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=== Pre-release political controversy ===
=== Pre-release political controversy ===


Even before a single scene was shot for the movie, the film became fodder for partisan political controversy.<ref name="EW1">[http://insidemovies.ew.com/2012/08/06/zero-dark-thirty-first-look/ Obama not in 'Zero Dark Thirty' thriller about hunt for Osama bin Laden]; Entertainment Weekly; August 6, 2012</ref> Opponents of the Obama Administration charged that ''Zero Dark Thirty'' was scheduled for an October release just before the November [[United States presidential election, 2012|presidential election]], so that it would support the reelection of Barack Obama by reminding the public who gave the command to initiate the raid that got bin Laden.<ref>{{cite news |title=WH leaks for propaganda film |first=Glenn |last=Greenwald |authorlink=Glenn Greenwald |url=http://www.salon.com/2012/05/23/wh_leaks_for_propaganda_film/singleton |newspaper=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |date=May 23, 2012 |accessdate=May 24, 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/67tYMTV9h |archivedate=May 24, 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Barack Obama campaigns in Hollywood style |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Barack-Obama-campaigns-in-Hollywood-style/articleshow/12950189.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=May 2, 2012 |accessdate=May 24, 2012}}</ref> Sony has denied that politics was ever a factor in release scheduling, stating that the initial release date was selected because it was the best available spot for an action-thriller on a crowded lineup. Distributor Columbia Pictures, sensitive to critical perceptions, considered rescheduling the film release for as late as early 2013. The release date was set for December 19, 2012, well after the election and rendering moot any alleged political conflict.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Harvey Weinstein Plotting an October Surprise for Obama? |first=John |last=Hudson |url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2012/05/harvey-weinstein-plotting-october-surprise-obama/52469 |newspaper=[[The Atlantic Wire]] |date=May 17, 2012 |accessdate=May 24, 2012}}</ref><ref name="EW2"/><ref name="Lang1"/><ref>[http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/10/20/bin-laden-movie-gets-pushed-back Bin Laden Movie Gets Pushed Back]; IGN Entertainment; October 20, 2011</ref><ref>[http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/release-date-of-bin-laden-film-may-change/ Release Date of Bin Laden Film May Change]; New York Times; October 19, 2011</ref>
Even before a single scene was shot for the movie, the film became fodder for political controversy.<ref name="EW1">[http://insidemovies.ew.com/2012/08/06/zero-dark-thirty-first-look/ Obama not in 'Zero Dark Thirty' thriller about hunt for Osama bin Laden]; Entertainment Weekly; August 6, 2012</ref> Opponents of the Obama Administration charged that ''Zero Dark Thirty'' was scheduled for an October release just before the November [[United States presidential election, 2012|presidential election]], so that it would support the reelection of Barack Obama by reminding the public who gave the command to initiate the raid that got bin Laden.<ref>{{cite news |title=WH leaks for propaganda film |first=Glenn |last=Greenwald |authorlink=Glenn Greenwald |url=http://www.salon.com/2012/05/23/wh_leaks_for_propaganda_film/singleton |newspaper=[[Salon (website)|Salon]] |date=May 23, 2012 |accessdate=May 24, 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/67tYMTV9h |archivedate=May 24, 2012 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Barack Obama campaigns in Hollywood style |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/people/Barack-Obama-campaigns-in-Hollywood-style/articleshow/12950189.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=May 2, 2012 |accessdate=May 24, 2012}}</ref> Sony has denied that politics was ever a factor in release scheduling, stating that the initial release date was selected because it was the best available spot for an action-thriller on a crowded lineup. Distributor Columbia Pictures, sensitive to critical perceptions, considered rescheduling the film release for as late as early 2013. The release date was set for December 19, 2012, well after the election and rendering moot any alleged political conflict.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Harvey Weinstein Plotting an October Surprise for Obama? |first=John |last=Hudson |url=http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2012/05/harvey-weinstein-plotting-october-surprise-obama/52469 |newspaper=[[The Atlantic Wire]] |date=May 17, 2012 |accessdate=May 24, 2012}}</ref><ref name="EW2"/><ref name="Lang1"/><ref>[http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/10/20/bin-laden-movie-gets-pushed-back Bin Laden Movie Gets Pushed Back]; IGN Entertainment; October 20, 2011</ref><ref>[http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/release-date-of-bin-laden-film-may-change/ Release Date of Bin Laden Film May Change]; New York Times; October 19, 2011</ref>


