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–The territory of the modern [[New Jersey|State of New Jersey]], one of the [[United States of America]], was first settled in the 17th century by Dutch and Swedish colonial interests. In 1664, at the onset of the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]], English forces under [[Richard Nicolls]] ousted the Dutch from control of the [[New Netherland]] (present-day New York and New Jersey), and the territory was settled by several different English colonies. [[James, Duke of York]] (later King James II) divided New Jersey among two men, [[Sir George Carteret]] and [[John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton]], who supported the monarchy's cause during the [[English Civil War]] (1642–1649) and [[Interregnum (England)|Interregnum]] (1649–1660). Carteret and Lord Berkeley subsequently sold their interests to two groups of proprietors creating the [[Province of East Jersey]] and the [[Province of West Jersey]].
The territory of the modern [[New Jersey|State of New Jersey]], one of the [[United States of America]], was first settled in the 17th century by Dutch and Swedish colonial interests. In 1664, at the onset of the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]], English forces under [[Richard Nicolls]] (1624–1672) ousted the Dutch from control of the [[New Netherland]] (present-day New York and New Jersey), and the territory was settled by several different English colonies. [[James, Duke of York]] (later King James II) divided New Jersey among two men—[[Sir George Carteret]] (c.1610–1680) and [[John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton]] (1602–1678)—who supported the monarchy's cause during the [[English Civil War]] (1642–1649) and [[Interregnum (England)|Interregnum]] (1649–1660). Carteret and Lord Berkeley subsequently sold their interests to two groups of proprietors creating two provinces: [[East Jersey]] and the [[West Jersey]]. Determination of an exact location for a [[border between West Jersey and East Jersey]] was often a matter of dispute.


The two provinces would be distinct political divisions from 1674 to 1702. West Jersey was largely a Quaker colony due to the influence of [[Province of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] founder [[William Penn]] (1644–1718) and its prominent Quaker investors. Many of its early settlers were Quakers who came directly from England, Scotland and Ireland to escape religious persecution. Although a number of the East Jersey proprietors in England were Quakers and the governor through most of the 1680s was the leading Quaker Robert Barclay, the Quaker influence on government was not significant. Many of its early settlers came from other colonies in the Western Hemisphere, especially [[New England]], [[Long Island]], and the [[West Indies]]. [[Elizabethtown, New Jersey|Elizabethtown]] and [[Newark]] in particular had a strong Puritan character. The Monmouth Tract, south of the Raritan River, was developed primarily by Quakers from Long Island. In 1702, both divisions of New Jersey were reunited as one royal colony by [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]]. Until 1738, the Province of New Jersey shared its royal governor with the neighboring [[Province of New York]].
⚫
[[William Franklin]], the the province's last royal governor, was marginalized in the last year of his tenure, as the province was being run ''de facto'' by the [[Provincial Congress of New Jersey]] (1775-1776). In June 1776, the Provincial Congress formally deposed Franklin and had him arrested, while proceeding to adopt a [[state constitution]], and reorganize the province into an independent state. The newly formed State of New Jersey elected [[William Livingston]] as its first governor on 31 August 1776. New Jersey was one of the original [[thirteen colonies]], and was the third to ratify the [[United States Constitution|constitution]] forming the United States of America. It was admitted as a state on 18 December 1787.


⚫
[[William Franklin]] (1735–1814), the the province's last royal governor before the [[American Revolution]] (1775–1783), was marginalized in the last year of his tenure, as the province was being run ''de facto'' by the [[Provincial Congress of New Jersey]] (1775-1776). In June 1776, the Provincial Congress formally deposed Franklin and had him arrested, while proceeding to adopt a [[state constitution]], and reorganize the province into an independent state. The newly formed State of New Jersey elected [[William Livingston]] (1723–1790)as its first governor on 31 August 1776. New Jersey was one of the original [[thirteen colonies]], and was the third to ratify the [[United States Constitution|constitution]] forming the United States of America. It was admitted as a state on 18 December 1787.
This is a list of governors of the [[Province of New Jersey]], including the period of its division into [[West Jersey]] and [[East Jersey]], up to the [[American Revolution]].


