintings, tombstones, statues, suits of armor, coins, terracotta, metalware, pottery, glass, and marble artifacts.[65][66] The Kolossi Castle, located about 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) west of Limassol, is a medieval fortress originally built in the 13th century by the Knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, also known as the Knights Hospitaller. The current structure, rebuilt in 1454, features a well-preserved three-story keep and an attached rectangular enclosure. The castle played a significant role in the production of sugar from local sugarcane and is also associated with the famous Commandaria wine.[67]

Folk Art Museum

The Folk Art Museum is located in a preserved historic house and features a collection of Cypriot folk art from the past two centuries. The collection includes national costumes, tapestries, embroidery, wooden chests, waistcoats, men’s jackets, necklaces, various light garments, town costumes, and rural tools. Established in 1985, the museum houses over 500 exhibits across six rooms. It was awarded the Europa Nostra prize in 1989. Visitors can explore Cypriot culture through these handmade exhibits.[68][69]

The Archaeological Museum offers a fascinating collection of antiquities discovered in the district, spanning from the Neolithic Age to the Roman period. Among the notable artifacts are stone axes from the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods, pottery and objects from the ancient cities of Kourion and Amathus, as well as Roman terracottas, gold jewelry, coins, sculptures, columns, vases, earrings, rings, necklaces, and marble statues. The museum was originally located within the Limassol Castle before being relocated to a site near the Public Gardens.[70][71][72]

Parks

Patticheio Municipal Museum

The Limassol Public Gardens, located along the coastal road, boasts a diverse array of vegetation, including eucalyptus trees, pine trees, and cypresses. Within the garden, visitors can explore the Limassol Zoo that houses deer, moufflons, ostriches, pheasants, tigers, lions, monkeys, vultures, pelicans, flamingos and various other animals and birds.[73] The Patticheio Municipal Museum and an open theatre, which has been renovated to host international performances, can also be found within the gardens.

The Limassol Molos, a multifunctional seaside park from reclaimed land that spans one-kilometre (0.62-mile), is one of the city's largest hotspots, as well as one of the largest parks on the island. Fishing, kayaking and many other watersports can be done off the piers of the park.[74][75] The Limassol Sculpture Park, commissioned by the Limassol Municipality, can be found at Molos.[76] The sculptures were created by Costas Dikefalos, Thodoros Papayiannis, Vassilis Vassili and Kyriakos Rokos from Greece, Helene Black from Cyprus, and more.[77]

Culture

Festivals

Reflect Festival 2023 stands at Limassol Molos
Costumes in the 2014 Limassol Carnival
Limassol Carnival decoration

Limassol is renowned in Cyprus for its vibrant festivals, most notably the Carnival and Wine Festival. The Limassol Carnival, a ten-day event filled with joyful and amusing masquerades, has ancient roots tracing back to pagan rituals. Over time, it has evolved into a purely entertaining spectacle with widespread popularity. The festivities kick off with the entrance parade of the King (or Queen) Carnival, followed by a children’s fancy-dress competition. The Grand Carnival parade on Makariou Avenue attracts large crowds from across the island, who come to watch the floats, serenades, and various masqueraded groups. Each night, numerous hotels host fancy-dress balls and parties.[78]

In early October, the grand Wine Festival of Cyprus takes place in the Limassol Public Gardens, running every evening from 08:00 to 23:00. During this festival, visitors can sample some of the finest Cypriot wines free of charge. The event also features folk dancing performances by groups from Cyprus and abroad, as well as choir performances and other entertainment.[78]

Other notable festivals in Limassol include the Limassol Street Life Festival and the Flower Festival (Anthestiria) in May, the Flood Festival (Kataklysmos) and Shakespeare Festival in June, and the Festival of Ancient Greek Drama.[79]

Additionally, Limassol introduced its first Beer Festival in July 2003. This three-day seaside dance festival in the city center offers a variety of Cypriot and imported beers. The festival is free to enter, with beers sold at low prices and a mix of international music providing the soundtrack.[80]

Limassol also hosted the sixth Junior Eurovision Song Contest at the Spyros Kyprianou Athletic Centre.[81]

Sports

Queue of participants at the starting line of the 2024 Limassol Marathon at Limassol Molos

The Alphamega Stadium, also known as the Limassol Stadium, is the second largest football only stadium on the island. With a capacity of 11.000, it is the home base of the city’s three major football clubs in the city, AEL FC, Apollon FC and Aris FC. The two former ones are the largest sport clubs in Limassol, which have football, basketball, and volleyball teams, as well as other sports. In football, all three teams play in the First Division. AEL FC and Aris FC were two of the eight founding members of the Cyprus Football Association (CFA). There are also many other teams in athletics, bowling, cycling, and other sports.

