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==Modern creation of the office (2001–present)==
==Modern creation of the office (2001–present)==
⚫
===Resignations and succession controversies (2001–2006)===
[[File:Codey3.jpg|thumb|right|New Jersey Senator Richard Codey, a former funeral director from Orange, New Jersey, served as the state's acting governor twice in a few years span in after the resignations of Governor Christine Todd Whitman and Governor Jim McGreevey.]]
[[File:Codey3.jpg|thumb|right|New Jersey Senator Richard Codey, a former funeral director from Orange, New Jersey, served as the state's acting governor twice in a few years span in after the resignations of Governor Christine Todd Whitman and Governor Jim McGreevey.]]
Prior to creating a the position of the Lieutenant Governor, the Governor of New Jersey was the only state-wide, [[Federal government of the United States|non-federal]], elected office. New Jersey was one of a few [[U.S. state|states in the United States]] that did not have a Lieutenant Governor to succeed to the governorship in the event of a vacancy in that office. Further, the state does not have elections for state-wide [[cabinet (government)|cabinet]]-level positions—the state constitution empowers the Governor to appoint "principal department heads" and they serve as his (or her) pleasure.<ref>New Jersey State Constitution (1947). Article V, Section IV, paragraphs 1, 2, and 3.</ref>
Prior to creating a the position of the Lieutenant Governor, the Governor of New Jersey was the only state-wide, [[Federal government of the United States|non-federal]], elected office. New Jersey was one of a few [[U.S. state|states in the United States]] that did not have a Lieutenant Governor to succeed to the governorship in the event of a vacancy in that office. Further, the state does not have elections for state-wide [[cabinet (government)|cabinet]]-level positions—the state constitution empowers the Governor to appoint "principal department heads" and they serve as his (or her) pleasure.<ref>New Jersey State Constitution (1947). Article V, Section IV, paragraphs 1, 2, and 3.</ref>

At several times in the state's history, the idea of having a lieutenant governor was proposed. Governor Alfred Driscoll backed a proposal in 1947 as the state was rewriting its constitution at a convention held on the grounds of [[Rutgers University]] in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey|New Brunswick]]. The convention did not approve of the lieutenant governor proposal then and continued the previous succession of the state senate's president in the final document.<ref>Staff. [http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50813FC3A5A147B93C7AB178DD85F438485F9 "Jersey Governor Asks More Power; Creation of Executive Aide Needed, Constitutional Convention Is Told"] in ''The New York Times'' (25 June 1947). Retrieved 30 August 2013.</ref> In 1986, Governor Thomas Kean proposed the creation of the office—in a move seen as a political maneuver "apparently to preclude the possibility of a Democratic successor" as Kean was being considered as a viable presidential or senatorial candidate in the 1988 election.<ref>Editorial staff. [http://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/20/opinion/in-lieu-of-a-lieutenant-governor.html "In Lieu of a Lieutenant Governor" (editorial)] in ''The New York Times'' (20 January 1986). Retrieved 30 August 2013.</ref>