==Before English control==
==Before English control==

Revision as of 18:09, 22 March 2013

The territory of the modern State of New Jersey, one of the United States of America, was first settled in the 17th century by Dutch and Swedish colonial interests. In 1664, at the onset of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, English forces under Richard Nicolls (1624–1672) ousted the Dutch from control of the New Netherland (present-day New York and New Jersey), and the territory was settled by several different English colonies. James, Duke of York (later King James II) divided New Jersey among two men—Sir George Carteret (c.1610–1680) and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton (1602–1678)—who supported the monarchy's cause during the English Civil War (1642–1649) and Interregnum (1649–1660). Carteret and Lord Berkeley subsequently sold their interests to two groups of proprietors creating two provinces: East Jersey and the West Jersey. Determination of an exact location for a border between West Jersey and East Jersey was often a matter of dispute.

The two provinces would be distinct political divisions from 1674 to 1702. West Jersey was largely a Quaker colony due to the influence of Pennsylvania founder William Penn (1644–1718) and its prominent Quaker investors. Many of its early settlers were Quakers who came directly from England, Scotland and Ireland to escape religious persecution. Although a number of the East Jersey proprietors in England were Quakers and the governor through most of the 1680s was the leading Quaker Robert Barclay, the Quaker influence on government was not significant. Many of its early settlers came from other colonies in the Western Hemisphere, especially New England, Long Island, and the West Indies. Elizabethtown and Newark in particular had a strong Puritan character. The Monmouth Tract, south of the Raritan River, was developed primarily by Quakers from Long Island. In 1702, both divisions of New Jersey were reunited as one royal colony by Queen Anne. Until 1738, the Province of New Jersey shared its royal governor with the neighboring Province of New York.

William Franklin (1735–1814), the the province's last royal governor before the American Revolution (1775–1783), was marginalized in the last year of his tenure, as the province was being run de facto by the Provincial Congress of New Jersey (1775-1776). In June 1776, the Provincial Congress formally deposed Franklin and had him arrested, while proceeding to adopt a state constitution, and reorganize the province into an independent state. The newly formed State of New Jersey elected William Livingston (1723–1790)as its first governor on 31 August 1776. New Jersey was one of the original thirteen colonies, and was the third to ratify the constitution forming the United States of America. It was admitted as a state on 18 December 1787.

Before English control

Directors of the New Netherland colony (1624–1664)

A 1685 reprint of the 1650 map Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ showing Virginia, New Netherland, and New England
See also: New Netherland

New Netherland (Dutch: Nieuw-Nederland) was the 17th-century colonial province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and the Dutch West India Company. It claimed territories along the eastern coast of North America from the Delmarva Peninsula to southwestern Cape Cod while the settled areas are now part of the Mid-Atlantic States of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut, with small outposts in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. The provincial capital of New Amsterdam (now New York City was located at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan on upper New York Bay. The colony was conceived as a private business venture to exploit the North American fur trade. By the 1650s, the colony experienced dramatic growth and became a major port for trade in the North Atlantic. The leader of the Dutch colony was known by the title Director, and only two, Peter Stuyvesant and Anthony Colve, as Director-General due to their appointments in time of war.

On 27 August 1664, a force of four English frigates commanded by Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor and demanded the surrender of New Netherland.[1][2] This event, which sparked the Second Anglo-Dutch War, was formalized by the Treaty of Breda in 1667.