Several sources have also charged the Obama Administration of improperly providing Bigelow and her team access to classified information during their research for the film. These charges have become a favorite{{Whom?|date=September 2012}} election season conservative talking point, and have also found their way onto the Republican national convention party platform, which claims Obama "has tolerated publicizing the details of the operation to kill the leader of Al Qaeda."<ref name="Lang1"/> Republican congressman [[Peter T. King]] requested that the CIA and Department of Defense investigate if classified information was inappropriately released; both departments said they would look into it.<ref name="Investigate">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/07/movies/film-on-bin-laden-hunt-leads-to-pentagon-investigation.html?_r=1&ref=petertking |title=Film About the Hunt for Bin Laden Leads to a Pentagon Investigation |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Michael |last=Cieply |date=January 6, 2012}}</ref> Conservative watchdog group [[Judicial Watch]] publicized CIA and Department of Defense documents obtained through a [[Freedom of Information Act]] request, and alleged that "unusual access to agency information" was granted to the filmmakers. An examination of the documents showed no evidence that classified information was leaked to the filmmakers, and the CIA records did not show any involvement by the White House.<ref name="Lang1">[http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/sns-rt-us-zerodarkthirty-ciabre87s1et-20120829,0,5339438.story Government communicated with "Zero Dark Thirty" makers]; Chicago Tribune; August 29, 2012</ref><ref name="EW2"/> The filmmakers have denied the claims they were given access to classified details about the killing of Osama bin Laden.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/aug/11/kathryn-bigelow-bin-laden-film |title=Kathryn Bigelow denies White House favouritism over Bin Laden film |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |first=Ben |last=Child |date=August 11, 2011}}</ref> A CIA spokesman confirmed the agency maintained their goal of "an accurate portrayal of the men and women of the CIA, their vital mission and the commitment to public service that defines them. And it is an absolute that the protection of national security equities is an integral part of our mission."<ref name="Investigate"/> The CIA further reassured Rep. King that, "the protection of national security equities — including the preservation of our ability to conduct effective counterterrorism operations — is the decisive factor in determining how the CIA engages with filmmakers and the media as a whole."<ref>[http://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/documents/pdf/110811_CIA_Letter.pdf Letter from the CIA to King re: possible leaks]; House website; November 8, 2011</ref>
Several sources have also charged the Obama Administration of improperly providing Bigelow and her team access to classified information during their research for the film. The charges (as part of a campaign against other alleged leaks to the media about the raid) were referenced in a line in the Republican national convention party platform, which claims Obama "has tolerated publicizing the details of the operation to kill the leader of Al Qaeda."<ref name="Lang1"/> Congressman [[Peter T. King]] requested that the CIA and Department of Defense investigate if classified information was inappropriately released; both departments said they would look into it.<ref name="Investigate">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/07/movies/film-on-bin-laden-hunt-leads-to-pentagon-investigation.html?_r=1&ref=petertking |title=Film About the Hunt for Bin Laden Leads to a Pentagon Investigation |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Michael |last=Cieply |date=January 6, 2012}}</ref> Conservative watchdog group [[Judicial Watch]] publicized CIA and Department of Defense documents obtained through a [[Freedom of Information Act]] request, and alleged that "unusual access to agency information" was granted to the filmmakers. An initial release of the documents showed little evidence that classified information was leaked to the filmmakers, and the CIA records did not show any involvement by the White House.<ref name="Lang1">[http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/sns-rt-us-zerodarkthirty-ciabre87s1et-20120829,0,5339438.story Government communicated with "Zero Dark Thirty" makers]; Chicago Tribune; August 29, 2012</ref><ref name="EW2"/> The filmmakers have denied the claims they were given access to classified details about the killing of Osama bin Laden.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2011/aug/11/kathryn-bigelow-bin-laden-film |title=Kathryn Bigelow denies White House favouritism over Bin Laden film |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |first=Ben |last=Child |date=August 11, 2011}}</ref> A CIA spokesman confirmed the agency maintained their goal of "an accurate portrayal of the men and women of the CIA, their vital mission and the commitment to public service that defines them. And it is an absolute that the protection of national security equities is an integral part of our mission."<ref name="Investigate"/> The CIA further reassured Rep. King that, "the protection of national security equities — including the preservation of our ability to conduct effective counterterrorism operations — is the decisive factor in determining how the CIA engages with filmmakers and the media as a whole."<ref>[http://homeland.house.gov/sites/homeland.house.gov/files/documents/pdf/110811_CIA_Letter.pdf Letter from the CIA to King re: possible leaks]; House website; November 8, 2011</ref> A later release of documents resulted in transcripts that indicate that [[Michael G. Vickers|Michael Vickers]], a senior Pentagon intelligence official, did offer Bigelow a member of SEAL Team 6 to act as a consultant on the film, referring to the covert operator by name; however, Vickers later claimed that the man in question was actually not an actual SEAL Team member and that offer was never accepted. <ref>{{cite news |url=http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-23/u-s-officials-guided-filmmakers-on-bin-laden-raid-movie?BB_NAVI_DISABLE=MARKETS_%2Fslideshow%2F%3Fcategory%3D%2Fnews%2Fenvironment%2Ftopic |title=U.S. Officials Guided Filmmakers on Bin Laden Raid Movie | work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |location=New York City |first=Tony |last=Capaccio and Gopal Ratnam |date=May 23, 2012}}</ref>