In the event of a vacancy in the governor's office, the state constitution specified that the President of the [[New Jersey Senate|New Jersey State Senate]], the upper chamber of the state legislature, would assume the role of "Acting Governor" while retaining their powerful role in the State Senate. Further, if the acting governorship filled by the State Senate President were vacated or that person could not assume the office, he or she would be succeeded by the Speaker of the [[New Jersey General Assembly]], the state legislature's lower chamber.<ref>Acker, Carolyn. [http://articles.philly.com/1986-01-16/news/26054749_1_lieutenant-governors-kean-state-address "Gov. Kean's Proposals With Lieutenant Governor, N.J. Would Join 43 States"] in ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'' (January 16, 1986). Retrieved August 28, 2013.</ref> The legacy of the Senate president assuming the governorship has its origins in the colonial institution where the President of the Governor's Council would fill a vacancy. This tradition was enshrined in the first state constitution in 1776,<ref>New Jersey State Constitution (1776), article 7.</ref> and the subsequent 1844 constitution,<ref>New Jersey State Constitution (1844), Article V, Section 12</ref> and kept in the 1947 Constitution until the 2005 amendment.<ref>New Jersey State Constitution (1947), the original text for Article V, Section 1, Paragraph 6 (before amendment effective January 17, 2006).</ref>
In the event of a vacancy in the governor's office, the state constitution specified that the President of the [[New Jersey Senate|New Jersey State Senate]], the upper chamber of the state legislature, would assume the role of "Acting Governor" while retaining their powerful role in the State Senate. Further, if the acting governorship filled by the State Senate President were vacated or that person could not assume the office, he or she would be succeeded by the Speaker of the [[New Jersey General Assembly]], the state legislature's lower chamber.<ref>Acker, Carolyn. [http://articles.philly.com/1986-01-16/news/26054749_1_lieutenant-governors-kean-state-address "Gov. Kean's Proposals With Lieutenant Governor, N.J. Would Join 43 States"] in ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'' (January 16, 1986). Retrieved August 28, 2013.</ref> The legacy of the Senate president assuming the governorship has its origins in the colonial institution where the President of the Governor's Council would fill a vacancy. This tradition was enshrined in the first state constitution in 1776,<ref>New Jersey State Constitution (1776), article 7.</ref> and the subsequent 1844 constitution,<ref>New Jersey State Constitution (1844), Article V, Section 12</ref> and kept in the 1947 Constitution until the 2005 amendment.<ref>New Jersey State Constitution (1947), the original text for Article V, Section 1, Paragraph 6 (before amendment effective January 17, 2006).</ref>


⚫
===Resignations and succession controversies (2001–2006)===
In recent years, New Jersey had two acting governors within a few years. In 2001, Governor [[Christine Todd Whitman]] resigned after assuming the position of administrator of the federal [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]. Whitman assumed the post after being appointed by [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] and left the governship with one year remaining on her second term. Senate president [[Donald DiFrancesco]] became acting governor following Whitman's resignation on January 31, 2001 and remained in office until he retired from the State Senate January 8, 2002. In a fluke of political circumstance, the 2001 legislative elections returned a senate with equal numbers of Republican and Democrat members in the 40-member Senate. Both sides negotiated to chose two senators from their respective parties to serve as Co-Presidents for that body. Because of an 8-day gap between the seating of the new state legislature, and the inauguration of the next governor-elect, three men held the position of acting governor:
In recent years, New Jersey had two acting governors within a few years. In 2001, Governor [[Christine Todd Whitman]] resigned after assuming the position of administrator of the federal [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]]. Whitman assumed the post after being appointed by [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] and left the governship with one year remaining on her second term. Senate president [[Donald DiFrancesco]] became acting governor following Whitman's resignation on January 31, 2001 and remained in office until he retired from the State Senate January 8, 2002. In a fluke of political circumstance, the 2001 legislative elections returned a senate with equal numbers of Republican and Democrat members in the 40-member Senate. Both sides negotiated to chose two senators from their respective parties to serve as Co-Presidents for that body. Because of an 8-day gap between the seating of the new state legislature, and the inauguration of the next governor-elect, three men held the position of acting governor:
* New Jersey's Attorney General [[John Farmer, Jr.|John J. Farmer, Jr.]] was acting governor for 90 minutes on January 8, 2002 while awaiting the swearing in of the next senate president
* New Jersey's Attorney General [[John Farmer, Jr.|John J. Farmer, Jr.]] was acting governor for 90 minutes on January 8, 2002 while awaiting the swearing in of the next senate president

Revision as of 14:22, 30 August 2013

Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey
Seal of New Jersey
Incumbent
Kim Guadagno
since January 19, 2010
StyleThe Honorable
Term lengthFour years, no term limit
Inaugural holderKim Guadagno
2010
FormationNew Jersey State Constitution amendment
SuccessionFirst

The Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey is an elected constitutional officer in the executive branch of the state government of New Jersey in the United States. It is the second highest-ranking official in the state government. The lieutenant governor is elected on a ticket with the governor for a four-year term. The lieutenant governor's term is concurrent to the governor's four-year term. Because the position lacks distinct powers or purpose other than to exist solely as next in the order of succession, the state constitution requires that the lieutenant governor be appointed to serve as the head of a cabinet-level department or administrative agency within the Governor's administration. However, pursuant to the state constitution, a lieutenant governor cannot serve as the state's Attorney General.