The Tsirio Stadium with a capacity of 13.331, was the home base of the three aforementioned football teams of Limassol as well as the Cyprus national football team in the past. It is also used for athletics. Other than the two previously mentioned stadiums, many others also exist in the city.

The Apollon Limassol Basketball Stadium, hosted the 2003 FIBA Europe South Regional Challenge Cup Final Four. The Apollon BC and the AEL BC competed, with the latter becoming the first Cypriot sport team to win a European Trophy. In 2006, Limassol hosted the FIBA Europe All Star Game in Spyros Kiprianou Sports Centre, as it had the year before. The Cyprus Rally which was hosted for the World Rally Championship and the Intercontinental Rally Challenge were both hosted in the Limassol district. In 2025, Limassol will host the EuroBasket.

The Limassol Marathon is part of an annual race series which takes place in Limassol. It was first run in 2006 and is still organised to this day. 2024 was a key year for the marathon since the participation record was broken with over 17.000 runners from more than 70 countries around the world participating.[31] There are various races including a marathon, a half marathon, a 10-kilometre (6.2-mile) Energy Race, a 5-kilometre (3.1-mile) Corporate Race and a 1-kilometre (0.62-mile) Youth Race.

Limassol also has an independent civilian rugby union team, the Limassol Crusaders, who play at the AEK Achileas Stadium and participate in the Joint Services Rugby League. There is a professional handball team, APEN Agiou Athanasiou.

Rowing and canoeing are rapidly becoming very popular in Limassol,[citation needed] due to the three nautical clubs in the city of Limassol. The Germasoyia dam is the place for both practising and competitions.

Transport

Limassol is one of the island's main transportation hubs. The city is home to the largest port on the island, which handles almost exclusively all passenger traffic inbound and outbound the island.[82]

Bus transport

EMEL (Limassol Passenger Transport Company) (Greek: Εταιρεία Μεταφοράς Επιβάτων Λεμεσού, ΕΜΕΛ), is the main operator of buses in Limassol. As of 2024, its network consists of around 53 bus lines, spanning the Limassol district, making up a fleet of approximately 150 buses, 35 of which are electric.[83] National and regional bus links are provided by InterCity Buses from the Limassol Port passenger building.

Ferry

Cranes at the Port of Limassol, 2011

The Port of Limassol is the largest port in Cyprus. Commercial and passenger cruises make frequent stops at the port.[84]

Motorways

Further information: Roads and motorways in Cyprus
A1 motorway in Limassol

The city is a highway hub, crossing the following motorways:

Airports

While Limassol is not home to any airports, the city is close to two international airports; Larnaca International Airport (situated approx. 60 km (37 mi) north-east from the city) and Paphos International Airport (approx. 50 km (31 mi) north-west). Bus links connect both airports with the city, served by Limassol Airport Express from Chavouzas station.

Government and politics

Politics

Angela Merkel and Nicos Anastasiades attending the EPP summit in Limassol in 2013

The first Marxist groups in Cyprus formed in Limassol in the early 1920s; in 1926, the Communist party of Cyprus was formed in the city. Its successor, Progressive Party of Working People (AKEL), has dominated municipal elections since the first free elections in 1943, won by Ploutis Servas.

The European People's Party held an extraordinary party summit in Limassol in 2013. The list of participants in the summit included European Council members, government representatives, European Commission representatives, opposition members and leaders, and European Parliament representatives. The summit's agenda included topics such as the EU's multi-annual financial framework for the period 2014–2020 and the preparation for the 2014 European elections.[85] Notably, Andreas Christou, an AKEL member, was re-elected mayor of Limassol in December 2011 to serve his second five-year term.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Limassol is twinned with:[86][87]

Consulates and consulates general

As of October 2024, Limassol hosts 6 consulates general and 33 consulates.[88]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Limassol

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ /ˈlɪməsɒl/; Greek: Λεμεσός, romanized: Lemesós [lemeˈsos]; Turkish: Limasol or Leymosun

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Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limassol&oldid=1253948410"