A [[501(c)(4)]] group lead by some Republicans and calling itself [[Special Operations OPSEC Education Fund|OPSEC]] was formed, and began a media campaign in August claiming, without proof, "that the Obama White House released classified details of the raid for the making of a Hollywood film".<ref name="APNews"/> OPSEC has produced a video critical of Obama called ''[[Dishonorable Disclosures]]'' which a spokesman for the group said they intend to show in [[swing states]].<ref name="NYT1">{{cite news|last=Shane|first=Scott|title=Ex-Officers Attack Obama Over Leaks on Bin Laden Raid|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/16/us/politics/ex-military-and-cia-officers-attack-obama-over-bin-laden-leaks.html|accessdate=31 August 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="Delaware">[http://blogs.delawareonline.com/delawaredefense/2012/08/22/special-operators-to-anti-obama-groups-zip-it/ Special operators to anti-Obama groups: Zip it]; ''[[The News Journal]]''; August 22, 2012</ref>
[[Special Operations OPSEC Education Fund|OPSEC]], a [[501(c)(4)|non-profit advocacy group]] composed of retired special operators and CIA agents, was formed and began a media campaign in August claiming "that the Obama White House released classified details of the raid for the making of a Hollywood film". Other special operations soldiers, such as Green Beret Major Fernando Lujan and Admiral Bill McRaven (head of US Special Operations Command), have been critical of their involvement in a political campaign, with Lujan saying the activity is "in violation of everything we’ve been taught, and the opposite of what we should be doing, which is being quiet professionals." <ref name="APNews"/><ref name="NYT1">{{cite news|last=Shane|first=Scott|title=Ex-Officers Attack Obama Over Leaks on Bin Laden Raid|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/16/us/politics/ex-military-and-cia-officers-attack-obama-over-bin-laden-leaks.html|accessdate=31 August 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="APNews">[http://www.navytimes.com/news/2012/08/ap-special-operators-tell-anti-obama-groups-zip-it-082112/ Special Operators to Anti-Obama Groups: Zip It]; AP News; August 22, 2012</ref>
<ref name="APNews">[http://www.navytimes.com/news/2012/08/ap-special-operators-tell-anti-obama-groups-zip-it-082112/ Special Operators to Anti-Obama Groups: Zip It]; AP News; August 22, 2012</ref><ref name="hr081712">{{cite web | url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/opsec-barack-obama-video-tom-hanks-steven-spielberg-363430 | title=Group Using Obama's Hollywood Supporters in Campaign Against Him | publisher=The Hollywood Reporter | date=August 17, 2012 | accessdate=August 19, 2012 | author=Bond, Paul}}</ref> In the video, OPSEC members assert that the administration leaked considerable classified intelligence about the raid for political gain, that Obama announced the raid before intelligence picked up from the compound could be fully exploited, that the use of covert stealth helicopters was publicized, that the name of the secret unit that executed the raid was made public, that the identity of the Pakistani doctor recruited to help find bin Laden was leaked, and that Obama took credit for the work of others.