Prior to 2010, New Jersey was one of a few states in the United States that did not have a Lieutenant Governor to succeed to the governorship in the event of a vacancy in that office. Only two individuals had previously held the title—both during brief periods in the colonial era (1664–1776) under commission or letters patent from the British Crown. For most of the state's (and previously the colony's) history, a vacancy in the position of governor was filled by the president of the State Senate (called the "Legislative Council" from 1776 to 1844), or during the colonial era by the president of the royal governor's Provincial Council.

After several episodes where the state had multiple "acting governors" in the span of a few years following the resignations of Governor Christine Todd Whitman in 2001 and Governor James E. McGreevey in 2004, popular sentiment and political pressure from the state's residents and news media outlets sought a permanent and tenable solution to the issue of succession when the governor's office became vacant. A referendum put before the state's voters on November 8, 2005 authorized the amendment of the state's constitution in 2006. This amendment provided for the state's first lieutenant governor to be elected in the state's 2009 gubernatorial election and to assume the post on January 19, 2010.

Republican Kim Guadagno is the first to serve in the post in its modern form. Guadagno, previously the sheriff in Monmouth County, was chosen by Governor Chris Christie to be his running-mate on the Republican party ticket in the 2009 election. In addition to being lieutenant governor, Guadagno serves in Governor Christie's cabinet as New Jersey's 33rd Secretary of State.

Colonial lieutenant governors

See also: List of colonial governors of New Jersey
Thomas Pownall (1722–1805) was one of two men to serve as Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey (1755–1757) during the colonial period.

During the proprietary period (1664–1702), the colony was often administered in its first years by deputies who resided in North America and represented the province's governor and its major investors (the "proprietors") who typically resided in London.[1] However, in 1702, the proprietors of New Jersey's two provincial governments—East Jersey and West Jersey—surrendered their political authority to Queen Anne who transformed the a crown colony to be administered by a Royal Governor appointed by the monarch and sent from England to reside in the province.[2] For most of the colonial period, in the event of the resignation, prolonged absence or death of the Royal Governor, the province would be administered by an "acting governor" who was the president of the Provincial Council (also called the "Governor's Council")—the upper house of the colonial legislature. The council presidency was an honorary ceremonial post given to the council's oldest member.[3]

In its previous creation, only two individuals have held the post of Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey—both during the colonial period. This position existed only for two brief periods, from 1702–1709 and 1755–1757.

  • Richard Ingoldesby (d. 1719), a British army captain who was dispatched to New York to restore royal authority in New York after Leisler's Rebellion, was commissioned as the Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey and New York in November 1702.[4] Ingoldesby first served under the colony's first Royal Governor, Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury and then his successor John Lovelace, 4th Baron Lovelace.[4] Although Lord Cornbury was frequently absent from New Jersey and focused most of his efforts in New York, he refused to permit Ingoldesby any authority to govern. Ingoldesby became acting governor of both provinces briefly (1709–1710) after the sudden death of Lord Lovelace on May 6, 1709.[4] Ingoldesby's authority was opposed by rival factions of the colony's proprietors who asserted that his commission was invalid.[4][3] He furthered angered the colony's Quaker leaders by retaliating against them for refusing to support raising troops for a military effort to invade French colonies in Canada.[4][3][5] His commission as governor was revoked in October 1709, but the news of his removal did not reach him until April 1710.[4]
  • The second Lieutenant Governor, Thomas Pownall (1722–1805), was appointed to the post in 1755 under Royal Governor Jonathan Belcher (1681/2–1757).[6] Pownall had little responsibility beyond anticipating the death of the aging governor who for most of his tenure was in declining health from a progressive paralytic disorder.[7] Belcher lived longer than expected, and Pownall grew restless.[7] In 1756, Pownall journeyed to England, where he was offered the governorship of Pennsylvania—an offer retracted by his demands for wide-ranging powers—and advised the government organized by Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle and his close foreign affairs advisor William Pitt on the state of affairs in the colonies during the Seven Years War (called the French and Indian War in North America).[7] When Belcher died on August 31, 1757, Pownall did not assume the governorship of New Jersey as his expertise shared in England led to his commission as Royal Governor of Massachusetts in March 1757.[7] Pownall arrived in Boston to assume the new post on August 3, a few weeks before Belcher's death.[6][7] Pownall's departure left the colony to be administered by John Reading (1686–1767) in his second tenure as "acting governor"—continuing the previous convention of the president of the Governor's Council assuming the governorship in an acting capacity. Reading assumed the post reluctantly, after first requesting Pownall to return to New Jersey.[7][8]

