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{{Infobox Person
{{Infobox Person
| name = Uri Geller
| name = Uri Geller

Revision as of 03:19, 8 January 2008

Uri Geller
Uri Geller, circa 2005.
Born (1946-12-20) December 20, 1946 (age 77)
Tel Aviv, Israel
SpouseHannah Geller

Uri Geller (Hebrew: אורי גלר, born Gellér György[1] December 20, 1946) is an Israeli-British performer and celebrity known for claiming to have psychic powers.

Geller rose to fame after performing a series of televised performances which he said were paranormal demonstrations of psychokinesis, dowsing, and telepathy.[2] His performance included bending spoons, describing hidden drawings, and making watches appear to stop or run faster. Geller says he performs these feats through willpower and the strength of his mind.[3] Critics have demonstrated that his performances can be duplicated using stage magic tricks.

Biography

Born in Tel Aviv, Israel to Jewish parents from Hungary and Germany, Geller was named after a cousin who had been killed in a bus accident. Geller says he is a relative of Sigmund Freud on his mother's side. (The specific relationship is not identified.)[4] According to Geller, he first became aware of his paranormal abilities when he was four, claiming that after a light from the sky knocked him to the ground, his spoon bent and broke.[citation needed]

He served as a paratrooper in the Israeli Army,[5] and was wounded in action during the 1967 Six-Day War.[6] He worked as a photographic model in 1968 and 1969, and in the same year, he began to perform for small audiences as a nightclub entertainer,[7] becoming well-known in Israel.[citation needed]

Geller also became popular in the early 1970s in the United States. He also received attention from the scientific community who were interested in examining his claims of psychic abilities. At the peak of his career in the 1970s he worked full-time, performing for television audiences worldwide. He claims that he has accumulated wealth in part by performing dowsing services to find commodities such as oil, gold, and minerals, but that the companies he has worked for are reluctant to admit it.[citation needed]

He owns a 1976 Cadillac adorned with thousands of pieces of bent tableware given to him by celebrities or otherwise having historical or other significance. It includes spoons from celebrities such as John Lennon and the Spice Girls, and those with which Winston Churchill and John F. Kennedy ate. Geller designed the logo for popular music group N*SYNC[8] and contributed artwork to Michael Jackson's CD, Invincible.

Jackson was best man when Geller renewed his wedding vows in 2001.[9] He also negotiated the famous TV interview between Jackson with the journalist Martin Bashir: Living with Michael Jackson.[10] In BBC television interviews, Geller has since admitted that he has not been in contact with Jackson since this time. Geller says that he has split with Jackson because of anti-Semitic statements Jackson had purportedly made.[11]

In an appearance on Esther Rantzen's 1996 television talk show Esther, Geller claimed to have suffered from anorexia nervosa for several years.[citation needed]

Geller is the president of International Friends of Magen David Adom, a group that lobbied the International Committee of the Red Cross to recognise Magen David Adom ("Red Star of David") as a humanitarian relief organisation.[citation needed] The Red Cross acknowledged the organization as such in June, 2006.

In 2002, he became honorary co-chairman of the English Nationwide Conference football club Exeter City, who were relegated to the Nationwide Conference in May 2003. He has since severed formal ties with the club. The same year, he appeared as a contestant on the first series of the British reality TV show I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!.

In 2007 Geller hosted a reality show in Israel called The Successor ("היורש"), where the contestants performed magic tricks and Geller was accused of "trickery."[12] In July 2007 NBC signed Geller and Criss Angel for Phenomenon, which started airing on October 24 to search for the next great mentalist, which contestant Mike Super won.[13]

Geller currently lives in Sonning-on-Thames, Berkshire, England. He makes various personal appearances, is involved with art and design projects, and contributes articles to newspapers, magazines, and an Internet web column. In recent years, he has performed demonstrations such as spoon-bending much less frequently in public.[citation needed] He is a vegan and speaks four languages: English, Hebrew, Hungarian, and German. In addition he has written sixteen fiction and nonfiction books.

