Thomas Traherne

Thomas Traherne
One of the four Traherne Windows in Audley Chapel, Hereford Cathedral, created by stained-glass artist Tom Denny
Born	c. 1636–1638 Hereford, England
Died	27 September 1674 Teddington, Middlesex, England
Nationality	English
Alma mater	Brasenose College, Oxford
Occupation(s)	Poet, author, priest, theologian
Notable work	Centuries of Meditations
Style	metaphysical poetry, meditations, theology

Thomas Traherne MA (/trəˈhɑːrn/; 1636 or 1637 – ca. 27 September 1674) was an English poet, clergyman, theologian, and religious writer. Little is known about his life. Traherne's poetry, often associated with that of the metaphysical poets, was lost after his death—kept among the private papers of the Skipps family of Ledbury, Herefordshire, until 1888. When, in the winter of 1896–1897, two manuscript volumes containing his poems and meditations were discovered by chance for sale in a street bookstall, the poems were initially thought to be the work of Traherne's contemporary Henry Vaughan (1621–1695). Only through research was his identity uncovered and his work prepared for publication under his name. As a result, much of his work was not published until the first decade of the 20th century.

Venerated as a saint by the Anglican Church, Traherne was equally accomplished as a theologian and a poet. His prose works on matters of religion include Roman Forgeries (1673), Christian Ethics (1675), and A Serious and Patheticall Contemplation of the Mercies of God (1699). The work for which he is best known, the Centuries of Meditations—a collection of short paragraphs in which he reflects on Christian life and ministry, philosophy, happiness, desire and childhood—was first published in 1908. His poetry was published in The Poetical Works of Thomas Traherne, B.D. (1903) and Poems of Felicity (1910).

Traherne's writings frequently explore the glory of creation and what he perceived as his intimate relationship with God. His writing conveys an ardent, almost childlike love of God, similar to that of the 19th-century British poet and cleric Gerard Manley Hopkins. His love for the natural world is frequently expressed in his works by a treatment of nature that evokes Romanticism—two centuries before the Romantic movement.

Biography

Very little information is known about the life of Thomas Traherne. According to Anthony à Wood (1632–1695), Traherne was a "shoemaker's son of Hereford" born in either 1636 or 1637. However, other sources indicate that Thomas was the son of Philipp Traherne (or Trehearne) (1568–1645), a local innkeeper and mayor of Hereford, and his third wife, Mary Lane. His birth or baptism is not recorded in parish registers.

Traherne was educated at Hereford Cathedral School and matriculated in Brasenose College, Oxford, in 2 April 1652, receiving his baccalaureate degree on 13 October 1656. Five years later he was promoted to the degree of Master of Arts (Oxon.) in 1661.

After receiving his baccalaureate degree from Oxford in 1656, he took holy orders and the following year was installed as the rector at Saint Mary's Church in Credenhill near Hereford. He would serve in this post for ten years. In 1667, he became the private chaplain to Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 1st Baronet, of Great Lever, the Lord Keeper of the Great Seal to King Charles II, at Teddington (near Hampton Court) in Middlesex. Traherne died of smallpox at Bridgeman's house at Teddington on 27 September 1674 and was buried in the parish church at Teddington on 10 October 1674. He was interred under the church's reading desk.

It is assumed although largely unsubstantiated that Traherne's tenure at Oxford may identify his leanings at Royalist--at a time when Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell deposed the monarchy after the English Civil War and imposed a short-lived Republic. Oxford at the time was noted for its Royalist sentiment by the students and faculty.

Veneration by the Anglican Church

Thomas Traherne is venerated as a saint within Anglicanism and is observed on the Calendar of Saints within many national churches in the Anglican Communion. Some churches honour him on 10 October, the date of his burial, or on 27 September, the date of his death. Several national churches within the Anglican Communion do not observe this feast day.

On 27 September

• Episcopal Church (USA)

On 10 October

• Church of England
• Anglican Church of Korea
• Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui (also known as the Hong Kong Anglican Church)

Works

Manuscript of one of Thomas Traherne's poems, from Bertram Dobell's 1903 edition of his poetical works

It is thought that much of Traherne's work remains unpublished. Unlike other poets of the era—especially among the Metaphysical poets—he was not known during his life time. Only one of his works was published, Roman Forgeries (1673) in the year before his death. Of his work that was published, almost all has been posthumously—and most of it published in the 20th Century.