Modern creation of the office (2001–present)

New Jersey Senator Richard Codey, a former funeral director from Orange, New Jersey, served as the state's acting governor twice in a few years span in after the resignations of Governor Christine Todd Whitman and Governor Jim McGreevey.

Prior to creating a the position of the Lieutenant Governor, the Governor of New Jersey was the only state-wide, non-federal, elected office. New Jersey was one of a few states in the United States that did not have a Lieutenant Governor to succeed to the governorship in the event of a vacancy in that office. Further, the state does not have elections for state-wide cabinet-level positions—the state constitution empowers the Governor to appoint "principal department heads" and they serve as his (or her) pleasure.[9]

At several times in the state's history, the idea of having a lieutenant governor was proposed. Governor Alfred Driscoll backed a proposal in 1947 as the state was rewriting its constitution at a convention held on the grounds of Rutgers University in New Brunswick. The convention did not approve of the lieutenant governor proposal then and continued the previous succession of the state senate's president in the final document.[10] In 1986, Governor Thomas Kean proposed the creation of the office—in a move seen as a political maneuver "apparently to preclude the possibility of a Democratic successor" as Kean was being considered as a viable presidential or senatorial candidate in the 1988 election.[11]

In the event of a vacancy in the governor's office, the state constitution specified that the President of the New Jersey State Senate, the upper chamber of the state legislature, would assume the role of "Acting Governor" while retaining their powerful role in the State Senate. Further, if the acting governorship filled by the State Senate President were vacated or that person could not assume the office, he or she would be succeeded by the Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly, the state legislature's lower chamber.[12] The legacy of the Senate president assuming the governorship has its origins in the colonial institution where the President of the Governor's Council would fill a vacancy. This tradition was enshrined in the first state constitution in 1776,[13] and the subsequent 1844 constitution,[14] and kept in the 1947 Constitution until the 2005 amendment.[15]

Resignations and succession controversies (2001–2006)

In recent years, New Jersey had two acting governors within a few years. In 2001, Governor Christine Todd Whitman resigned after assuming the position of administrator of the federal Environmental Protection Agency. Whitman assumed the post after being appointed by President George W. Bush and left the governship with one year remaining on her second term. Senate president Donald DiFrancesco became acting governor following Whitman's resignation on January 31, 2001 and remained in office until he retired from the State Senate January 8, 2002. In a fluke of political circumstance, the 2001 legislative elections returned a senate with equal numbers of Republican and Democrat members in the 40-member Senate. Both sides negotiated to chose two senators from their respective parties to serve as Co-Presidents for that body. Because of an 8-day gap between the seating of the new state legislature, and the inauguration of the next governor-elect, three men held the position of acting governor:

  • New Jersey's Attorney General John J. Farmer, Jr. was acting governor for 90 minutes on January 8, 2002 while awaiting the swearing in of the next senate president
  • Republican Senate co-President John Bennett served as acting governor from January 8 to January 12, 2002
  • Democrat Senate co-President Richard Codey served as acting governor from January 12 to January 15, 2002. Governor Jim McGreevey was sworn in after noon on January 15, 2002.

