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| || [[Jeremiah Basse]] (d. 1725) || 1698 || 19 August 1699 || later served as secretary for Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury and for John Lovelace, before his conviction for perjury.
| || [[Jeremiah Basse]] (d. 1725) || 1698 || 19 August 1699 || later served as secretary for Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury and for John Lovelace, before his conviction for perjury.
|-
|-
| || [[Andrew Bowne]] (c.1638–c.1708) || 15 May 1699 || December 1699 || Bowne was chosen by the Provincial Council to serve as Deputy Governor during Basse's journey to England and served until Hamilton's arrival. Hamilton was reappointed 19 August but did not arrive in New Jersey until December 1699
|-
| || [[Andrew Hamilton (New Jersey)|Andrew Hamilton]] (d. 1703) || 19 August 1699 || 17 April 1702<ref name="1702Surrender" /> ||
| || [[Andrew Hamilton (New Jersey)|Andrew Hamilton]] (d. 1703) || 19 August 1699 || 17 April 1702<ref name="1702Surrender" /> ||
|}
|}

Revision as of 02:02, 28 April 2013

The Proprietary House (built 1762–1764) in Perth Amboy, New Jersey, became the last residence of New Jersey's Royal Governor and was briefly occupied by William Franklin from 1774–1776. It is the only Provincial Governor's Mansion from the Thirteen Colonies still standing.

The territory of the modern State of New Jersey, one of the United States of America, was first settled in the 17th century by Dutch and Swedish colonial interests. In 1664, at the onset of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, English forces under Richard Nicolls ousted the Dutch from control of the New Netherland (present-day New York, New Jersey, and Delaware), and the territory was settled by several different English colonies. Despite one brief year when the Dutch retook the colony (1673–1674), New Jersey would remain an English possession until the American colonies declared independence in 1776.

In 1664, James, Duke of York (later King James II) divided New Jersey among two men—Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton—who supported the monarchy's cause during the English Civil War (1642–1649) and Interregnum (1649–1660).[1][2][3] Carteret and Lord Berkeley subsequently sold their interests to two groups of proprietors creating two provinces: East Jersey and the West Jersey.[4] Determination of an exact location for a border between West Jersey and East Jersey was often a matter of dispute.[5] The two provinces would be distinct political divisions from 1674 to 1702. West Jersey was largely a Quaker colony due to the influence of Pennsylvania founder William Penn and its prominent Quaker investors. Many of its early settlers were Quakers who came directly from England, Scotland and Ireland to escape religious persecution.[6] Although a number of the East Jersey proprietors in England were Quakers and the governor Robert Barclay through most of the 1680s was a leading Quaker theologian, the Quaker influence on government was not significant. Many of its early settlers came from other colonies in the Western Hemisphere, especially New England, Long Island, and the West Indies. Elizabethtown and Newark in particular had a strong Puritan character.[7] The Monmouth Tract, south of the Raritan River, was developed primarily by Quakers from Long Island.[8][9] In 1702, both divisions of New Jersey were reunited as one royal colony by Queen Anne with a royal governor appointed by the Crown.[10] Until 1738, the Province of New Jersey shared its royal governor with the neighboring Province of New York.

William Franklin, the province's last royal governor before the American Revolution (1775–1783), was marginalized in the last year of his tenure, as the province was being run de facto by the Provincial Congress of New Jersey (1775-1776). In June 1776, the Provincial Congress formally deposed Franklin and had him arrested, while proceeding to adopt a state constitution, and reorganize the province into an independent state. The newly formed State of New Jersey elected William Livingston as its first governor on 31 August 1776. New Jersey was one of the original thirteen colonies, and was the third to ratify the constitution forming the United States of America. It was admitted as a state on 18 December 1787.