Only the poems in Christian Ethicks (1675) and Thanksgivings (1699) appeared during the seventeenth century, shortly after Traherne's death. Among of the notable names in English poetry and literary criticism during the Restoration and the 18th and 19th Centuries, they had never heard of Traherne.

Bibliography

• 1673: Roman Forgeries, Or, A True Account of False Records Discovering the Impostures and Counterfeit Antiquities of the Church of Rome (London: Printed by S. & B. Griffin for Jonathan Edwin, 1673).
• 1675: Christian Ethicks: Or, Divine Morality. Opening the Way to Blessedness, By the Rules of Vertue and Reason (London: Printed for Jonathan Edwin, 1675).
• 1699: A Serious and Pathetical Contemplation of the Mercies of God, In Several Most Devout and Sublime Thanksgivings for the same (London: Printed for Samuel Keble, 1699).
• 1717: Meditations on the Creation, in A Collection of Meditations and Devotions, in Three Parts. (London: Published by Nathaniel Spinkes. Printed for D. Midwinter, 1717).

• 1903: The Poetical Works of Thomas Traherne 1636?-1674 (edited by Bertram Dobell) (London: Dobell, 1903).
• 1908: Centuries of Meditations (edited by Dobell) (London: Dobell, 1908).
• 1910: Traherne's Poems of Felicity (edited by H. I. Bell) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1910).
• 1932: The Poetical Works of Thomas Traherne, faithfully reprinted from the Author's Original Manuscript, together with Poems of Felicity, reprinted from the Burney manuscript, and Poems from Various Sources (edited by Gladys I. Wade) (London: P. J. & A. E. Dobell, 1932).
• 1941: A Serious and Pathetic Contemplation of the Mercies of God, In Several most Devout and Sublime Thanksgivings for the same (edited by Roy Daniells) (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1941).
• 1958: Centuries, Poems, and Thanksgivings 2 volumes (edited by H. M. Margoliouth) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958).
• 1966: Meditations on the Six Days of the Creation (edited by George Robert Guffey) (Los Angeles: William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, University of California, 1966).
• 1966: Poems, Centuries, and Three Thanksgivings (edited by Anne Ridler) (London: Oxford University Press, 1966).
• 1968: Christian Ethicks (edited by Carol L. Marks and Guffey) (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1968).
• 1989: Commentaries of Heaven: The Poems (edited by D. D. C. Chambers) (Salzburg: Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik Universitat Salzburg, 1989).

Publication history and posthumous success

Traherne was an inconsequential literary figure during his life, whose works were unappreciated until long after his death. He led a humble, devout life, largely sheltered from the literary community. Only one of his works, Roman Forgeries (1673), was published in his lifetime. Christian Ethicks (1675) followed soon after his death, and later A Serious and Patheticall Contemplation of the Mercies of God (1699); but after that much of his finest work was lost, corrupted or misattributed to other writers.

His poems have a curious history. They were left in manuscript and presumably passed with the rest of his library into the hands of his brother Philip. They then apparently passed into the possession of the Skipps family of Ledbury, Herefordshire. When the property of this family was dispersed in 1888 the value of the manuscripts was unrecognised, for in 1896 or 1897 they were discovered by W. T. Brooke on a street bookstall. Alexander Grosart bought them and proposed to include them in his edition of the works of Henry Vaughan, to whom he was convinced the writings belonged. He left this task uncompleted, and Bertram Dobell, who eventually secured the manuscripts, discerned that the author had attended Oxford University. He was then able to establish the authorship of Thomas Traherne.

As so little of Traherne's work had (apparently) survived his death, Traherne was previously labeled a "missing person" in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. In 2004, thanks to a number of additional discoveries, his status changed so much that he is no longer labeled a "missing person". He is now highly regarded, such that if there were a picture of him (no portrait of Traherne has been authenticated), he would be put next to other well-knowns such as Wordsworth.