After the resignation of Governor McGreevey in the midst of a sex scandal in 2004,[16] Richard Codey served again as acting governor from November 15, 2004 to January 17, 2006.[17] Codey was the only acting governor during this time as the 2003 legislative elections had returned a Democrat party majority to the state senate.[18] Codey's tenure ended with the inauguration of Governor Jon Corzine on January 17, 2006.[19]

Public attention was directed to the issue of succession in the wake of the resignations of Governor Whitman and Governor McGreevey during so brief a period. The response of the general public and the media was that the situation of acting governors and resignations made the situation untenable and that the state needed a permanent solution such as a Lieutenant Governor.[20] There were three chief arguments in favor of establishing a Lieutenant Governor:

  • That the Senate President was chosen by the members of the Senate, not elected by voters state wide, and that as acting governor he or she would be an unelected governor—eligible for the office only by virtue of having been elected by the citizens in one of forty legislative districts statewide.[21]
  • That an acting governor serving simultaneously in the executive branch and legislative branch made the position of Governor incredibly powerful and was a breach of the "separation of powers" between branches of the government.[21][22]
  • That there potentially would be a lack of continuity between political platforms from a Governor of one party and a Senate President of another who assumes the post as acting governor. As there was no guarantee the two individuals would be members of the same party, there was greater concern that the policies of the Acting Governor might be in direct conflict with those of the preceding governor.

Referendum on a constitutional amendment

In 2005, the state legislature voted on a proposed constitutional amendment to create the post of lieutenant governor, and in accordance with the state constitution, put it before the voters as a ballot question as a November general election referendum. The senate, still run by acting governor Richard Codey as senate president, approved the proposed ballot proposal with 32 votes in favor and 5 opposed.[23]

On election day November 8, 2005, New Jersey voters came out to elect their next governor and were charged with deciding a public question on the ballot whether to amend the state's constitution to create the position of Lieutenant Governor. The approval of this public question would amend the constitution and direct that the first Lieutenant Governor would be chosen in the gubernatorial election in 2009.

With these concerns in mind, on Election Day, November 8, 2005, the voters passed an amendment to the New Jersey State Constitution that creates the position of Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey effective with the 2009 elections. The amendment also provides that in the event of a permanent vacancy in the office of Governor after January 17, 2006 and before the first Lieutenant Governor had taken office in 2010, the President of the Senate, followed by the Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly, would become Governor but will then vacate his or her Senate (or Assembly) seat by the action of assuming the office.

2009 Gubernatorial election

During the week before the July 27, 2009, deadline for the gubernatorial candidates to designate their running mates,[24] Republican candidate Chris Christie selected Monmouth County Sheriff Kim Guadagno,[25] while Democratic incumbent Governor Jon Corzine chose State Senator Loretta Weinberg.[26] On July 27, independent gubernatorial candidate Chris Daggett selected as his running mate Frank J. Esposito, a Kean University history professor who once served as interim president of the university.[27]

Constitutional provisions

New Jersey's State House in Trenton, New Jersey, seen from the west

Qualifications and duties

As amended on January 17, 2006, New Jersey's state constitution mandates that a person may only be eligible for the position of lieutenant governor if they meet the eligibility qualifications to serve as governors. Article V, Section I, paragraph 2, requires that a candidate for governor (and thus lieutenant governor) be (1) at least 30 years old, (2) a citizen of the United States for at least 20 years, and (3) a resident of New Jersey for at least seven years.[28]

Within 30 days after the conclusion of the statewide primary election typically held on Tuesday in the first full week in June, the candidate for governor selects a running mate to join his ticket as the candidate for lieutenant governor.[29] The governor and lieutenant governor must members of the same political party, campaign on the same ticket, are elected conjointly, and serve the same four-year term concurrently.[29][30]

Article V, Section I, paragraph 10 of the New Jersey State Constitution provides that the Lieutenant Governor be appointed as a head of a cabinet-level department or administrative agency within the Governor's administration, with the exception that he or she cannot be the state's Attorney General.[31] The current Lieutenant Governor, Kim Guadagno, serves as New Jersey's 33rd Secretary of State.