Portrait Director or Director-General Took office Left office Notes
Cornelius Jacobsen May (fl. 1600s) 1624 1625 Explored New York Harbor, Hudson River, Delaware Bay.
Willem Verhulst (fl. 1600s) 1625 1626 Located the settlement and fort on the southern tip of Manhattan Island, replaced because he was not popular with the colonists.
Portrait of Peter Minuit Peter Minuit (1580–1638) 4 May 1626 1631 Purchased the island of Manhattan from Native Americans on 24 May 1626 for goods to the value of 60 Dutch guilders ($24).[3] Dismissed
Sebastiaen Jansen Krol (1595–1674) 1632 1633
Wouter van Twiller (1606–1654) 1633 1638
Willem Kieft (1597–1647) 1638 1647 Attempts to drive out Lenape Indians, and attacks on Pavonia and Corlears Hook (25 February 1643), led to Kieft's War (1643–1645). Fired by the Dutch West India Company (1647). Died at sea 27 September 1647 aboard the Princess Amelia near Swansea, Wales, while returning to Amsterdam.[4]
Portrait of Peter Stuyvesant Peter Stuyvesant (c.1612-1672) 11 May 1647 9 September 1664 Surrendered New Netherlands to the British under Richard Nicolls.

Governors of New Sweden (1638–1655)

The relative locations of New Netherland (magenta) and New Sweden (blue) in eastern North America.
See also: New Sweden

New Sweden (Swedish: Nya Sverige, Finnish: Uusi-Ruotsi) was a Swedish colony along the Delaware River on the Mid-Atlantic coast of North America from 1638 to 1655 that included territory in present-day Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. After being dismissed as Director of New Netherland by the Dutch West India Company (WIC), Peter Minuit was recruited by Willem Usselincx, Samuel Blommaert and the Swedish government to create the first Swedish colony in the New World to be located on the lower Delaware River within territory claimed by the Dutch as part of New Netherland. The Swedes sought to expand their influence by creating an agricultural (tobacco) and fur-trading colony and bypass French and English merchants. The New Sweden Company was chartered and included Swedish, Finnish, Dutch, and German stockholders.[5] Minuit and his company arrived on the Fogel Grip and Kalmar Nyckel at Swedes' Landing (now Wilmington, Delaware) in the spring of 1638. Willem Kieft, Director of New Netherland, objected to the Swedish presence, but Minuit ignored his protests knowing that the Dutch were militarily impotent. The colony would establish Fort Nya Elfsborg north of present-day Salem, New Jersey in 1643.

In May 1654, Swedish militia captured the Fort Casimir, a Dutch defense located near present-day New Castle, Delaware. As a reprisal, the Dutch Director-General Peter Stuyvesant sent an army to the Delaware River, which compelled the surrender of the Swedish forts and settlements in 1655. Initially, the Swedish and Finnish settlers continued to enjoy local autonomy, retaining their own militia, religion, court, and lands.[6] This status lasted officially until the English conquest of the New Netherland colony was launched on June 24, 1664.

Portrait Governor Took office Left office Notes
Portrait of Peter Minuit Peter Minuit (1580–1638) 29 March 1638 15 June 1638 Returned to Sweden on 15 June to organize a second group of settlers, died during hurricane in Caribbean, August 1638.
Måns Nilsson Kling (fl. 1600s) 15 June 1638 17 April 1640 Served only as Lieutenant, later Captain, until a Governor could be appointed from Sweden.[7]
Peter Hollander Ridder (1608–1692) April 1640 February 1643 Officer in the Swedish Navy
Portrait of Johan Björnsson Printz Johan Björnsson Printz (1592–1663) February 1643 October 1653
Johan Papegoja (d. 1667) October 1653 May 1654 Printz's son-in-law, married to Armegot Printz, left in charge when Governor Printz returned to Sweden.
Johan Classon Risingh (1617–1672) May 1654 15 September 1655

The New Albion Colony (1634–1649)

Sir Edmund Plowden (1590–1659)
See also: New Albion (colony)