Paranormal claims

Geller claims his feats are paranormal powers[2] but many critics have challenged those claims, notably James Randi, say Geller's tricks are easily repeatable by magics and are simply "parlour tricks."[14]

As early as 1970 in his home country, Geller was termed a "fraud" for claiming his feats were telepathic.[15] In addition a 1974 article detailed how Geller got away with trickey and exposed Geller's "eleven tricks."[16] The article alleged that his manager (who he called his brother at the time), Shipi Shtrang and Shipi's sister Hannah Shtrang secretly helped in Geller's performances.[17] Hannah later married Geller.[18]

In 1975, Geller convinced two scientists were persuaded that Geller's demonstrations were genuine.[19] Since that time notable scientists, various magicians, and skeptics, who deny that he has paranormal abilities, have suggested possible ways in which Geller could have tricked the scientists using misdirection techniques.[14][20] These critics, who include Richard Feynman, James Randi and Martin Gardner, have accused him of using his demonstrations fraudulently outside of the entertainment business.[21][22] Nobel Prize winning physicist Richard Feynman, who was an amateur magician, wrote in Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! (1985) that Geller was unable to bend a key for him and his son.[23] Some of his claims have been described by watchmakers as simply restarting stopped mechanical clocks by simply moving them around.[19]

Geller is well-known for his sports predictions. Skeptic James Randi and British tabloid The Sun (among others), have demonstrated the teams and players he chooses to win most often lose.[24] John Atkinson explored "predictions" Geller made over thirty years and concluded "Uri more often than not scuppered the chances of sportsmen and teams he was trying to help."[24] This was pointed out by one of James Randi's readers, who called it "The Curse of Uri Geller".[25]

In another notable instance, in 1992, he was paid to investigate the kidnapping of Hungarian model Helga Farkas, and, although he predicted she would be found alive and in good health, she was murdered by her kidnappers.[26][27]

Parallels to stage magic

1993 TV show "Secrets of the Psychics."

Geller admits "Sure, there are magicians who can duplicate [my performances] through trickery."[28] He claims that even though his demonstrations could have been done using trickery, he happens to use psychic powers to achieve his results.[28] Skeptic James Randi, star of "Secrets of the Psychics," has stated that if Geller is truly using his mind to perform these feats, "he is doing it the hard way".[29] Stage magicians note several methods of creating the illusion of a spoon spontaneously bending. Most common is the practice of misdirection, an underlying principle of many stage magic tricks.[30]

According to Randi, there are many ways in which a bent spoon can be presented to an audience as to give the appearance it was done with supernatural powers. One way is through one or several brief moments of distraction in which a magician can physically bend a spoon unseen by the audience.[29] Then the bend is gradually revealed creating the illusion that the spoon is bending before the viewers' eyes.[29] Another way, if a performer does not bend the spoon with force during the performance is by pre-bending them and thus reducing the amount of force later needed to be applied.[29] It is also possible to chemically bend the spoon by applying a corrosive to one edge so that the spoon weakens and bends in a set period of time.

Geller claims in "telepathic drawing" demonstrations that he is able to read subjects' minds as they draw a picture. Although in these demonstrations he cannot see the picture being drawn, he is sometimes present in the room and on those occasions can see the subjects as they draw. Critics argue this may allow Geller to infer common shapes from pencil movement and sound, with the power of suggestion doing the rest.[30] James Randi has also suggested that Geller uses tiny mirrors held in his palm in order to see the drawings.

In his telepathy demonstrations, Geller sometimes, but not always, reveals his answer slowly while asking whether he is on the right track. This approach is consistent with a stage magic technique known as cold reading, in which a magician tricks a subject into revealing information by suggesting that he already knows it.

Testing

Geller's performances of drawing duplication and cutlery bending usually take place under informal conditions such as television interviews. During his early career he did allow some scientists to investigate his claims. Geller points to a study by Stanford Research Institute (now known as Stanford Research International) researchers Harold E. Puthoff and Russell Targ which concluded that he had clearly performed successfully enough to warrant further serious study, and the "Geller-effect", was coined to refer to the particular type of abilities they felt had been demonstrated.[31]

Geller's "watch fixing" abilities do not impress watch makers who note "many supposedly broken watches had merely been stopped by gummy oil, and simply holding them in the hand would warm the oil enough to soften it and allow watches to resume ticking."[19]

In An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural Randi wrote "Hal Puthoff and Russell Targ, who studied Mr. Geller at the Stanford Research Institute were aware, in one instance at least, that they were being shown a magician's trick by Geller."[32] Moreover, Randi explained, "Their protocols for this 'serious' investigation of the powers claimed by Geller were described by Dr. Ray Hyman, who investigated the project on behalf of a U.S. funding agency, as 'sloppy and inadequate'."[32]

