Bematist
Bematists or bematistae (Ancient Greek βηματισταί (bēmatistaí, 'step measurer'), from βῆμα (bema, 'pace')), were specialists in ancient Greece and ancient Egypt who measured distances by pacing.[1]
Measurements of Alexander's bematists
Bematists accompanied Alexander the Great on his campaign in Asia. Their measurements of the distances traveled by Alexander's army show a high degree of accuracy to the point that it had been suggested that they must have used an odometer, although there is no direct mentioning of such a device:
The overall accuracy of the bematists' measurements should be apparent. The minor discrepancies of distance can be adequately explained by slight changes in the tracks of roads during the last 2,300 years. The accuracy of the measurements implies that the bematists used a sophisticated mechanical device for measuring distances, undoubtedly an odometer such as described by Heron of Alexandria.[2]
The table below lists distances of the routes as measured by two of Alexander's bematists, Diognetus and Baeton. They were recorded in Pliny's Naturalis Historia (NH 6.61–62). Another similar set of measurements is given by Strabo (11.8.9) following Eratosthenes. Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth based on work of Egyptian bematists.[3][4]
| Pliny 6.61–62 | Strabo 11.8.9 | Actual distance | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Route | Milia passuum 1) | English miles | Deviation | Stadia 2) | English miles | Deviation | English miles | Route |
| Northern Caspian Gates – Hecatompylos | — | — | — | 1960 | 225 | 0.8% | 227 | main road |
| Southern Caspian Gates – Hecatompylos | 133 | 122 | 2.4% | — | — | — | 125 | main road |
| Hecatompylos – Alexandria Areion | 575 | 529 | 0.4% | 4530 | 521 | 1.9% | 531 | Silk Route |
| Alexandria Areion – Prophtasia | 199 | 183 | 3.2% | 1600 | 184 | 2.6% | 189 | Herat-Juwain |
| Prophtasia – Arachoti Polis | 565 | 520 | 1% | 4120 | 474 | 9.7% | 525 | Juwain – Kelat-i-Ghilzai |
| Arachoti Polis – Hortospana | 250 | 230 | 0.4% | 2000 | 230 | 0.4% | 231 | main road Kelat-i-Ghilzai – Kabul |
| Hortospana – Alexandria ad Caucasum | 50 | 46 | 2.1% | — | — | — | 47 | Kabul – Begram |
| Alexandria ad Caucasum – Peucolatis | 237 | 218 | 3.2% | — | — | — | 211 | Begram – Charsada |
| Peucolatis – Taxila | 60 | 55 | 20% | — | — | — | 69 | Charsada – Taxila |
| Taxila – Hydaspes (Jhelum) | 120 | 110 | 4.8% | — | — | — | 105 | Aurel Stein’s route |
| Alexandria Areion – Bactra – Zariaspa3) | — | — | — | 3870 | 445 | 1.6% | 438 | via Kala Nau, Bala Murghab, Maimana and Andkhui |
| Average | 4.2% | 2.8% | ||||||
| Median | 2.8% | 1.9% | ||||||
Notes:
1) 1 mille passus = 1,480 meters (1,620 yd)
2) 1 Attic stadion = 606 feet 10 inches (184.96 m)
3) The route is not recorded to have been followed by Alexander himself.
List of bematists
- Amyntas[5]
- Baeton
- Diognetus
- Philonides of Chersonissos[6][7]
See also
References
- ^ Tzifopoulos, Yannis (2013). "Bematists". In Bagnall, Roger S.; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B.; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Ancient History. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah09247.
- ^ Engels 1978, p. 158
- ^ Russo, Lucio (2004). The Forgotten Revolution. Berlin: Springer. pp. 273–277.
- ^ All data from: Engels 1978, p. 157
- ^ Heckel, Waldemar: Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire, Blackwell, 2006, ISBN 978-1-4051-1210-9, p. 26
- ^ Heckel, Waldemar: Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great: Prosopography of Alexander's Empire, Blackwell, 2006, ISBN 978-1-4051-1210-9, p. 216
- ^ Epigraphical Database: Elis — Olympia — 336–323 BCE
Bibliography
- Engels, Donald W. (1978). Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army. University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1978, ISBN 0-520-04272-7
