Gülek: Difference between revisions
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0 |
|||
| Line 60: | Line 60: | ||
{{Main|Gülek Castle}} |
{{Main|Gülek Castle}} |
||
[[Macedonian Empire|Macedonian]] emperor [[Alexander the Great]] (reigned 336–323 BC) crossed Taurus mountains through the [[Cilician Gates]] during his campaign against [[Darius III]] (reigned 336–330 BC) of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. Gülek citizens believe that the ancient inscriptions in the pass were erected by Alexander. But, actually, these inscriptions were erected much later by the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Caracalla]] (reigned 211–217) during his campaign against the [[Parthian Empire]]. |
[[Macedonian Empire|Macedonian]] emperor [[Alexander the Great]] (reigned 336–323 BC) crossed Taurus mountains through the [[Cilician Gates]] during his campaign against [[Darius III]] (reigned 336–330 BC) of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. Gülek citizens believe that the ancient inscriptions in the pass were erected by Alexander. But, actually, these inscriptions were erected much later by the [[Roman Emperor]] [[Caracalla]] (reigned 211–217) during his campaign against the [[Parthian Empire]]. |
||
<ref>[http://www.cekulvakfi.org.tr/icerik/haberDetay.asp?ID=773 Page of Çekul foundation {{in lang|tr}}]</ref> The town (then known as Hins Bwls) was established during the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] era. In 652 [[Ummayad]] armies annexed Gülek and surrounding territory. From 861, Gülek fell under many states, including the [[Byzantine Empire]], the [[Sultanate of Rum]], [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]], and the [[Ramadanids]]. In 1517, sultan [[Selim I]] (reigned 1512–1520) of the [[Ottoman Empire]] annexed Gülek. In 1832, Gülek was briefly occupied by the forces of the rebellious [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]] of [[Egypt]] but was returned to Ottoman control after the [[convention of Kütahya]].<ref> |
<ref>[http://www.cekulvakfi.org.tr/icerik/haberDetay.asp?ID=773 Page of Çekul foundation {{in lang|tr}}]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The town (then known as Hins Bwls) was established during the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] era. In 652 [[Ummayad]] armies annexed Gülek and surrounding territory. From 861, Gülek fell under many states, including the [[Byzantine Empire]], the [[Sultanate of Rum]], [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]], and the [[Ramadanids]]. In 1517, sultan [[Selim I]] (reigned 1512–1520) of the [[Ottoman Empire]] annexed Gülek. In 1832, Gülek was briefly occupied by the forces of the rebellious [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]] of [[Egypt]] but was returned to Ottoman control after the [[convention of Kütahya]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gulek.bel.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=34 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305174440/http://www.gulek.bel.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=34 |archive-date=2012-03-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the [[First World War]], [[French people|French]] forces tried to occupy Gülek,<ref>See [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]]</ref> but after the local militia forces from Gülek ambushed the French forces on 27 May 1920 at the [[Battle of Karboğazı|pass of Karboğazı]], the French army gave up this project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gulek.bel.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=57 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-04-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145911/http://www.gulek.bel.tr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=57 |archivedate=2014-07-14 }}</ref> |
||
During the Turkish Republic era the name of the settlement was ''Panzinçukuru'' and ''Yaylaçukuru'' up to 1954. In 1954 the settlement was declared a seat of township and renamed as Gülek. |
During the Turkish Republic era the name of the settlement was ''Panzinçukuru'' and ''Yaylaçukuru'' up to 1954. In 1954 the settlement was declared a seat of township and renamed as Gülek. |
||
Revision as of 01:32, 6 January 2020
Gülek | |
|---|---|
Town | |
  Gülek Location in Turkey | |
| Coordinates: 37°15′N 34°46′E / 37.250°N 34.767°E | |
| Country |  Turkey |
| Province | Mersin Province |
| District | Tarsus |
| Elevation | 1,150 m (4,770 ft) |
| Population (2012) | |
| • Total | 2,934 |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | 33400 |
| Area code | 0324 |
| Licence plate | 33 |
Gülek is a town in Mersin Province, Turkey.
Geography
Gülek is situated along a valley on the Taurus Mountains. The main pass of these mountains, which is known as Gülek Pass (ancient Cilician Gates), is just east of the town. The average altitude of the town is about 1,150 metres (3,770 ft). The population of the town was 2934 [1] as of 2012.
Administration
Gülek is a part of Tarsus district, itself a part of Mersin province. Gülek was a village in the first half of the 20th century. It became the seat of its township in 1954.
History
Macedonian emperor Alexander the Great (reigned 336–323 BC) crossed Taurus mountains through the Cilician Gates during his campaign against Darius III (reigned 336–330 BC) of the Achaemenid Empire. Gülek citizens believe that the ancient inscriptions in the pass were erected by Alexander. But, actually, these inscriptions were erected much later by the Roman Emperor Caracalla (reigned 211–217) during his campaign against the Parthian Empire. [2] The town (then known as Hins Bwls) was established during the Byzantine era. In 652 Ummayad armies annexed Gülek and surrounding territory. From 861, Gülek fell under many states, including the Byzantine Empire, the Sultanate of Rum, Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, and the Ramadanids. In 1517, sultan Selim I (reigned 1512–1520) of the Ottoman Empire annexed Gülek. In 1832, Gülek was briefly occupied by the forces of the rebellious Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt but was returned to Ottoman control after the convention of Kütahya.[3] After the First World War, French forces tried to occupy Gülek,[4] but after the local militia forces from Gülek ambushed the French forces on 27 May 1920 at the pass of Karboğazı, the French army gave up this project.[5] During the Turkish Republic era the name of the settlement was Panzinçukuru and Yaylaçukuru up to 1954. In 1954 the settlement was declared a seat of township and renamed as Gülek.
Above the Cilician Gates and a few kilometers from the village is Gülek Kalesi (Armenian: Kuklak; Arab: Kawlāk), a large fortification of considerable antiquity which retains evidence of Byzantine and Arab periods of occupation, but is primarily a construction of the 12th and 13th centuries attached to the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.[6] Its circuit walls and towers at the south and west cover a distance of over 450 meters. An extensive photographic survey and plan of Gülek Castle was made between 1973 and 1979.[7]
References and Notes
- ^ TurksatArchived September 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Page of Çekul foundation (in Turkish)[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-05. Retrieved 2010-04-12.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ See Sykes–Picot Agreement
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Edwards, Robert W. (1987). The Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXIII. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 139–142, 283, pls.6a-8b. ISBN 0-88402-163-7.
- ^ [1] The survey was conducted by the University of California at Berkeley.