Order of succession

Article V, Section I, paragraph 6 of the New Jersey State Constitution, as amended, in 2005 provides for the following order of succession in the event the state Governor's office is vacant:

In the event of a vacancy in the office of Governor resulting from the death, resignation or removal of a Governor in office, or the death of a Governor-elect, or from any other cause, the Lieutenant Governor shall become Governor, until a new Governor is elected and qualifies.

In the event of simultaneous vacancies in both the offices of Governor and Lieutenant Governor resulting from any cause, the President of the Senate shall become Governor until a new Governor or Lieutenant Governor is elected and qualifies. In the event that there is a vacancy in the office of Senate President, or the Senate President declines to become Governor, then the Speaker of the General Assembly shall become Governor until a new Governor or Lieutenant Governor is elected and qualifies. In the event that there is a vacancy in the office of Speaker of the General Assembly, or if the Speaker declines to become Governor, then the functions, powers, duties and emoluments of the office shall devolve for the time being upon such officers and in the order of succession as may be provided by law, until a new Governor or Lieutenant Governor is elected and qualifies.[32]

List of Lieutenant Governors

  Democratic (0)   Republican (1)

# Portrait Lieutenant Governor Took office Left office Position in Cabinet Governor Party
1 "portrait of Kim Guadagno, first Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey Kim Guadagno
(b. 1959)		 January 19, 2010 present Secretary of State Chris Christie Republican