Other critics of this testing include psychologists Dr. David Marks and Dr. Richard Kammann. They published a description of how Geller could have cheated in an informal test of his ESP powers in 1977.[33] Their 1978 article in Nature and 1980 book The Psychology of the Psychic (2nd ed. 2000) described how a perfectly normal explanation was possible for Geller's alleged powers of telepathy. Marks and Kammann found strong evidence that while at SRI Geller was allowed to peek through a hole in the laboratory wall separating Geller from the drawings he was being invited to reproduce. The drawings he was asked to reproduce were placed on a wall opposite the peep hole which the investigators Targ and Puthoff had stuffed with cotton gauze. In addition to this error, the investigators had also allowed Geller access to a two-way intercom enabling Geller to listen to the investigators' conversation during the time when they were choosing and/or displaying the target drawings. These basic errors indicate the high importance of ensuring that psychologists, magicians or other people with an in-depth knowledge of perception, who are trained in methods for blocking sensory cues, be present during the testing of self-proclaimed psychics.

Notable performances

Geller was unable to bend any tableware during a 1973 appearance on The Tonight Show in which the spoons he was to bend had been preselected by Johnny Carson. Earlier in his career, Carson had been an amateur stage magician, and consulted James Randi for advice on how to thwart potential trickery. Randi explained in a 1993 "Secrets of the Psychics" for the NOVA television series: "I was asked to prevent any trickery. I told them to provide their own props and not to let Geller or his people anywhere near them." A clip of this incident was televised on the NBC show Phenomenon; however, this two-minute clip, which has been widely circulated on the Internet since James Randi acquired permission to use it from NBC (videotape transfer paid for by Carson)[34] in his television special Secrets of the Psychics only shows Geller failing at psychic "hand dowsing," not metal bending. Geller's full, unedited appearance on the talk show has to date not been made available.

Noel Edmonds was a television prankster who often used hidden cameras to record celebrities in Candid Camera-like situations for his television programme, Noel's House Party. In 1996, Edmonds planned a stunt in which shelves would fall from the walls of a room while Geller was in it. The cameras recorded footage of Geller from angles he was not expecting, and they showed Geller grasping a spoon firmly with both hands as he stood up to display a bend in it.[35] Geller later claimed that he knew that Edmonds' crew had been filming, and that he made the shelves fall off the wall with his psychic powers.

In late 2006 and early 2007 Geller starred in The Successor, an Israeli television show to find a "successor" to him. During one segment, Geller tried to move a compass with paranormal abilities. However, video cameras allegedly caught Geller with magnet-on-thumb (magnets cause compasses to move in the direction of the magnet).[36][37] Geller then forced YouTube to remove the clips that showed the unflattering thumb.[38] [36]

In addition to speculating how Uri Geller may have fooled the scientists at SRI, among many others, David Marks recorded Uri Geller bending a key on film. This event occurred during Geller's visit to New Zealand in the 1970s. This film allegedly shows how Geller cleverly misdirected onlookers while gripping the key in both hands and bending it.[citation needed]

This trick was also done by Geller in 2000 on ABC TV's The View, which was then duplicated by Randi on the same show the following week.[39]

Wikinews has related news:

On October 31, 2007 Criss Angel challenged Geller and Phenomenon contestant Jim Callahan to prove they had supernatural abilities.[40] Angel pulled two envelopes from his pocket and said, "I will give you a million dollars of my personal money right now if either one of you can tell me specific details of what’s in here right now."[40] After some shouting, Angel and Callahan then moved toward each other. Geller and the show's host, Tim Vincent, moved quickly to keep them apart. Shortly thereafter, the show cut to a commercial break.

On November 21, 2007, Criss Angel again offered Uri Geller $1,000,000 on the finale of NBC's nationally televised Phenomenon.[41] Geller said, "although we were born one day apart, I was born on the 20th December and you were on the 19th ... there are a lot of years between us ... 40 years you were one year old when I came out with my spoon bending."[41] As Geller was speaking Angel said, "I told you that, correct" and then interrupted Geller to reveal the numbers 911.[41] Then Angel concluded, "If somebody could predict, tell us on 9-10 that 9-11 was going to happen, maybe that could have prevented it."

Litigation

James Randi's 1982 The Truth About Uri Geller

Geller has litigated or threatened legal action against some of his critics with mixed success.[42] These included libel allegations against Randi and illusionist Gérard Majax.