In 1634, Charles I of England granted a charter to Sir Edmund Plowden, to establish a colony in North America to the north of lands granted to Lord Baltimore for the Maryland colony in 1633.[8][9] The charter empowered Plowden to assume the title Lord Earl Palatinate, Governor and Captain-General of the Province of New Albion in North America and described the boundaries of the New Albion colony with imprecision and confusion.[10] It is believed that the colony would have covered an area comprised of territory within present-day New Jersey, New York, Delaware and Maryland.[8] Captain Thomas Young and his nephew, Robert Evelyn, explored and charted the valley of the Delaware River (which they called the Charles River) in the 1630s.[11] Plowden took several years to raise funds and prepare using Evelyn's account of the area[12] to recruit settlers and "adventurers." In 1642, Plowden and several men sailed from England with aim to settle the colony. This attempt ended in an unsuccessful mutiny, and for the next seven years Plowden remained in Virginia managing the affairs of the colony, and selling rights to adventurers and speculators.[13] He returned to England in 1649 and aimed to raise funds and interest in settling the colony as a refuge for Roman Catholic's exiled during the English Civil War. Despite further attempts to return to his colony, Plowden was confined in a debtors prison and died a pauper in 1659.[13]

A notation on John Farrar’s 1651 map of Virginia references Plowden's patent for the colony and labels the Delaware River as "this river the Lord Ployden hath a patten of and calls it New Albion but the Swedes are planted in it and have a great trade of Furrs."[14]

Under English control (1664–1673)

Governors under the Proprietors (1665–1674)

See also: Lords Proprietor (1665-1703), Proprietary colony, and Proprietary Governor

With the surrender of New Netherland by Peter Stuyvesant on 8 September 1664, and under the authority and instruction James, Duke of York, Richard Nicolls assumed the position as Deputy-Governor of New Amsterdam and the rest of New Netherland (including Dutch settlements in New Jersey). His first acts were to guarantee the Dutch colonists their property rights and the continuance of their right to religious freedom. Nicolls implemented the English system of law and codified a legal code. Nicholls would remain Governor of the Province of New York until 1668, but the Duke of York granted part of the New Netherlands territory (that between the Hudson and Delaware rivers) to Sir George Carteret in exchange for settlement of a debt and to Lord Berkeley of Stratton a close friend of the Duke who defended him during the English Civil War. This territory would be called the Province of New Caesaria, or New Jersey, As a result of this grant, Carteret and Berkeley became the two English Lords Proprietor of New Jersey. By the 1665 Concession and Agreements, the Lords proprietor outlined the distribution of power in the province, offered religious freedom to all inhabitants, and established a system of quit-rents, annual fees paid by settlers in return for land. The two Lord Proprietor selected Carteret's brother Philip as the province's first governor.

Portrait Governor Took office Left office Notes
Richard Nicolls (1624–1672) 8 September 1664 1665 After the Dutch surrender, Nicolls assumed position of Deputy-Governor of New Amsterdam and New Netherland per instruction of James, Duke of York.
Philip Carteret (1639–1682) 1665 1672 Appointed by Sir George Carteret (his brother) and Lord Berkeley of Stratton to be the first governor of New Jersey.
Portrait of Sir John Berry John Berry (1635–1689/90) 1672 1673 Term ended with the Dutch capture of New York, September 1673.

Restoration of New Netherland (1673–1674)

In 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch were able to recapture New Amsterdam (renamed "New York" by the British) which was briefly known as "New Orange." The following year, the Dutch were compelled to relinquish it to the British under Second Treaty of Westminster that ended the conflict.[15]

Director-General Took office Left office
Anthony Colve (fl. 1600s) 19 September 1673 9 February 1674

East and West Jerseys (1674-1702)

In 1688, New York, East Jersey and West Jersey came under the short-lived Dominion of New England (1686–1689). New York and New Jersey were largely overseen by a Lieutenant Governor and army captain Francis Nicholson[16] The Proprietors of East Jersey were angered by the revocation of their charters but retained their property and petitioned Andros for manorial rights.[17]

Governors of East Jersey (1674–1702)