The discoveries responsible for his renewed vindication as a theologian, beside the poems, are the Centuries of Meditations, a collection of short paragraphs or meditations reflecting on Christian life and ministry, philosophy, happiness, desire and childhood. These are gathered in groups of a hundred, four complete centuries and an unfinished fifth. Some of these, evidently autobiographical in character, describe a childhood from which the "glory and the dream" was slow to depart. Of the power of nature to inform the mind with beauty, and the ecstatic harmony of a child with the natural world, the earlier poems, which contain his best work, are full. In their manner, as in their matter, they remind the reader of William Blake and William Wordsworth. He quotes George Herbert's "Longing" in the newly discovered Lambeth manuscript.

His poems were published, in modernized spelling, in The Poetical Works of Thomas Traherne, B.D (1903), with an original-spelling edition following in 1906, and in Poems of Felicity (1910). The Centuries appeared in 1908; Select Meditations was not published until 1997. In 1996 and 1997, two others of Traherne’s manuscripts were discovered, one in the Folger Library in Washington, D.C., by Julia Smith and Laetitia Yeandle and the other in the Lambeth Palace Library in London by Jeremy Maule. The Ceremonial Law, from the Folger manuscript, is an unfinished epic poem of over 1,800 lines. The Lambeth manuscript contains four works, and a fragment of a fifth, mainly in prose: Inducements to Retiredness, A Sober View of Dr Twisse, Seeds of Eternity, The Kingdom of God and the fragmentary Love. For accounts of these discoveries see the Times Literary Supplement articles by Julia Smith and Laetitia Yeandle (7 November 1997) and Denise Inge and Cal Macfarlane (2 June 2000). These two finds are a primary factor contributing to Traherne's now being considered as much as a theologian as a poet.

Impact and Importance

Style

Traherne was one of the metaphysical poets and probably the most celebratory of all of them. Although his links with Neoplatonism and the Cambridge Platonists have been much noted, he also drew on the writings of Aristotle and on the early Church Fathers for his concept of Man. His writing expresses an ardent, almost childlike love of God, similar to that of Gerard Manley Hopkins, and a firm belief in man's relation to and creation from divinity. He introduced a child’s viewpoint unknown or certainly unappreciated at the time, as Puritans were the dominant religious group of England during his lifetime. His poetry frequently explores the glory of creation and what he perceived as his intimate relationship with God. Little mention is made of sin and suffering in the works that dominated 20th-century criticism, and some have seen his verse as bordering upon pantheism (or perhaps panentheism). However, recent discoveries such as the Select Meditations, Inducements to Retiredness and A Sober View of Dr Twisse contain discussions of church doctrines surrounding the question of sin, as well as moments of personal confession. These discussions are, however, far less dour and damning than one would expect to find in similar works of the period by Puritan or Catholic theologians. The following passage, from Centuries of Meditations, illustrates just how little focus Traherne placed on the subject of sin in that work:

I knew by intuition those things which since my Apostasy, I collected again by the highest reason. My very ignorance was advantageous. I seemed as one brought into the Estate of Innocence. All things were spotless and pure and glorious: yea, and infinitely mine, and joyful and precious, I knew not that there were any sins or complaints or laws.

And yet, in the newly discovered work A Sober View of Dr Twisse—a work devoted to the question of election and reprobation—he wrote:

He was excluded the Kingdom of Heaven, where nothing can enter that hates God, and whence nothing can be excluded that loves him. The loss of that Love is Hell: the Sight and Possession of that Love is Heaven. Thus did sin exclude him Heaven."

Traherne was also concerned with the stability of the Restoration church in England. His confrontations with Roman Catholics and Nonconformists alike have this in common, a passion for his national church. Another great passion is his love of the natural world, frequently displayed in a very Romantic treatment of nature. While Traherne credits a divine source for its creation, his praise of nature is nothing less than that which one would expect to find in Thoreau. Many consider him a writer of the sublime, and in his writing he tried to reclaim the lost appreciation for the natural world, as well as paying tribute to what he knew of in nature that was more powerful than he was. In this sense, Traherne seems to have anticipated the Romantic movement over one hundred and thirty years before it actually occurred. There is frequent discussion of man's almost symbiotic relationship with nature, as well as frequent use of "literal setting" (that is, an attempt to faithfully reproduce a sense experience from a given moment), a technique later used frequently by William Wordsworth.