Before English control

Directors of New Netherland (1624–1664)

A 1685 reprint of the 1650 map Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ showing Virginia, New Netherland, and New England
See also: New Netherland

New Netherland (Dutch: Nieuw-Nederland) was the 17th-century colonial province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and the Dutch West India Company. It claimed territories along the eastern coast of North America from the Delmarva Peninsula to southwestern Cape Cod while the settled areas are now part of the Mid-Atlantic States of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut, with small outposts in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.[11][12] The provincial capital New Amsterdam was located at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan at Upper New York Bay.[13] The colony was conceived as a private business venture to exploit the North American fur trade.[14] By the 1650s, the colony experienced dramatic growth and became a major port for trade in the North Atlantic. The leader of the Dutch colony was known by the title Director, and only the last, Peter Stuyvesant, as Director-General.

On 27 August 1664, a force of four English frigates commanded by Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor and demanded the surrender of New Netherland.[15][16] This event sparked the Second Anglo-Dutch War, with the surrender formalized by the Treaty of Breda in 1667.[17][18]

Portrait Director or Director-General Took office Left office Notes
Cornelius Jacobsen May (fl. 1600s) 1624 1625 Explored Delaware Bay, New York Bay, Hudson River. Established base at Nutten Island and outposts including Fort Nassau on Delaware River.
Willem Verhulst (fl. 1600s) 1625 1626 Initiated construction of Fort Amsterdam on southern tip of Manhattan Island and the short-lived Fort Wilhelmus on the Delaware. Unpopular with the colonists, he was quickly replaced.
Portrait of Peter Minuit Peter Minuit (1580–1638) 4 May 1626 1631 Purchased the island of Manhattan from Native Americans on 24 May 1626 for goods to the value of 60 Dutch guilders.[19] Dismissed
Sebastiaen Jansen Krol (1595–1674) 1632 1633
Wouter van Twiller (1606–1654) 1633 1638
Willem Kieft (1597–1647) 1638 1647 Attempts to drive out Lenape Indians, and attacks on Pavonia and Corlears Hook (25 February 1643), led to Kieft's War (1643–1645). Fired by the Dutch West India Company (1647). Died at sea 27 September 1647 aboard the Princess Amelia near Swansea, Wales, while returning to Amsterdam.[20]
Portrait of Peter Stuyvesant Peter Stuyvesant (c.1612-1672) 11 May 1647 9 September 1664 Authorized charter for Communipaw and Bergen, now Jersey City, in 1660. Surrendered New Netherland to the British under Richard Nicolls.

Governors of New Sweden (1638–1655)

The relative locations of New Netherland (magenta) and New Sweden (blue) in eastern North America.
See also: New Sweden

New Sweden (Swedish: Nya Sverige, Finnish: Uusi-Ruotsi) was a Swedish colony along the Delaware River on the Mid-Atlantic coast of North America from 1638 to 1655 that included territory in present-day Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.[21] After being dismissed as Director of New Netherland by the Dutch West India Company (WIC), Peter Minuit was recruited by Willem Usselincx, Samuel Blommaert and the Swedish government to create the first Swedish colony in the New World to be located on the lower Delaware River within territory claimed by the Dutch as part of New Netherland.[22] The Swedes sought to expand their influence by creating an agricultural (tobacco) and fur-trading colony and bypass French and English merchants.[23]: 43, 66.  The New Sweden Company was chartered and included Swedish, Finnish, Dutch, and German stockholders.[24] Minuit and his company arrived on the Fogel Grip and Kalmar Nyckel at Swedes' Landing (now Wilmington, Delaware) in the spring of 1638.[25] Willem Kieft, Director of New Netherland, objected to the Swedish presence, but Minuit ignored his protests knowing that the Dutch were militarily impotent. The colony would establish Fort Nya Elfsborg north of present-day Salem, New Jersey in 1643.[23]: 70-73. 

In May 1654, Swedish militia captured the Fort Casimir, a Dutch defense located near present-day New Castle, Delaware.[26] As a reprisal, the Dutch Director-General Peter Stuyvesant sent an army to the Delaware River, which compelled the surrender of the Swedish forts and settlements in 1655.[23]: pp.155ff  Initially, the Swedish and Finnish settlers continued to enjoy local autonomy, retaining their own militia, religion, court, and lands.[23]: pp.155ff  This status lasted officially until the English conquest of the New Netherland colony was launched on June 24, 1664.