See also: Lords Proprietor (1665-1703)
Portrait Governor Took office Left office Notes
Philip Carteret (1639–1682) 1674 1682 Carteret refused to give up his position as governor when demanded by Edmund Andros, Governor of New York. In response, Andros sent a raiding party to Carteret's home and had him beaten and arrested. He was aquitted at trial but the attack caused permanent injuries that led to his death.
Robert Barclay (1648–1690) 1682 1688 Barclay continued claiming the governorship until his death on 3 October 1690.[18] Deputy Governors included Gawen Lawrie (1683–1686), Neill Campbell (1686–March 1687), Andrew Hamilton (March 1687–August 1688).
"Portrait of Sir Edmund Andros Edmund Andros (1637–1714) 7 May 1688 18 April 1689 As Governor of the Dominion of New England. From 1688–1689, East Jersey, West Jersey, and New York overseen by Lieutenant Governor, Captain Francis Nicholson
Vacant 3 October 1690 March 1692 The East Jersey Proprietors nominated two men, John Tatham and Colonel Joseph Dudley, both of whom were rejected. One historian claims Tatham served briefly as governor.[19] Tatham may have been rejected because of suspicion of culpability in the death of James Budd; Dudley because of his ties to Andros.[20][21][22]
Andrew Hamilton (d. 1703) March 1692 1697 Deposed by the British Parliament because "no other than a natural-born subject of England could serve in any public post of trust or profit" (Hamilton was Scottish).[23]
Jeremiah Basse (d. 1725) 1698 19 August 1699 later served as secretary for Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury and for John Lovelace, before his conviction for perjury.
Andrew Hamilton (d. 1703) 19 August 1699 1702

Governors of West Jersey (1680–1702)

See also: Lords Proprietor (1665-1703)
Portrait Governor Took office Left office Notes
Edward Byllynge (d. 1687) 1680 1687 Byllynge, a London brewer who never came to West Jersey died in England in 1687. Deputy Governors included Samuel Jennings (–1685), John Skene (3 November 1685–)
Dr. Daniel Coxe (1640–1730) 1687 1688 Dr. Coxe never left England and became Governor of West Jersey after purchasing the holdings of Edward Byllynge from his heirs in 1687.[24]
"Portrait of Sir Edmund Andros Edmund Andros (1637–1714) 7 May 1688 18 April 1689 As Governor of the Dominion of New England. From 1688–1689, East Jersey, West Jersey, and New York overseen by Lieutenant Governor, Captain Francis Nicholson
Dr. Daniel Coxe (1640–1730) 1689 March 1692 After being dissuaded by family and friends not to travel to West Jerey, Coxe sells part of his land holdings and the right to government to the West Jersey society, a company of London merchants.[25]
Andrew Hamilton (d. 1703) March 1692 1697 Deposed by the British Parliament because "no other than a natural-born subject of England could serve in any public post of trust or profit" (Hamilton was Scottish).[26]
Jeremiah Basse (d. 1725) 1698 19 August 1699 later served as secretary for Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury and for John Lovelace, before his conviction for perjury.
Andrew Hamilton (d. 1703) 19 August 1699 1702

Governors under Royal Government (1702–1776)

Governors of New York and New Jersey (1702–1738)

See also: Province of New York

Shortly after ascending to the British throne, Queen Anne (1665–1714) reunited East Jersey and West Jersey as a royal colony and appointed Edward Hyde, Viscount Cornbury as the province's first Royal Governor.