<ref name=CNNbergen20120819 /> One former SEAL featured in the film demands that Obama "stop leaking information to the enemy." ''[[CNN]]'s'' National Security Analyst [[Peter Bergen]] published a critical analysis of these assertions. Bergen, author of ''Man Hunt: The Ten Year Search for Bin Laden From 9/11 to Abottabad,'' asserted that the claims made in the video were overwrought and silly.<ref name=CNNbergen20120819>{{cite news|last=[[Peter Bergen|Bergen]]|first=Peter|title=Are 'Swift Boat' attacks on Obama bogus?|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/17/opinion/bergen-obama-swift-boat/|accessdate=August 22, 2012|newspaper=CNN.com|date=August 19, 2012}} ([http://www.webcitation.org/6ADprW3eE WebCite archive])</ref><ref name="NYT1">{{cite news|last=Shane|first=Scott|title=Ex-Officers Attack Obama Over Leaks on Bin Laden Raid|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/16/us/politics/ex-military-and-cia-officers-attack-obama-over-bin-laden-leaks.html|accessdate=31 August 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="Delaware">[http://blogs.delawareonline.com/delawaredefense/2012/08/22/special-operators-to-anti-obama-groups-zip-it/ Special operators to anti-Obama groups: Zip it]; ''[[The News Journal]]''; August 22, 2012</ref> Bergen stated that Obama and his national security team made every effort to keep the intelligence about bin Laden a closely held secret.<ref name=CNNbergen20120819 /> Bergen said that what precipitated the operation going public was not Obama's announcement but the crash of one of the stealth helicopters in the raid as Pakistani personnel quickly arrived and reported details about the stealth equipment.<ref name=CNNbergen20120819 /> Pakistani authorities including General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani pushed for U.S. authorities to publicly disclose what had happened.<ref name=CNNbergen20120819 /> Bergen said that during the resulting announcement, Obama did not divulge the name of SEAL Team Six, nor did anyone in the U.S. government reveal the name of Dr. Shakil Afridi, the CIA asset, who had been discovered by the Pakistani intelligence service.<ref name=CNNbergen20120819 /> Also, ''[[PolitiFact]]'' described the video as "very misleading",<ref>[http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2012/aug/20/special-operations-opsec-education-fund/group-says-obama-revealed-secret-information-holl/ Group says Obama revealed secret information to Hollywood filmmakers]; PolitiFact; August 15, 2012</ref> and the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported that parts of the video were selectively edited to show Obama giving his announcement about bin Laden's death without crediting special forces and intelligence personnel to portray him "as a braggart taking credit" for the accomplishments.<ref name="NYT1"/>