Portrait Governor Took office Left office Notes
Portrait of Peter Minuit Peter Minuit (1580–1638) 29 March 1638 15 June 1638 Returned to Sweden on 15 June to organize a second group of settlers, died during hurricane in Caribbean, August 1638.
Måns Nilsson Kling (fl. 1600s) 15 June 1638 17 April 1640 Served only as Lieutenant, later Captain, until a Governor could be appointed from Sweden.[27]
Peter Hollander Ridder (1608–1692) April 1640 February 1643 Officer in the Swedish Navy
Portrait of Johan Björnsson Printz Johan Björnsson Printz (1592–1663) February 1643 October 1653 Ordered construction of Fort Nya Elfsborg on Delaware River
Johan Papegoja (d. 1667) October 1653 May 1654 Printz's son-in-law, married to Armegot Printz, left in charge when Governor Printz returned to Sweden.
Johan Classon Risingh (1617–1672) May 1654 15 September 1655 Defeated by forces led by Peter Stuyvesant, re-asserting New Netherland's claim to Delaware Valley

The New Albion Colony (1634–1649)

Sir Edmund Plowden (1590–1659)
See also: New Albion (colony)

In 1634, Charles I of England granted a charter to Sir Edmund Plowden, to establish a colony in North America to the north of lands granted to Lord Baltimore for the Maryland colony in 1633.[28][29] The charter empowered Plowden to assume the title Lord Earl Palatinate, Governor and Captain-General of the Province of New Albion in North America and described the boundaries of the New Albion colony with imprecision and confusion.[30] It is believed that the colony would have covered territory within present-day New Jersey, New York, Delaware and Maryland.[28] Captain Thomas Young and his nephew, Robert Evelyn, explored and charted the valley of the Delaware River (which they called the Charles River) in the 1630s.[31] Plowden took several years to raise funds and prepare using Evelyn's account of the area[32] to recruit settlers and "adventurers." In 1642, Plowden and several men sailed from England with aim to settle the colony. This attempt ended in an unsuccessful mutiny, and for the next seven years Plowden remained in Virginia managing the affairs of the colony, and selling rights to adventurers and speculators.[33] He returned to England in 1649 and aimed to raise funds and interest in settling the colony as a refuge for Roman Catholic's exiled during the English Civil War. Despite further attempts to return to his colony, Plowden was confined in a debtors prison and died a pauper in 1659.[33]

A notation on John Farrar’s 1651 map of Virginia references Plowden's patent for the colony and labels the Delaware River as "this river the Lord Ployden hath a patten of and calls it New Albion but the Swedes are planted in it and have a great trade of Furrs."[34]

Under English control (1664–1673)

The two Lords Proprietor of the Province of New Jersey: John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton (left) and Sir George Carteret (right)

Governors under the Proprietors (1664–1673)

See also: Lords Proprietor, Proprietary colony, and Proprietary Governor

With the surrender of New Netherland by Peter Stuyvesant on 8 September 1664, and under the authority and instruction James, Duke of York, Richard Nicolls assumed the position as Deputy-Governor of New Amsterdam and the rest of New Netherland (including Dutch settlements in New Jersey).[35][36]: p.46  His first acts were to guarantee the Dutch colonists their property rights and the continuance of their right to religious freedom. Nicolls implemented the English system of law and codified a legal code.[36]: p.43-44  Nicholls would remain Governor of the Province of New York until 1668, but the Duke of York granted part of the New Netherland territory (that between the Hudson and Delaware rivers) to Sir George Carteret and John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton for their devoted service to the Duke of York and his brother Charles II during the English Civil War.[3] This territory would be called the Province of New Caesaria, or New Jersey after the Isle of Jersey in the English Channel—one of the last strongholds of the Royalist forces in the English Civil War.[36]: p.60  As a result of this grant, Carteret and Berkeley became the two English Lords Proprietor of New Jersey. By the 1665 Concession and Agreement, the Lords Proprietor outlined the distribution of power in the province, offered religious freedom to all inhabitants, and established a system of quit-rents, annual fees paid by settlers in return for land.[37] The two Lords Proprietor selected Carteret's brother Philip as the province's first governor.