See also

References

Notes

Citations

  1. ^ Pomfret, John Edwin. Province of West New Jersey, 1609–1702: A History of the Origins of an American Colony. (New York: Octagon Books, 1956); Whitehead, William A. East Jersey Under the Proprietary Governments: A Narrative of Events connected with the Settlement and Progress of the Province, until the Surrender of the Government to the Crown in 1703. [sic] (Newark, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Society, 1875); and Pomfret, John E. The Province of East New Jersey, 1609–1702: The Rebellious Proprietary. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962).
  2. ^ "Surrender from the Proprietors of East and West New Jersey, of Their Pretended Right of Government to Her Majesty; 1702" from Leaming, Aaron and Spicer, Jacob. The Grants, Concessions, and Original Constitutions of the Province of New-Jersey. The acts passed during the proprietary governments, and other material trnasactions before the surrender thereof to Queen Ann. [sic] The instrument of surrender, and her formal acceptance thereof, Lord Cornbury's Commission and Introduction consequent thereon. (2nd Edition. Philadelphia: William Bradford, 1758) 600–618. Published online at the Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
  3. ^ a b c Pulvis, Thomas L. Proprietors, Patronage and Paper Money: Legislative Politics in New Jersey 1703–76. (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1986), passim.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Stellhorn, Paul A., and Birkner, Michael J. "Richard Ingoldesby" in The Governors of New Jersey 1664–1974: Biographical Essays. (Trenton, New Jersey: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1982), 40–43.
  5. ^ Weeks, Daniel J. Not for filthy Lucre's sake: Richard Saltar and the antiproprietary movement in East New Jersey, 1665–1707. (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: Lehigh University Press, 2001), passim.
  6. ^ a b Fisher, Edgar Jacob. New Jersey as a Royal Province, 1738 to 1776. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1911), 43–44.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Schutz, John. Thomas Pownall, British Defender of American Liberty; a Study of Anglo-American Relations in the Eighteenth Century. (Glendale, California: A. H. Clark, 1951), 55–58, 78–87.
  8. ^ McCormick, Richard P. (1964, 1970). New Jersey from Colony to State, 1609–1789. (1st Ed – Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1964; 2nd Ed. — New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1970).
  9. ^ New Jersey State Constitution (1947). Article V, Section IV, paragraphs 1, 2, and 3.
  10. ^ Staff. "Jersey Governor Asks More Power; Creation of Executive Aide Needed, Constitutional Convention Is Told" in The New York Times (25 June 1947). Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  11. ^ Editorial staff. "In Lieu of a Lieutenant Governor" (editorial) in The New York Times (20 January 1986). Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  12. ^ Acker, Carolyn. "Gov. Kean's Proposals With Lieutenant Governor, N.J. Would Join 43 States" in The Philadelphia Inquirer (January 16, 1986). Retrieved August 28, 2013.
  13. ^ New Jersey State Constitution (1776), article 7.
  14. ^ New Jersey State Constitution (1844), Article V, Section 12
  15. ^ New Jersey State Constitution (1947), the original text for Article V, Section 1, Paragraph 6 (before amendment effective January 17, 2006).
  16. ^ Mansnerus, Laura. "New Jersey Governor Resigns, Disclosing a Gay Affair" in The New York Times (13 August 2004). Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  17. ^ Mansnerus, Laura and Beston, Josh. "Transition Ends: A Quiet Goodbye for McGreevey" in The New York Times (16 November 2004). Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  18. ^ Mansnerus, Laura, et al. "A Governor Resigns: Overview; McGreevey Steps Down After Disclosing a Gay Affair" in The New York Times (13 August 2004). Quote: "[McGreevey's] victory in 2001 was a landslide, and his fortunes seemed favorable as New Jersey's Democrats also captured the State Assembly and began to retake Trenton after a decade in the minority. Last fall they also gained control of the State Senate." Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  19. ^ Jones, Richard Lezin and Benson, Josh. "A Sentimental Last Address as a Temporary Governor" in The New York Times (11 January 2006). Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  20. ^ Benson, Josh. "New Jersey, Used to Having Governors Leave Early, Considers Need for a Lieutenant" in The New York Times (25 October 2005). Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  21. ^ a b Editorial Staff. "New Jersey's Succession Mess" (editorial) in The New York Times (21 August 2004). The Times called the succession "undemocratic" and observed that "having the state run by someone whom the voters did not choose is in danger of becoming a habit in New Jersey," and that "the newly appointed governor, who in this case would be Mr. Codey, is constitutionally required to continue serving as president of the State Senate -- a clear threat to the whole idea of checks and balances." Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  22. ^ Byrne, Brendan T. "Lt. Governor Is Not A Solution" (opinion commentary) in The New York Times (29 August 2004). Byrne, a former New Jersey governor, who opposed the creation of the Lieutenant Governor post, stated: "But what really troubles people in New Jersey is the fact that the Senate president becomes acting governor while retaining his Senate presidency." Retrieved 30 August 2004.
  23. ^ Mansnerus, Laura. "On Politics: The Advantage of Having A Lieutenant Governor" in The New York Times (27 March 2005). Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  24. ^ http://www.politickernj.com/max/31580/elec-certifies-daggett-matching-funds
  25. ^ Stile, Charles. "Christie announces lieutenant governor pick", The Record (Bergen County), July 20, 2009. Accessed July 21, 2009.
  26. ^ http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2009/07/corzine_picks_sen_loretta_wein.html
  27. ^ http://www.politickernj.com/editor/31794/daggett-picks-kean-university-administrator-lg
  28. ^ New Jersey State Constitution (1947), Article V, Section I, paragraph 2 (as amended, effective January 17, 2006). The amendment to this constitutional provision added the content regarding the eligibility of a person to be Lieutenant Governor. The qualifications for governor enumerated herewith have been unaltered since the 1947 constitution was enacted.
  29. ^ a b New Jersey State Constitution (1947), Article V, Section I, paragraph 4.
  30. ^ The four-year term of office is defined by the New Jersey State Constitution (1947), Article V, Section I, paragraph 5
  31. ^ New Jersey State Constitution (1947), Article V, Section I, paragraph 10 (as amended, effective January 17, 2006)
  32. ^ New Jersey State Constitution (1947), Article V, Section I, paragraph 6 (as amended, effective January 17, 2006)
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