Portrait Governor Took office Left office Notes
Portrait purported to be of Lord Cornbury in women's clothing in the collections of the New-York Historical Society Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury (1661–1723) 1701 23 March 1708 Lord Cornbury's tenure was marked with accusations of cross-dressing, corruption, arrogance, and decadence. Historians claim his that he illustrated the worst form of the English aristocracy's "arrogance, joined to intellectual imbecility" and characterise him as a "degenerate and pervert who is said to have spent half of his time dressed in women's clothes", a "fop and a wastrel". He was recalled by Queen Anne who received several complaints from colonists of "numerous malpractices and misappropriations".
John Lovelace, 4th Baron Lovelace (1672–1709) 1708 6 March 1709 Lord Lovelace died in office, in a short tenure marked by prosecuting supporters of Lord Cornbury, including former Governor Jeremiah Basse.
Richard Ingoldesby (d. 1719) May 1709 April 1710 Ingoldesby was an army officer who served as Lieutenant Governor under Lord Cornbury and Lord Lovelace, and acting governor upon the death of Lovelace. His commission for governorship was revoked by October 1709, but the news only reached him in April 1710.
Portrait of Governor Hunter by Sir Godfrey Kneller (c.1720) Robert Hunter (1664–1734) 1710 1720
Portrait of William Burnet by John Watson William Burnet (1687/88–1729) 1720 1728 Burnet left office after being appointed Governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Colonel John Montgomerie (d. 1731) 1728 1 July 1731 Montgomerie died in office after an epileptic seizure.[27]
Porrait of Lewis Morris by John Watson Lewis Morris (1671–1746) 1 July 1731 7 August 1732 Acting governor after death of Governor Montgomerie, as President Of Council
Portrait of Sir William Cosby Sir William Cosby (1690–1736) 13 January 1732 10 March 1736 While appointed in January, Cosby would not assume office until 7 August 1732.
John Anderson 1736 1736 Acting governor after the death of Governor Cosby, President Of Council
John Hamilton 1736 1738 President Of Council

Governors of New Jersey only (1738–1776)

See also: Proprietary House

New Jersey was the only province to have two colleges established during the colonial period, and the colony's governors were influential in their establishment. Acting governor John Reading and Governor Jonathan Belcher aided the establishment of The College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) was founded in 1746 in Elizabethtown by a group of Great Awakening "New Lighters" that included Jonathan Dickinson, Aaron Burr, Sr. and Peter Van Brugh Livingston. In 1756, the school moved to Princeton. Governor William Franklin issued the charters to establish Queens College (now Rutgers University) in New Brunswick in 1766.

Portrait Governor Took office Left office Notes
Lewis Morris (1671–1746) 1738 21 May 1746 died in office.
John Hamilton 1746 1747 President Of Council
John Reading 1747 1747 President Of Council
Jonathan Belcher (1681/2–1757) 1747 31 August 1757 died in office.
John Reading (1686–1767) 1 September 1757 14 June 1758 Acting governor after the death of Governor Belcher in his role as President Of Council
Francis Bernard (1712–1779) 27 Jan 1758 4 July 1760 Arrived in Perth Amboy, New Jersey on 14 June 1758, in late 1759 was appointed governor of Massachusetts but slow communications delayed this news until 1760.[28]
Thomas Boone (c.1730–1812) 1760 1761 Appointed in 1759, but did not arrive in New Jersey until 10 May 1760. He did not meet with the colonial assembly until 30 October 1760.[29] In Spring 1761, Boone was appointed Governor of South Carolina.[30]
Josiah Hardy (1715–1790) 1761 1763
Portait of William Franklin (detail), c.1790 by Mather Brown William Franklin (c.1730–1814) 1763 1776 Franklin was placed under house arrest by colonial militia in January 1776, and formally taken into custody after 4 July 1776 by order of the Provincial Congress of New Jersey, and entity he refused to recognize regarding it as an "illegal assembly."[31]