Portrait Governor Took office Left office Notes
Richard Nicolls (1624–1672) 8 September 1664 1665 After the Dutch surrender, Nicolls assumed position of Deputy-Governor of New Amsterdam and New Netherland per instruction of James, Duke of York.
Philip Carteret (1639–1682) 1665 1672 Appointed by Sir George Carteret (his brother) and Lord Berkeley of Stratton to be the first governor of New Jersey.[36]: p.63 
Portrait of Sir John Berry John Berry (1635–1689/90) 1672 1673 Carteret left for England in 1672 and left his deputy, Captain Berry, to administer the colony.[36]: p.68  Term ended with the Dutch capture of New York, 19 September 1673.

Restoration of New Netherland (1673–1674)

In 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch were able to recapture New Amsterdam (renamed "New York" by the British) under Dutch admiral Cornelis Evertsen the Youngest and Captain Anthony Colve on behalf of the Dutch West India Company.[38] Evertsen renamed the city "New Orange."[39] Evertsen returned to the Netherlands in July 1674 and was accused of disobeying his orders which were not to retake New Amsterdam but to conquer the British colony on Saint Helena and Cayenne (now French Guiana).[40] In 1674, the Dutch were compelled to relinquish New Amsterdam to the British under the terms of the Second Treaty of Westminster that ended the conflict.[41][42]

Director-General Took office Left office Notes
Anthony Colve (fl. 1600s) 19 September 1673 10 November 1674 Officially Colve's authority ended on 9 February 1674 with the signing of the Treaty of Westminster and the restoration of the colony to the English. However, news of the treaty and its terms did not reach the New World until October or November.

East and West Jerseys (1674-1702)

In 1688, New York, East Jersey and West Jersey came under the short-lived Dominion of New England (1686–1689). New York and New Jersey were largely overseen by a Lieutenant Governor and army captain Francis Nicholson[43] The Proprietors of East Jersey were angered by the revocation of their charters but retained their property and petitioned Andros for manorial rights.[44]: p.211  The colony proved too large for a single governor to administer, and Andros was highly unpopular.[44]: pp.180, 192–193, 197.  After news of the Glorious Revolution in England reached Boston in 1689, it was known that King James II who appointed Andros had been overthrown, in large part because of the king's ever-closer ties to Roman Catholicism. The anti-Catholic Puritans in New England, and Dutch Calvinists in New York launched a revolt against Andros, arresting him and his officers for fears that Andros sought to impose popery on the colony.[44]: pp.240-250 [45] Leisler's Rebellion in New York City deposed Nicholson in what amounted to an ethnic war between English newcomers and Dutch old settlers.[45] After these events, the colonies assembled into the dominion then reverted to their previous forms of governance.[44]: pp.212-213 

In 17 April 1702, the proprietors of the East and West divisions of New Jersey surrendered their right to government to Queen Anne and the colony was transformed from a proprietary colony to a crown colony.[10]

Governors of East Jersey (1674–1702)

See also: East Jersey
Portrait Governor Took office Left office Notes
Philip Carteret (1639–1682) 1674 1682 Carteret refused to give up his position as governor when demanded by Edmund Andros, Governor of New York. In response, Andros sent a raiding party to Carteret's home and had him beaten and arrested. He was acquitted at trial but the attack caused permanent injuries that led to his death.
Robert Barclay (1648–1690) 1682 1688 Barclay continued claiming the governorship until his death on 3 October 1690.[46] Deputy Governors included Thomas Rudyard (1682–1683), Gawen Lawrie (1683–1686), Neill Campbell (1686–March 1687), Andrew Hamilton (March 1687–August 1688).
"Portrait of Sir Edmund Andros Edmund Andros (1637–1714) 7 May 1688 18 April 1689 As Governor of the Dominion of New England. From 1688–1689, East Jersey, West Jersey, and New York overseen by Lieutenant Governor, Captain Francis Nicholson
Vacant 3 October 1690 March 1692 The East Jersey Proprietors nominated two men, John Tatham and Colonel Joseph Dudley, both of whom were rejected. One historian claims Tatham served briefly as governor.[47] Tatham may have been rejected because of suspicion of culpability in the death of James Budd; Dudley because of his ties to Andros.[48][49][50]
Andrew Hamilton (d. 1703) March 1692 1697 Deposed by the British Parliament because "no other than a natural-born subject of England could serve in any public post of trust or profit" (Hamilton was Scottish).[51]
Jeremiah Basse (d. 1725) 1698 19 August 1699 later served as secretary for Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury and for John Lovelace, before his conviction for perjury.
Andrew Hamilton (d. 1703) 19 August 1699 17 April 1702[10]

