Journey of the Magi

Journey of the Magi
by T. S. Eliot
The cover of the poem's first publishing, Faber & Gwyer's 1927 pamphlet
Written	1927 (1927)
First published in	Ariel poems
Illustrator	Edward McKnight Kauffer
Form	Dramatic monologue
Meter	Free verse
Publisher	Faber and Gwyer
Publication date	August 1927 (August 1927)
Lines	43

This article is about the 1927 poem by T. S. Eliot. For the biblical account of a journey carried out by Magi, see Biblical Magi.

"The Journey of the Magi" is a 43-line poem written in 1927 by T. S. Eliot (1888–1965). It is one of five poems that Eliot contributed for a series of 38 pamphlets by several authors collectively titled Ariel poems and released by British publishing house Faber and Gwyer (later, Faber and Faber). Published in August 1927, "The Journey of the Magi" was the eighth in the series and was accompanied by illustrations drawn by American-born avant garde artist Edward McKnight Kauffer (1890–1954). The poems, including "The Journey of the Magi", were later published in both editions of Eliot's collected poems in 1936 and 1963.

In the previous year, Eliot had converted to Anglo-Catholicism and his poetry, starting with the Ariel Poems (1927–1931) and Ash Wednesday (1930), took on a decidedly religious character. In the poem, Eliot retells the story of the Magi who travelled to Palestine to visit the newborn Jesus according to the Gospel of Matthew. It is a narrative, told from the point of view of one of the magi, that expresses themes of alienation and a feeling of powerlessness in a world that has changed. The poem's dramatic monologue incorporates quotations and literary allusions to works by earlier writers Lancelot Andrewes and Matthew Arnold.

Writing and publication

T. S. Eliot in 1934

In 1925, Eliot became a poetry editor at the London publishing firm of Faber & Gwyer, Ltd., after a career in banking, and subsequent to the success of his earlier poems, including "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1915), "Gerontion" (1920) and "The Waste Land" (1922).

In these years, Eliot gravitated toward embracing the Christian faith and in particular toward the Church of England which led to his baptism on 29 June 1927 at Finstock, in Oxfordshire, and his confirmation the following day in the private chapel of The Right Reverend Thomas Banks Strong, Bishop of Oxford. Eliot converted in private, but subsequently declared in his 1927 preface to a collection of essays titled For Lancelot Andrewes that he considered himself "a classicist in literature, a royalist in politics, and an Anglo-Catholic in religion." When his conversion became known, it was "an understandable choice to those around him" given his intellectual convictions, and that "he could not have done anything less than seek what he regarded as the most ancient, most sacramental, and highest expresession of the Christian faith that forms the indisputable basis for the culture and civilization of modern Europe." Eliot's conversion, and his adherence to Anglo-Catholicism, would inform and influence his later poetry. Critical reviews of Eliot's poems shifted as well, with some critics asserting that the Christian themes "deprived his art of its once incomparable distinction in style and tone", while others recognized it as "an evaluation of old age, an elucidation of its special grace, and an appreciation of its special function in the progress of the soul."

In 1927, Eliot was asked by his employer, Geoffrey Faber, one of the partners in Faber & Gwyer, to write one poem each year for a series of illustrated pamphlets with holiday themes to be sent to the firms clients and business acquaintances as Christmas greetings. This series, called the "Ariel Series", would release 38 pamphlets from a selection of English writers and poets from 1927 through 1931. The first poem that Eliot wrote, "The Journey of the Magi", was released as the eighth in the series in August 1927. Eliot would follow with four more poems, "A Song for Simeon" in August 1928, "Animula" in October 1929, "Marina" in September 1930, and "Triumphal March" in October 1931. All five poems were accompanied by illustrations by American avant garde artist, E. McKnight Kauffer.

Faber & Gwyer, Ltd., printed the "The Journey of the Magi" in a 7¼" × 4 ¾", Octavo (8vo) pamphlet "line block in black with brown and grey; casing, thin card covered with yellow laid paper." The font of the cover and poem text was "Imprint" created by Gerard Meynell & J. H. Mason in 1913 for the magazine Imprint. The poem was printed on two pages, accompanied a colour images by Kauffer, and included one page of advertisements. Faber & Gwyer contracted with the Curwen Press in Plaistow to print 5,000 copies. There was a limited edition of 350 copies. According to Gilmour, the edition was printed "in batches of eight." A yellow cover was used for Eliot's poem after Curwen's designer Paul Nash objected for its use in the seventh Ariel pamphlet, Siegfried Sassoon's "Nativity".

In 1936, Faber & Faber, the successor firm to Faber & Gwyer, collected "The Journey of the Magi" and the four other poems under the heading "Ariel Poems" for an edition of Eliot's collected poems. When Faber released the entire series in the 1950s, Eliot included a sixth poem, "The Cultivation of Christmas Trees", which was added to Faber's 1963 edition of his collected poems. Both editions of collected poems were published in the United States by Harcourt, Brace & Company.

Interpretation and analysis

The poem is an account of the journey from the point of view of one of the magi. It picks up Eliot's consistent theme of alienation and a feeling of powerlessness in a world that has changed. In this regard, with a speaker who laments outliving his world, the poem recalls Arnold's Dover Beach, as well as a number of Eliot's own works. Instead of a celebration of the wonders of the journey, the poem is largely a complaint about a journey that was painful and tedious. The speaker says that a voice was always whispering in their ears as they went that "this was all folly". The magus seems generally unimpressed by the infant, and yet he realizes that the Incarnation has changed everything. He asks,

". . . were we led all that way for

Birth or Death?"

The birth of the Christ was the death of the world of magic, astrology, and paganism.(cf Colossians 2:20) The speaker, recalling his journey in old age, says that after that birth his world had died, and he had little left to do but wait for his own end.

There are at least two formal elements of the poem that are interesting. The first is that the poem maintains Eliot's long habit of using the dramatic monologue – a form he inherited and adapted from Robert Browning. The speaker of the poem is in agitation and speaks to the reader directly. His revelations are accidental and born out of his emotional distress. As with other works, Eliot chooses an elderly speaker – someone who is world-weary, reflective, and sad (cf. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, Gerontion, the Tiresias narrator of The Waste Land, and possibly the narrator of The Hollow Men). His narrator in this poem is a witness to historical change who seeks to rise above his historical moment, a man who, despite material wealth and prestige, has lost his spiritual bearings.

Secondly, the poem has a number of symbolist elements, where an entire philosophical position is summed up by the manifestation of a single image. For example, the narrator says that on the journey they saw "three trees against a low sky"; the single image of the three trees implies the historical future (the crucifixion) and the spiritual truth of the future (the skies lowered and heaven opened).

The first five lines are based on Lancelot Andrewes's "Nativity Sermon" of 1622 and represent a recollection by the magus which set off the reflections which follow.

External links

• Text of the poem and recording of Eliot reading the poem
• "Journey of the Magi"; under the direction of Jim Wohlpart