== References ==
== References ==

Revision as of 22:41, 11 September 2012

"Zero Dark Thirty" redirects here. For other uses, see Zero Dark Thirty (disambiguation).
Zero Dark Thirty
Teaser poster
Directed byKathryn Bigelow
Written byMark Boal
Produced byKathryn Bigelow
Colin Wilson
Greg Shapiro
Ted Schipper
Megan Ellison[1]
StarringJessica Chastain
Joel Edgerton
Mark Strong
Edgar Ramirez
Ricky Sekhon
Jennifer Ehle
Chris Pratt
Kyle Chandler
Nina Arianda
Production
companies
Distributed byColumbia Pictures
(United States)[2]
Universal Pictures
(Worldwide)[3]
Release date
  • December 19, 2012 (2012-12-19)
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish

Zero Dark Thirty is an upcoming December, 2012 American action thriller feature film billed as "the story of history's greatest manhunt for the world's most dangerous man". The film is about the special operations forces mission to capture or kill Osama bin Laden. The film is directed and co-produced by Kathryn Bigelow with screenplay by Mark Boal, both associated with The Hurt Locker, another military action thriller that won the Academy Award for Best Picture and five other Oscars in 2009. It stars Jessica Chastain, Joel Edgerton, Edgar Ramirez, and Mark Strong.[4]

Plot

After the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center in New York, a decade-long hunt began for al-Qaeda terrorist leader Osama bin Laden. An elite team of intelligence and military operatives, working in secret across the globe, devoted themselves to a single goal: to find and eliminate Osama bin Laden.

Cast

Production

Titles

The title "Zero Dark Thirty" has been officially confirmed at the end of the movie's teaser trailer.[5] The initial working title for the film was "For God and Country".[6]

Writing

Bigelow and Boal had initially worked on and finished a movie script centered around the 2001 seige in Tora Bora, where bin Laden was once believed to be hiding. The two were about to begin filming when news broke that bin Laden had been killed. They immediately shelved the film they had been working on and redirected their focus, essentially starting from scratch. "But a lot of the homework I’d done for the first script and a lot of the contacts I made, carried over,” Boal remarked during an interview with Entertainment Weekly. He added, "The years I had spent talking to military and intelligence operators involved in counterterrorism was helpful in both projects. Some of the sourcing I had developed long, long ago continued to be helpful for this version."[7]

Filming

Parts of the film were shot at Chandigarh, India. Some parts of Chandigarh were turned into Lahore and Abbottabad, Pakistan, where Osama bin Laden was found and killed in May 2011.[8] Local protesters expressed anti-Osama bin Laden and anti-Pakistan sentiments as they objected to Pakistan locations being portrayed on Indian land.[9][10]

Reception

Pre-release political controversy

Even before a single scene was shot for the movie, the film became fodder for political controversy.[7] Opponents of the Obama Administration charged that Zero Dark Thirty was scheduled for an October release just before the November presidential election, so that it would support the reelection of Barack Obama by reminding the public who gave the command to initiate the raid that got bin Laden.[11][12] Sony has denied that politics was ever a factor in release scheduling, stating that the initial release date was selected because it was the best available spot for an action-thriller on a crowded lineup. Distributor Columbia Pictures, sensitive to critical perceptions, considered rescheduling the film release for as late as early 2013. The release date was set for December 19, 2012, well after the election and rendering moot any alleged political conflict.[13][6][14][15][16]

Several sources have also charged the Obama Administration of improperly providing Bigelow and her team access to classified information during their research for the film. The charges (as part of a campaign against other alleged leaks to the media about the raid) were referenced in a line in the Republican national convention party platform, which claims Obama "has tolerated publicizing the details of the operation to kill the leader of Al Qaeda."[14] Congressman Peter T. King requested that the CIA and Department of Defense investigate if classified information was inappropriately released; both departments said they would look into it.[17] Conservative watchdog group Judicial Watch publicized CIA and Department of Defense documents obtained through a Freedom of Information Act request, and alleged that "unusual access to agency information" was granted to the filmmakers. An initial release of the documents showed little evidence that classified information was leaked to the filmmakers, and the CIA records did not show any involvement by the White House.[14][6] The filmmakers have denied the claims they were given access to classified details about the killing of Osama bin Laden.[18] A CIA spokesman confirmed the agency maintained their goal of "an accurate portrayal of the men and women of the CIA, their vital mission and the commitment to public service that defines them. And it is an absolute that the protection of national security equities is an integral part of our mission."[17] The CIA further reassured Rep. King that, "the protection of national security equities — including the preservation of our ability to conduct effective counterterrorism operations — is the decisive factor in determining how the CIA engages with filmmakers and the media as a whole."[19] A later release of documents resulted in transcripts that indicate that Michael Vickers, a senior Pentagon intelligence official, did offer Bigelow a member of SEAL Team 6 to act as a consultant on the film, referring to the covert operator by name; however, Vickers later claimed that the man in question was actually not an actual SEAL Team member and that offer was never accepted. [20]