Governors of West Jersey (1680–1702)

See also: West Jersey
Portrait Governor Took office Left office Notes
Edward Byllynge (d. 1687) 1680 1687 Byllynge, a London brewer who never came to West Jersey died in England in 1687. Deputy Governors included Samuel Jennings (–1685), John Skene (3 November 1685–)
Dr. Daniel Coxe (1640–1730) 1687 1688 Dr. Coxe never left England and became Governor of West Jersey after purchasing the holdings of Edward Byllynge from his heirs in 1687.[52]
"Portrait of Sir Edmund Andros Edmund Andros (1637–1714) 7 May 1688 18 April 1689 As Governor of the Dominion of New England. From 1688–1689, East Jersey, West Jersey, and New York overseen by Lieutenant Governor, Captain Francis Nicholson
Dr. Daniel Coxe (1640–1730) 1689 March 1692 After being dissuaded by family and friends not to travel to West Jersey, Coxe sells part of his land holdings and the right to government to the West Jersey Society, a company of London merchants.[53]
Andrew Hamilton (d. 1703) March 1692 1697 Deposed by the British Parliament because "no other than a natural-born subject of England could serve in any public post of trust or profit" (Hamilton was Scottish).[51]
Jeremiah Basse (d. 1725) 1698 19 August 1699 later served as secretary for Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury and for John Lovelace, before his conviction for perjury.
Andrew Bowne (c.1638–c.1708) 15 May 1699 December 1699 Bowne was chosen by the Provincial Council to serve as Deputy Governor during Basse's journey to England and served until Hamilton's arrival. Hamilton was reappointed 19 August but did not arrive in New Jersey until December 1699
Andrew Hamilton (d. 1703) 19 August 1699 17 April 1702[10]

Governors under Royal Government (1702–1776)

Governors of New York and New Jersey (1702–1738)

See also: Province of New York

Shortly after ascending to the British throne, Queen Anne (1665–1714) reunited East Jersey and West Jersey as a royal colony and appointed Edward Hyde, Viscount Cornbury as the province's first Royal Governor.

Portrait Governor Took office Left office Notes
Portrait purported to be of Lord Cornbury in women's clothing in the collections of the New-York Historical Society Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury (1661–1723) 1701 23 March 1708 Lord Cornbury's tenure was marked with accusations of cross-dressing, corruption, arrogance, and decadence. Historians claim his that he illustrated the worst form of the English aristocracy's "arrogance, joined to intellectual imbecility" and characterise him as a "degenerate and pervert who is said to have spent half of his time dressed in women's clothes", a "fop and a wastrel". He was recalled by Queen Anne who received several complaints from colonists of "numerous malpractices and misappropriations".
John Lovelace, 4th Baron Lovelace (1672–1709) 1708 6 March 1709 Lord Lovelace died in office, in a short tenure marked by prosecuting supporters of Lord Cornbury, including former Governor Jeremiah Basse.
Richard Ingoldesby (d. 1719) May 1709 April 1710 Ingoldesby was an army officer who served as Lieutenant Governor under Lord Cornbury and Lord Lovelace, and acting governor upon the death of Lovelace. His commission for governorship was revoked by October 1709, but the news only reached him in April 1710.
Portrait of Governor Hunter by Sir Godfrey Kneller (c.1720) Robert Hunter (1664–1734) 1710 1720
Portrait of William Burnet by John Watson William Burnet (1687/88–1729) 1720 1728 Burnet left office after being appointed Governor of Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Colonel John Montgomerie (d. 1731) 1728 1 July 1731 Montgomerie died in office after an epileptic seizure.[54]
Porrait of Lewis Morris by John Watson Lewis Morris (1671–1746) 1 July 1731 7 August 1732 Acting governor after death of Governor Montgomerie, as President Of Council
Portrait of Sir William Cosby Sir William Cosby (1690–1736) 13 January 1732 10 March 1736 While appointed in January, Cosby would not assume office until 7 August 1732.
John Anderson (1665 - 1736) 1736 1736 Acting governor after the death of Governor Cosby, in his role as President Of Council
John Hamilton 1736 1738 Acting governor in his role as President Of Council, after the death of acting governor Anderson.
John West, 1st Earl De La Warr (1693–1766) 20 June 1737 September 1737 West never travelled to America and resigned before taking the governorship so that he could continue his military service and political career in the House of Lords.[55]