Notably, three lawsuits Geller filed against Prometheus Books, a publisher of skeptical books, which had falsely asserted that Geller had been arrested and convicted in Israel for misrepresenting himself as a psychic, were dismissed in the U.S. as they were filed after the statute of limitations had expired, and Geller was obliged to pay more than $20,000 in costs to the defendant.[43] Upon the final resolution of the Prometheus suit, the chairman of the publishing house, Paul Kurtz, stated, "It seems Mr. Geller's alleged psychic powers weren't working correctly when he decided to file this suit." Kurtz did, however, provide Geller with a written apology and acknowledgment of error on behalf of Prometheus Books after Geller agreed to drop an identical suit filed in London.[44]

In a 1989 interview with a Japanese newspaper, Randi was quoted as saying that Uri Geller had driven a scientist to "shoot himself in the head" after finding out that Geller had fooled him. Randi afterwards claimed was a metaphor lost in translation.[45] However, in previous interview with a Canadian newspaper, Randi said essentially the same thing; "One scientist, a metallurgist, wrote a paper backing Geller's claims that he could bend metal. The scientist shot himself after I showed him how the key bending trick was done."[46] In 1990, Geller sued Randi in a Japanese court over the statements Randi had made in the Japanese newspaper. Randi claims that he could not afford to defend himself, therefore he lost the case by default. The court declared Randi's statement an "insult" as opposed to libel, and awarded a judgment against Randi for 500,000 yen (at the time about US$4400). Randi feels that, since the charge of "insult" is not recognized by American Law, he was not required to pay, and maintains that he has "never paid even one dollar or even one cent to anyone who ever sued" him. [47] [48] [49]

In 1998, the Broadcasting Standards Commission in the United Kingdom rejected a complaint made by Geller, saying that it "wasn't unfair to have magicians showing how they duplicate those "psychic feats'" on the UK Equinox episode Secrets of the Super Psychics (this film, made by Open Media, was known on first transmission as Secrets of the Psychics but should not be confused with the earlier NOVA film of the same name).[50] The full text of the BSC adjudication is available online here [1].

In November 2000, Geller sued video game company Nintendo over the Pokémon character "Yungerer," localized in English as "Kadabra," which he claimed was an unauthorised appropriation of his identity.[51][52] The Pokémon in question has psychic abilities and carries bent spoons. Geller also claimed that the star on Kadabra's forehead and the lightning patterns on its abdomen are symbolisms popular with the Waffen SS of Nazi Germany, and he was outraged at the connotations that Nintendo had supposedly made.[52] Although the symbols are derived from Zener cards, the name is a pun; the katakana n (ン) resembles the kana ri (リ) (the transliteration of Mr. Geller's name into Katakana would be ユリゲラー Yurigerā). Geller sued for £60 million (the equivalent of US $100 million) but lost.

He also considered a suit against IKEA over a furniture line featuring bent legs that was called the "Uri" line.[53]

In 1991 Geller sued the Timex Watch Company for millions in Geller v. Fallon McElligott (No. 90-Civ-2839,July 22, 1991) and was sanctioned $149,000 for filing a frivolous lawsuit.[54]

In March 2007, videos showing Geller cheating were removed from YouTube due to copyright claims by Explorologist Limited.[55] Explorologist Limited is operated by Geller who owns 75% of the company and his long time manager/brother-in-law Shimshon [Shipi] Shtrang who owns 25%.[55] James Randi noted Geller does not own the copyright to these clips, which includes Geller's appearance on The Tonight Show.[55]

On May 8, 2007 the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) sued Geller on behalf of Brian Sapient for making false claims to force YouTube to remove a video.[56] YouTube eventually reversed their decision to remove the video. The EFF posted the documents pertaining to Sapient v. Geller online.[57]

The removals have caused a backlash against Geller.[58]

Bibliography

Non-fiction books by Geller

  • My Story. Henry Holt & Company, Inc. (April 1975) ISBN 0030301963
  • Uri Geller and Guy Lyon Playfair. The Geller Effect. Grafton, Jonathan Cape, Hunter Publishing, (1988) ISBN 0586074309 ISBN 978-0586074305
  • Uri Geller and Rabbi Shmuley Boteach. Confessions of a Psychic and a Rabbi. (Foreword by Deepak Chopra) Element Books Ltd (March 2000) ISBN 1862047243
  • Uri Geller and Lulu Appleton. Mind Medicine. Element Books Ltd (October 1999) ISBN 1862044775
  • Uri Geller's Little Book of Mind Power. Robson Books (August 1999) ISBN 186105193X
  • Uri Geller's Mind Power Kit. Penguin USA (1996) ISBN 0670871389
  • Uri Geller's Fortune Secrets. (Edited with Simon Turnbull) Psychic Hotline Pty Limited (May 21, 1987) ISBN 0722138121
  • Unorthodox Encounters. Chrysalis Books (2001) ISBN 1861053665