OPSEC, a non-profit advocacy group composed of retired special operators and CIA agents, was formed and began a media campaign in August claiming "that the Obama White House released classified details of the raid for the making of a Hollywood film". Other special operations soldiers, such as Green Beret Major Fernando Lujan and Admiral Bill McRaven (head of US Special Operations Command), have been critical of their involvement in a political campaign, with Lujan saying the activity is "in violation of everything we’ve been taught, and the opposite of what we should be doing, which is being quiet professionals." [21][22][21]

References

  1. ^ UPI Takes Territories on Kathryn Bigelow's Zero Dark Thirty; Screen Daily; May 15, 2012
  2. ^ Child, Ben (May 25, 2011). "Kathryn Bigelow's Bin Laden film gets green light". The Guardian. London.
  3. ^ "Company credits for 'Zero Dark Thirty'". IMDb. Amazon.com. Retrieved August 8, 2012.
  4. ^ Child, Ben (January 6, 2012). "Kathryn Bigelow's Bin Laden film to star Joel Edgerton". The Guardian. London.
  5. ^ Bin Laden movie trailer is out; filmmakers are talking; azcentral.com; August 6, 2012
  6. ^ a b c No conspiracy: New documents explain Pentagon, CIA cooperation on 'Zero Dark Thirty'; Entertainment Weekly; August 28, 2012
  7. ^ a b Obama not in 'Zero Dark Thirty' thriller about hunt for Osama bin Laden; Entertainment Weekly; August 6, 2012
  8. ^ "Chandigarh turns Lahore". The Times of India. March 3, 2012.
  9. ^ "VHP, Shiv Sena protest against Osama film". The Times of India. March 3, 2012.
  10. ^ Williams, Matthias (7 March 2012). "Hindus protest bin Laden film shoot in north India". Reuters. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  11. ^ Greenwald, Glenn (May 23, 2012). "WH leaks for propaganda film". Salon. Archived from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "Barack Obama campaigns in Hollywood style". The Times of India. May 2, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
  13. ^ Hudson, John (May 17, 2012). "Is Harvey Weinstein Plotting an October Surprise for Obama?". The Atlantic Wire. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
  14. ^ a b c Government communicated with "Zero Dark Thirty" makers; Chicago Tribune; August 29, 2012
  15. ^ Bin Laden Movie Gets Pushed Back; IGN Entertainment; October 20, 2011
  16. ^ Release Date of Bin Laden Film May Change; New York Times; October 19, 2011
  17. ^ a b Cieply, Michael (January 6, 2012). "Film About the Hunt for Bin Laden Leads to a Pentagon Investigation". The New York Times.
  18. ^ Child, Ben (August 11, 2011). "Kathryn Bigelow denies White House favouritism over Bin Laden film". The Guardian. London.
  19. ^ Letter from the CIA to King re: possible leaks; House website; November 8, 2011
  20. ^ Capaccio and Gopal Ratnam, Tony (May 23, 2012). "U.S. Officials Guided Filmmakers on Bin Laden Raid Movie". Bloomberg. New York City.
  21. ^ a b Special Operators to Anti-Obama Groups: Zip It; AP News; August 22, 2012
  22. ^ Shane, Scott (15 August 2012). "Ex-Officers Attack Obama Over Leaks on Bin Laden Raid". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
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