Governors of New Jersey only (1738–1776)

See also: Proprietary House

After tensions were provoked with the Penn's Walking Purchase in 1737, relations between colonists and the region's Native American tribes became increasingly hostile.[56][57] During these years, colonists left the seacoast cities and settled the colony's northwestern wilderness. By the 1750s, violent raids against these settlers and fears that the French were supporting these hostilities led to the French and Indian War (1756–1763). During this time, the colonial government was focused on the war effort, providing generous monetary rewards to colonists who killed Indians, establishing a line of fortifications in the Minisink (the upper valley of the Delaware River), and mustering military units (the New Jersey Frontier Guard and 1st New Jersey Regiment) to defend this frontier and carry out punitive raids on Indian villages deeper in the wilderness.[58] [59] Hostilities began to subside with the Treaty of Easton in October 1758, negotiated by New Jersey Royal Governor Francis Bernard, Pennsylvania Attorney-General Benjamin Chew, and chiefs of 13 Native American nations, representing tribes of the Iroquois, Lenape and Shawnee led by Teedyuscung (c.1700–1763).[57]: pp.102-123 

New Jersey was the only province to have two colleges established during the colonial period, and the colony's governors were influential in their establishment.[60][61] Acting governor John Reading and Governor Jonathan Belcher aided the establishment of The College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) was founded in 1746 in Elizabethtown by a group of Great Awakening "New Lighters" that included Jonathan Dickinson, Aaron Burr, Sr. and Peter Van Brugh Livingston. In 1756, the school moved to Princeton.[62][63] In 1766, Governor William Franklin issued the charters to establish Queens College (now Rutgers University) in New Brunswick to "educate the youth in language, liberal, the divinity, and useful arts and sciences" and for the training of future ministers for the Dutch Reformed Church. Franklin issued a second charter in 1770 after the college's trustees requested amendments.[64][65][66]

In the last year of William Franklin's tenure, his power was diminished and he became marginalized by the rebellious sentiment rising in the colony's residents. The province was being run de facto by the Provincial Congress of New Jersey (1775–1776). While colonial militia had taken Franklin prisoner and enforced a "house arrest" starting in January 1776, he would not be formally deposed until June 1776 when the colony's Provincial Congress ordered him arrest and imprisonment. Franklin considered the Provincial Congress to be an "illegal assembly," although they proceeded to adopt a state constitution and reorganize the province into an independent state. The newly formed State of New Jersey elected William Livingston as its first governor on 31 August 1776.