Influence

Traherne's work was personally influential on the thought of such notables as Thomas Merton, Dorothy Sayers, Elizabeth Jennings and C. S. Lewis, who called Centuries of Meditations "almost the most beautiful book in English".

A stanza from Traherne is quoted in the movie Amazing Grace, by abolitionist Thomas Clarkson. Clarkson quotes, "Strange treasures in this fair world appear..." and goes on to say it is from a poem by Thomas Traherne.

The British composer Gerald Finzi set several Traherne texts to music (Dies natalis, Opus 8, completed 1939).

The first stanza of Traherne's "The Rapture" is employed in the form of a riddle, by an assassin of sorts called a "warrior-poet", in The Broken God, a 1992 science fiction novel with philosophical leanings written by David Zindell.

The Incredible String Band quote from Traherne extensively in the song "Douglas Traherne Harding" on their album Wee Tam and the Big Huge, relating the philosophy of Traherne to that of Douglas Harding.

The title and some of the thought of Richard Wilbur's poem "A World Without Objects Is a Sensible Emptiness" comes from Traherne's Centuries of Meditations, specifically Second Century, Meditation 65.

Phil Rickman frequently refers to Traherne's poetry in his Merrily Watkins series of novels.

In his award-winning book The Snow Leopard (Bantam: 1978, pp. 216–7), Peter Matthiessen cites the mystical, even Buddhist-like sense of nature found in Centuries of Meditations.

Quotations

• "The world is a mirror of Infinite Beauty, yet no man sees it. It is a Temple of Majesty, yet no man regards it. It is a region of Light and Peace, did not men disquiet it. It is the Paradise of God. It is more to man since he is fallen than it was before. It is the place of Angels and the Gate of Heaven." —First Century, Meditation 31
• "You are as prone to love, as the sun is to shine." —Second Century, Meditation 65
• "As nothing is more easy than to think, so nothing is more difficult than to think well." —First Century, Meditation 8
• "Souls are God's jewels. —First Century, Meditation 15
• "The corn was orient and immortal wheat, which never should be reaped, nor was ever sown. I thought it had stood from everlasting to everlasting.... And so it was that with much ado I was corrupted and made to learn the dirty devices of the world. Which now I unlearn, and become as it were a little child again, that I may enter into the Kingdom of God." —Third Century, Meditation 3
• "You never enjoy the world aright, till the Sea itself floweth in your veins, till you are clothed with the heavens, and crowned with the stars: and perceive yourself to be the sole heir of the whole world, and more than so, because men are in it who are every one sole heirs as well as you." —First Century, Meditation 29

See also

• List of Anglican Church calendars (Saint's days)
• List of poetry groups and movements
• Metaphysical poetry
• Saints in Anglicanism

References

Further reading

• Allchin, Donald (editor). Landscapes of Glory: Daily Readings with Thomas Traherne (Dartman Longman Todd, 1989).
• Buresh, David (editor). Waking Up in Heaven: A Contemporary Edition of Centuries of Meditations (Hesed Press, 2002).
• Inge, Denise. Wanting Like a God: Desire and Freedom in the Work of Thomas Traherne (SCM, 2009).
• Inge, Denise. Happiness and Holiness, Thomas Traherne and His Writings (Canterbury Press, 2008).
• Inge, Denise (editor). Thomas Traherne: Poetry and Prose (SPCK, 2002).
• Sluberski, Thomas Richard (editor). A Mind in Frame, The Theological Thought of Thomas Traherne (The Lincoln Library, 2008).
• Smith, Julia (editor). Select Meditations (Carcanet, 1997).

External links

• Thomas Traherne Centuries
• Selected Poetry of Thomas Traherne at Representative Poetry Online
• The Strange Case of Thomas Traherne by Forrest Gander
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Thomas Traherne". [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]] (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)