See also

References

  1. ^ World Digital Library. Articles about the Transfer of New Netherland on the 27th of August, Old Style, Anno 1664. Retrieved 21 March 2013
  2. ^ Versteer, Dingman (editor). "New Amsterdam Becomes New York" in The New Netherland Register. Volume 1 No. 4 and 5 (April/May 1911): 49-64.
  3. ^ Burrows, Edwin G., and Wallace, Mike. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), xivff.
  4. ^ Shorto, Russell. The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America. (New York City: Vintage Books, 2004).
  5. ^ A Brief History of New Sweden in America (The Swedish Colonial Society)
  6. ^ Upland Court (West Jersey History Project)
  7. ^ Shorto, Russell, The Island at the Center of the World, Part II; Chapter 6; Pages 115-117.
  8. ^ a b Carter, Edward C., II, and Lewis, Clifford, III. "Sir Edmund Plowden and the New Albion Charter, 1632-1785" in The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. LXXXIII:2 (April 1959).
  9. ^ Charles Varlo (compiler). "The Grant of King Charles the First, to Sir Edmund Plowden, Earl Palatine of Albion, of the Province of New Albion, in America, June 21, A.D., 1634" (London: s.n., 1785) in the Charles Varlo Papers, Rare Books and Manuscripts Collection, New York Public Library, New York City.
  10. ^ Hazard, Ebenezer (editor). Historical Collections, considering of State Papers and other Authentic Documents. (Philadelphia: s.n., 1792) I:172.
  11. ^ Scharf, Thomas J. History of Delaware, 1609-1688. Volume I. (Philadelphia: L.J. Richards & Co., 1888), 57-61.
  12. ^ Evelyn, Robert. "A direction for adventurers with small stock to get two for one, and good land freely and for gentlemen and all servants, labourers, and artificers to live plentifully." (London: s.n., 1641).
  13. ^ a b Lewis, Clifford Lewis III. "Some Extracts Relating to Sir Edmund Plowden and Others from the Lost Minutes of the Virginia Council and General Court: 1642-1645" and "Some Notes on Sir Edmund Plowden's Attempts to Settle His Province of New Albion" in William and Mary Historical Quarterly. (January 1940).
  14. ^ Farrar, John. “A mapp of Virginia discovered to ye hills” (1651) printed in Williams, Edward. Virgo Triumphans: or, Virginia richly and truly valued. (London: s.n., 1651).
  15. ^ Westdorp, Martina. "Behouden of opgeven? Het lot van de nederlandse kolonie Nieuw-Nederland na de herovering op de Engelsen in 1673" in De wereld van Peter Stuyvesant. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  16. ^ Dunn, Randy. "Patronage and Governance in Francis Nicholson's Empire". English Atlantics Revisited. (Montreal: McGill-Queens Press, 2007), 64.
  17. ^ Lovejoy, David. The Glorious Revolution in America. (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1987), 211.
  18. ^ Stellhorn, Paul A., and Birkner, Michael J. The Governors of New Jersey 1664-1974: Biographical Essays. (Trenton, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1982), 26.
  19. ^ McCormick, John D. "John Tatham, New Jersey’s First Catholic Governor". American Catholic Historical Society Researches (1888), 79-92.
  20. ^ Whitehead, William A. "Elizabethtown Bill in Chancery," East Jersey Under the Proprietary Governments (Newark, New Jersey: Martin R. Dennis, 1875), 124.
  21. ^ Pomfret, John Edwin. The Province of West New Jersey, 1609-1702: A History of the Origins of an American Colony. New York: Octagon Books, 1956), 158.
  22. ^ Bisbee, Henry H. "John Tatham, Alias Gray." The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography Volume 83, Number 3 (July 1959): 253-264.
  23. ^ "Hamilton, Andrew (governor)". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1892.
  24. ^ Hunter, Michael. "Coxe, Daniel". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
  25. ^ Scull, G. D. "Biographical Notice of Doctor Daniel Coxe, of London". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography Vol. 7 (1883): 317‑337.
  26. ^ "Hamilton, Andrew (governor)". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1892.
  27. ^ Lepore, Jill. New York Burning: Liberty, Slavery, and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan. (New York: Random House, 2006), 25.
  28. ^ Nicolson, Colin. The "Infamas Govener" Francis Bernard and the Origins of the American Revolution. (Boston, Massachusetts: Northeastern University Press, 2000), 45.
  29. ^ Namier, L. B. (July 1939). "Charles Garth and his Connexions". The English Historical Review (Vol. 54, Number 215): 443–470.
  30. ^ McCrady, Edward. The History of South Carolina Under the Royal Government, 1719-1776. (New York City: The Macmillan Company, 1899), 353.
  31. ^ Sheila Skemp, William Franklin: Son of a Patriot, Servant of a King (1990), 211.
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