Portrait Governor Took office Left office Notes
Lewis Morris (1671–1746) 1738 21 May 1746 died in office.
John Hamilton 1746 1747 President Of Council
John Reading 1747 1747 President Of Council
Jonathan Belcher (1681/2–1757) 1747 31 August 1757 died in office.
John Reading (1686–1767) 1 September 1757 14 June 1758 Acting governor after the death of Governor Belcher in his role as President Of Council
Francis Bernard (1712–1779) 27 Jan 1758 4 July 1760 Arrived in Perth Amboy, New Jersey on 14 June 1758, in late 1759 was appointed governor of Massachusetts but slow communications delayed this news until 1760.[67]
Thomas Boone (c.1730–1812) 1760 1761 Appointed in 1759, but did not arrive in New Jersey until 10 May 1760. He did not meet with the colonial assembly until 30 October 1760.[68] In Spring 1761, Boone was appointed Governor of South Carolina.[69]
Josiah Hardy (1715–1790) 1761 1763
Portrait of William Franklin (detail), c.1790 by Mather Brown William Franklin (c.1730–1814) 1763 1776 Franklin was placed under house arrest by colonial militia in January 1776, and formally taken into custody after 4 July 1776 by order of the Provincial Congress of New Jersey, and entity he refused to recognize regarding it as an "illegal assembly."[70]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^ Firth, C.H.; Knighton, C. S. (revised). "Carteret, Sir George, first baronet (1610?–1680), naval officer and administrator" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2008).
  2. ^ Hayton, D. W. "Berkeley, John, first Baron Berkeley of Stratton (bap. 1607, d. 1678), royalist army officer and courtier" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2008).
  3. ^ a b "The Duke of York's Release to John Lord Berkeley, and Sir George Carteret, 24th of June, 1664" from Leaming, Aaron and Spicer, Jacob. The Grants, Concessions, and Original Constitutions of the Province of New-Jersey. The acts passed during the proprietary governments, and other material transactions before the surrender thereof to Queen Anne. The instrument of surrender, and her formal acceptance thereof, Lord Cornbury's Commission and Introduction consequent thereon. (2nd Edition. Philadelphia: William Bradford, 1758), 8-11. Published online at the Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  4. ^ "Quintipartite Deed of Revision, Between E. and W Jersey: July 1st, 1676" from Thorpe, Francis Newton (editor). The Federal and State Constitutions Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the States, Territories, and Colonies Now or Heretofore Forming the United States of America Volume IV. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1909). Published online at the Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  5. ^ Gordon, Thomas Francis. The history of New Jersey: from its discovery by Europeans, to the adoption of the Federal Constitution. (Trenton, New Jersey: Daniel Fenton, 1834), 73.
  6. ^ Pomfret, John Edwin. The Province of West New Jersey, 1609-1702: A History of the Origins of an American Colony. (New York: Octagon Books, 1956).
  7. ^ Whitehead, William A. East Jersey Under the Proprietary Governments: A Narrative of Events connected with the Settlement and Progress of the Province, until the Surrender of the Government to the Crown in 1703. [sic] (Newark, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Society, 1875).
  8. ^ Salter, Edwin. A History of Monmouth and Ocean Counties: Embracing a Genealogical Record of Earliest Settlers in Monmouth and Ocean Counties and Their Descendants. (Bayonne, New Jersey: E Gardner & Son, 1890), 24.
  9. ^ Steen, James. New Aberdeen: Or the Scotch Settlement of Monmouth County, New Jersey. (Matawan, NJ: Journal Steam Print, 1899), 5.
  10. ^ a b c d "Surrender from the Proprietors of East and West New Jersey, of Their Pretended Right of Government to Her Majesty; 1702" from Leaming, Aaron and Spicer, Jacob. The Grants, Concessions, and Original Constitutions of the Province of New-Jersey. The acts passed during the proprietary governments, and other material trnasactions before the surrender thereof to Queen Ann. The instrument of surrender, and her formal acceptance thereof, Lord Cornbury's Commission and Introduction consequent thereon. (2nd Edition. Philadelphia: William Bradford, 1758) 600-618. Published online at the Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  11. ^ "Grant of Exclusive Trade to New Netherland by the States-General of the United Netherlands; October 11, 1614" from Documentary History of the State of Maine (Portland: Maine Historical Society / Bailey and Noyes, 1869-1916). Published online at the Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  12. ^ Jacobs, Jaap. New Netherland: A Dutch Colony In Seventeenth-Century America. (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 35.
  13. ^ van der Sijs, Nicoline. Cookies, Coleslaw and Stoops: The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages. (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2009), 21.
  14. ^ Dolin, Eric Jay. Fur, Fortune, and Empire: The Epic History of the Fur Trade in America. (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2011) passim.
  15. ^ World Digital Library. Articles about the Transfer of New Netherland on the 27th of August, Old Style, Anno 1664. Retrieved 21 March 2013
  16. ^ Versteer, Dingman (editor). "New Amsterdam Becomes New York" in The New Netherland Register. Volume 1 No. 4 and 5 (April/May 1911): 49-64.
  17. ^ Farnham, Mary Frances (compiler). "Farnham Papers (1603-1688)" in Volumes 7 and 8 of Documentary History of the State of Maine. (Portland, Maine: Collections of the Maine Historical Society, 2nd Series. 1901-1902), 7:311-314.
  18. ^ Parry, Clive (editor). Consolidated Treaty Series 231 Volumes. (Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications, 1969-1981), 10:231.
  19. ^ Burrows, Edwin G., and Wallace, Mike. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), xivff.
  20. ^ Shorto, Russell. The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America. (New York City: Vintage Books, 2004).
  21. ^ Weslager, Charles A. New Sweden on the Delaware 1638-1655 (Wilmington, Delaware: The Middle Atlantic Press, 1988).
  22. ^ Mickley, Joseph J. Some account of Willem Usselinx and Peter Minuit: Two individuals who were instrumental in establishing the first permanent colony in Delaware (Wilmington, Delaware: The Historical Society of Delaware, 1881).
  23. ^ a b c d Hazard, Samuel. Annals of Pennsyvania from the Discovery of the Delaware, 1609-1682. (Philadelphia: Hazard and Mitchell, 1850).
  24. ^ A Brief History of New Sweden in America (The Swedish Colonial Society)
  25. ^ Weslager, Charles A. A Man and his Ship: Peter Minuit and the Kalmar Nyckel. (Wilmington, Delaware: Kalmar Nickel Foundation, 1989).
  26. ^ Heite, Edward F. and Heite, Louise B. (SOPA/Camden, Delaware). "Report of Phase I archaological and historical investigations at the site of FORT CASIMIR New Castle, Delaware. Prepared for Trustees of the New Castle Commons." and an analysis titled "Where Was Fort Casimir? Historical And Archaeological Evidence From The 1986 Heite Report." from the New Castle, Delaware Community History and Archaeology Program. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
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  34. ^ Farrar, John. “A mapp of Virginia discovered to ye hills” (1651) printed in Williams, Edward. Virgo Triumphans: or, Virginia richly and truly valued. (London: s.n., 1651).
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Further reading