Fiction books by Geller

  • Ella. Martinez Roca, March 1999. ISBN 0747259208
  • Shawn. Goodyer Associates Ltd. ISBN 1871406099
  • Pampini. World Authors, 1980. ISBN 0899750001
  • Dead Cold. ISBN 0747259216

Books about Geller

  • Colin, Jim. The Strange Story of Uri Geller. Raintree, 1975 ISBN 0817210377 (48 pages)
  • Ebon, Martin. The Amazing Uri Geller. Signet 1975. ISBN 0451064755
  • Ben Harris Gellerism Revealed. Micky Hades International 1985 ISBN 0-919230-92-X
  • Margolis, Jonathan. Uri Geller Magician or Mystic?. Welcome Rain / Orion ISBN 0752810065
  • Marks, David. The Psychology of the Psychic (2nd Ed.) New York: Prometheus Books, 2000. ISBN 1573927988
  • Gardner, Martin. Confessions of a Psychic. (under the pseudonym "Uriah Fuller" (an allusion to Geller) that purport to explain "how fake psychics perform seemingly incredible paranormal feats".) Karl Fulves, 1975.
  • Gardner, Martin. Further Confessions of a Psychic. (under the pseudonym "Uriah Fuller") 1980.
  • Panati, Charles. The Geller Papers. Houghton Mifflin.
  • Puharich, Andrija, Uri: A Journal of the Mystery of Uri Geller. Anchor Press / Doubleday
  • Randi, James, The Magic of Uri Geller. (Later editions are titled The Truth About Uri Geller). New York: Prometheus Books, Ballintine, 1982. ISBN 0-87975-199-1
  • Taylor, John G.. Superminds. Macmillian/Picador
  • Wilhelm, John. In Search of Superman. Pocket Books, 1976. ISBN 0671805908
  • Wilson, Colin. The Geller Phenomenon. Aldus Books, 1976. ISBN 0717281051

