Eia
Eia or Eye was an early Medieval manor in the parish of Westminster, Middlesex so has now become a part of Central London,[1] much of which, now known as the Grosvenor Estate, heavily leased to others, is owned by Hugh Grosvenor, 7th Duke of Westminster (born 1991), which in total is worth more than two billion pounds, mostly in commercial rents and development revenue. It was about one mile west of the Palace of Westminster/Whitehall, about 2 miles WSW of the walled City of London, and about one quarter that distance from the present north bank of the tidal Thames. A smaller sub-manor called Ebury or Eybury containing the hamlet Eye Cross, were originally part of the manor (and are derivations in name). Ebury and a corruption of it, Avery,[2] appear as modern streets and other places.
It approximated to the western bulk of the SW1 postcode area, specifically, much of Hyde Park (which dates from 1536), the grounds of Buckingham Palace (1703) and Belgravia, a country road known later as Park Lane and most parts of Mayfair, Pimlico, and Knightsbridge.
The name Eia is believed to have originated as a Latinisation of the Anglo-Saxon word īeg, which means "island",[3] in reference to a rise along a stream/marsh, and from maps seems to refer to a former, perhaps only discernible after heavy rains, island above one which surrounded Westminster Abbey, Thorney Island drained and formed by the Tyburn (stream).
Middle Ages
Eia was a rural manor during the early medieval period, on land adjacent to the River Tyburn (a reduced catchment form of which flows beneath the courtyard and south wing of Buckingham Palace), immediately west and north of Thorney Island, on the Thames, which became the site of Westminster Abbey.[4][5]
Ownership of the site changed hands many times in the Middle Ages. Its owners included Edward the Confessor and his queen consort Edith of Wessex in late Saxon times, and, after the Norman Conquest, William the Conqueror gave the site to Geoffrey de Mandeville, who bequeathed it to the monks of Westminster Abbey.
At about the time of the Domesday Book of 1086, the manor of Eia was divided into three smaller manors: Hyde (the north-western part), Ebury (or Eyebury/Eia) (central area) and La Neyte or Neat (to the south-east). Neyte was a small island in the marsh (in what is now Pimlico), on which a house was built for the Abbot of Westminster.[6] Neyte may been the inspiration of Knightsbridge, considerably beyond the north side, which centred on a bridge over water on one of the great, Roman-founded, roads leading west-south-west from the City of London.
By the 12th century a ford crossing on the River Tyburn, before its loss known as Cow Ford, was the site of a hamlet: Eye Cross. Its location is unknown; probably it was in and/or beside the south of Buckingham Palace Gardens.[7]
Early modern era
In 1531 King Henry VIII acquired the Hospital of St James (later St. James's Palace)[8] from Eton College, a royal foundation founded in 1440 by King Henry VI endowed with many royal lands. In 1536 on the Dissolution of the Monasteries the Manor of Ebury became one of the many possessions of Westminster Abbey which reverted to the Crown (which is considered the foundation of all land ownership)[9] and the Court of Augmentations. This meant the site that would become Buckingham Palace returned to royal ownership, after William the Conqueror had given it away almost 500 years before.[10]
By the early 17th century, the lease of the manor having passed through the hands of many different people, Eye Cross had ceased to exist and the area of the former village was mostly wasteland.[11] During the reign of King James I (1603-1625), part of it was sold, freehold, (including the future site of Buckingham Palace). On the rest James established a 4-acre (16,000 m2) mulberry garden (near the north-west corner of the present palace).[12] Before 1649, close to the time of King James's son's decapitation, Clement Walker, in his work Anarchia Anglicana, referred to "new-erected sodoms and spintries" – both terms referring to male prostitution – in "the Mulberry Garden at S. James's".
Development
During the late 17th century Ebury's freehold passed from Sir Hugh Audley to his great-niece and heiress Mary Davies. Audley and Davies were key figures in the development of Ebury Manor into a suburb of the City of London, now comprising Mayfair, Belgravia and Park Lane. They are memorialised by today's North Audley Street, South Audley Street and Davies Street, all in Mayfair.
Buckingham House, the mansion that now forms the core of Buckingham Palace, was built in 1703 by John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby to the design of William Winde.[13] In 1761 the property returned to the ownership of the royal family (which had retained the adjoining site of the Mulberry Garden), when the mansion was sold to King George III,[14] for the sum of £21,000;[15] or possibly £28,000.[16]
Ebury in modern place and other names
Ebury survives as a place name in: Ebury Street, Belgravia, Ebury Square, Ebury Wharf and Ebury Bridge, which crosses the former Ebury Canal. The name Avery, also found in many street names in SW1, is a corruption of Ebury.[17]
The modern hereditary title Baron Ebury, was created in 1857 for Robert Grosvenor, the owner of the estate, of an ancient and prominent gentry family of Cheshire. The names of some of the family's Cheshire estates now feature as street names in the former manor of Ebury, most notably Eaton, Belgrave and Eccleston. One of Grosvenor's business enterprises was the Watford and Rickmansworth Railway, also known as the "Ebury Line", in Hertfordshire. The railway no longer exists and has been converted into the Ebury Way hiking trail.
Ebury Publishing has its offices in Pimlico.
Footnotes
- ^ F. H. W. Sheppard, "The Acquisition of the Estate", Survey of London 39: The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 1 (General History) (1977), London, London County Council, pp. 1–5 (12 April 2015).
- ^ Girling, Brian; 2013, Belgravia & Knightsbridge Through Time, Stroud, Glouc., Amberley Publishing Limited, p. 62.
- ^ J. E. B. Gover, 1922, The Place Names of Middlesex, London, Longmans, p. 22.
- ^ O. G. Goring, (1937). From Goring House to Buckingham Palace. London: Ivor Nicholson & Watson, p.15
- ^ Patricia Wright, 2012, The Strange History of Buckingham Palace, Stroud, Gloucs., The History Press, p. 160.
- ^ Wright, p. 160.
- ^ Wright, 2012, p. 40.
- ^ Goring, p. 28
- ^ Goring, p. 18
- ^ Shepherd, 1977
- ^ Wright, pp. 76–8
- ^ Goring, pp. 31–36
- ^ Harris, p.22
- ^ John Martin Robinson, 1999, Buckingham Palace, London , The Royal Collection, p. 14.
- ^ Roy Nash, 1980, Buckingham Palace: The Place and the People, London, Macdonald Futura., p. 18
- ^ Wright, p. 142.
- ^ Girling, p. 62.
Bibliography
- Charles T. Gatty, 1921, Mary Davies and the Manor of Ebury, London/New York, Cassell.
- Brian Girling, 2013, Belgravia & Knightsbridge Through Time, Stroud, Glouc., Amberley Publishing Ltd.
- O. G. Goring, 1937, From Goring House to Buckingham Palace, London, Ivor Nicholson & Watson.
- J. E. B. Gover, 1922, The Place Names of Middlesex, London, Longmans
- Roy Nash, 1980, Buckingham Palace: The Place and the People, London, Macdonald Futura.
- F. H. W. Sheppard (ed.) 1977, Survey of London 39: The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 1 (General History), London, London County Council (12 April 2015).
- John Martin Robinson, 1999, Buckingham Palace, London, The Royal Collection.
- Patricia Wright, 2012, The Strange History of Buckingham Palace, Stroud, Gloucs., The History Press.