  • Black, Frederick R. The Last Lords Proprietors: The West Jersey Society, 1692-1703. Ph.D. Dissertation, Rutgers University, 1964, Rutgers University Library, Special Collections (New Brunswick, New Jersey).
  • Brodhead, John Romeyn. The Government of Sir Edmund Andros over New England, in 1688 and 1689. (Morrisania, N.Y: Bradstreet Press, 1867).
  • Godfrey, Carlos E. When Boston Was New Jersey’s Capital, 1685-1689. (Newark, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Society, 1933).
  • McCormick, Richard P. New Jersey, from Colony to State, 1609-1779. (Newark, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Society, 1981).
  • Myers, Albert Cook. Narratives of Early Pennsylvania West New Jersey and Delaware: 1630-1707. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1912).
  • Pomfret, John Edwin. The Province of West New Jersey, 1609-1702: A History of the Origins of an American Colony. (New York: Octagon Books, 1956).
  • Pomfret, John Edwin. The New Jersey Proprietors and Their Lands. New Jersey Historical Series, Volume 9. (Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1964).
  • Pomfret, John Edwin. Colonial New Jersey, A History. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973).
  • Smith, Samuel. The History of the Colony of Nova-Caesaria or New Jersey. (Reprint: Spartanburg, SC: The Reprint Co., 1975. Originals, 1765,1890).
  • Tanner, Edwin Platt. The Province of New Jersey, 1664-1738. (New York: s.n. 1908).
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