References

  1. ^ "Hot News" Randi, James; www.jref.org; July 27, 2007.
  2. ^ a b Geller, Uri (November 8, 2000). "Geller: I can bend metal". The Guardian. Retrieved 2007-10-17. Cite error: The named reference "GellerBend" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  3. ^ "Cyberspace Psychic". Totally Jewish. July 25, 2000. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
  4. ^ Westbrook, Caroline (12 Feb 2003). ""Something Jewish" interview". somethingjewish.co.uk. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  5. ^ Margolis, Jonathan (1999-12-29). "Nintendo faces £60m writ from Uri Geller". Guardian Unlimited. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2006-12-09. ... the 53-year-old former Israeli paratrooper has always guarded unlicensed use of his name.
  6. ^ Friedman, Matti. "For his next trick, illusionist Uri Geller turns into a TV star". Pueblo Chieftan. AP (via Star-Journal Publishing Corp.). Retrieved 2006-12-09. He served in the Israeli paratroops, was wounded in 1967's Six-Day War...
  7. ^ The Magician And the Think Tank, Time (magazine) Mar. 12, 1973
  8. ^ "anecdote of meeting". cainer.com. 20 September, 2001. Retrieved 2007-10-05. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  9. ^ "Jackson fans await Geller wedding". BBC. 7 March, 2001. Retrieved 2007-03-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ "Jackson interview seen by 14m". BBC. 4 February, 2003. Retrieved 2007-03-30. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ "anecdote of meeting". cainer.com. 20 September, 2001. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  12. ^ "Uri Geller accused of TV trickery". BBC. 21 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  13. ^ "NBC Offers Reality Show For Wanna-Be Mentalists With Uri Geller, Criss Angel". Tampa Tribune. Jul 17, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
  14. ^ a b The skeptic's Dictionary: Uri Geller
  15. ^ "Telepathist Geller Termed a Fraud," Jerusalem Post October 5, 1970
  16. ^ "Uri Geller Twirls the Entire World on His Little Finger; Only His Closest Acquaintances Know His Methods," Haolam Hazeh, February 20, 1974
  17. ^ "Uri Geller Twirls the Entire World on His Little Finger; Only His Closest Acquaintances Know His Methods," Haolam Hazeh, February 20, 1974
  18. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1206918.stm
  19. ^ a b c Boyce Rensberger, "Magicians Term Israeli 'Psychic' a Fraud," The New York Times. December 13, 1975, page 59. Several of the scientists have publically criticized Geller. Other scientists convinced by Geller include Russell Targ and Harold Puthoff at the Stanford Research Institute.
  20. ^ Richard Feynman on Uri Geller
  21. ^ Geller v. Randi, US Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, 1994.
  22. ^ Gardner, Martin (1989) [1981]. Science: Good, Bad & Bogus. ISBN 0879755733.
  23. ^ Richard Feynman. Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! (1985), page 339
  24. ^ a b "The Curse of Uri Geller". The Sun. April 1, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  25. ^ "The Curse of Uri Geller". James Randi Educational Foundation. June 27, 2003. Retrieved 2007-04-01.
  26. ^ http://www.randi.org/jr/090701.html
  27. ^ http://skepdic.com/psimiss.html
  28. ^ a b "Uri Geller - A Sceptical Perspective". Wordsmith. October 1996. Retrieved 2006-10-12.
  29. ^ a b c d Interview with James Randi in NOVA episode, "Secrets of the Psychics."
  30. ^ a b Ben Harris,The Second Coming Psychics: All the Bast from Skeptic 1986-1990, page 8
  31. ^ "The Geller Papers". UriGeller.com. 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
  32. ^ a b Randi, James (1995). "An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural". St. Martin's Press. Retrieved 2007-03-28.
  33. ^ David Marks & Richard Kammann. "The Non-Psychic Powers of Uri Geller". Skeptical Inquirer, Summer 1977, Vol. 1 No. 2, p. 9-17.
  34. ^ "Swift - March 30, 2007". Retrieved December 22, 2007.James Randi discusses obtaining the clip of Uri Geller on The Tonight Show.
  35. ^ SkepticReport.com: Uri Geller
  36. ^ a b Randi, James (January 19, 2007). "Geller Redux". James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  37. ^ "Uri Geller accused of TV trickery". BBC. 21 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  38. ^ YouTube video
  39. ^ Randi, James (January 26, 2000). "The Moving Compass Trick". James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  40. ^ a b "Angel sparks altercation on 'Phenomenon'". MSNBC. November 1, 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |access date= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ a b c Phenomenon Episode List
  42. ^ Truzzi, M (1996) from the Parapsychological Association newsletter http://66.221.71.68/psir.htm
  43. ^ Geller, Uri. "Uri Geller Libel Suit Dismissed". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. Retrieved 2006-12-08. Self proclaimed "psychic" Uri Geller had to dismiss a multi-million dollar libel suit and has to pay over $20,000 in sanctions in an action he brought against skeptical book publisher Prometheus Books of Amherst, New York.
  44. ^ Truzzi, M (1996) from the Parapsychological Association newsletter http://66.221.71.68/psir.htm
  45. ^ Cuckoos and Cocoa Puffs by Carol Krol http://www.skepticfiles.org/randi/legal.htm
  46. ^ Patricia Orwen, James Randi August 23, 1986, Toronto Star.
  47. ^ http://www.uri-geller.com/psir.htm
  48. ^ Randi, James (February 9, 2007). "More Geller Woo-Woo". SWIFT Newsletter. James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved 2007-01-29. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  49. ^ http://www.randi.org/hotline/1994/0048.html
  50. ^ Blackmore, Susan (Nov-Dec, 1998). "U.K. broadcast commission rejects Geller's 'Secrets of the Psychics' complaint". Skeptical Inquirer. Retrieved 2007-03-11. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  51. ^ "Uri Geller sues Pokemon". Retrieved 2007-05-30.
  52. ^ a b "Geller sues Nintendo over Pokémon". Retrieved 2007-05-30.
  53. ^ Margolis, Jonathan (1999-12-29). "Nintendo faces £60m writ from Uri Geller". Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
  54. ^ "Recent Legal Developments". James Randi Educational Foundation. 11 Dec 1994. Retrieved 2007-11-01.
  55. ^ a b c Randi, James (March 30, 2007). "Geller on the Ropes". James Randi Educational Foundation. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
  56. ^ "Spoon-Bending 'Paranormalist' Illegally Twists Copyright Law". Electronic Frontier Foundation. May 8, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
  57. ^ "Sapient v. Geller Documents". Electronic Frontier Foundation. May 8, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
  58. ^ "Magician Uri Geller Accused of Bending Copyright Law". Fox News. July 9, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-10.

Media

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