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Christopher Gillberg

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"DAMP" redirects here. For other uses, see Damp (disambiguation).

Lars Christopher Gillberg (born 19 April 1950) is a professor of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry at Gothenburg University in Gothenburg, Sweden. He has also been a visiting professor at the universities of Bergen, New York, Odense, St George's (University of London), and San Francisco.[1]

Gillberg is known for his research of autism in children, Asperger syndrome. ADHD and anorexia nervosa. He is the founding editor of the journal European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, and is the author and editor of many scientific and educational books. He is the recipient of several scientific awards,[2][3][4] including the Philips Nordic Prize 2004 for neurological research,[5] and he has more than 300 scientific papers listed in Medline. Additionally, Gillberg has become known internationally for his contributions to pioneering research projects into the genetics of autism.[6]

Gillberg is also known for his concern about the confidentiality of medical records and his role in a related controversy.[7] The controversy involved a study done on ADHD/DAMP. The integrity of the study was questioned.[clarification needed (the allegations were dismissed)] The study's records were then deliberately destroyed [clarification needed (not by Gillberg)]; it was claimed that this destruction was done to preserve the study subjects' confidentiality.[8][neutrality is disputed] He was later convicted of "misuse of office" for not making his research data available to the university management.[clarification needed (data was available during the investigation, concerns only access granted w. ref. to the Principle of Public Access)][neutrality is disputed] He was also found to have been in contempt of court when refusing previous court orders to release the research data to independent investigators.[9][clarification needed (to two private individuals with no investigative powers or purposes)][neutrality is disputed]

Autism research

In the early 1980s, the concept of an autism spectrum was introduced by Lorna Wing and Gillberg.[10] Gillberg has done extensive research into autism throughout his academic career. Since 2006, he is involved in a large cross-disciplinary project titled "Autism spectrum conditions: the Gothenburg collaborative studies", financed by the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet), expected to run until the end of 2009.[11] The project is a collaboration between scientists specialized in child and youth psychiatry, molecular biology and neuroscience and involves a genetic part with an international study team of French, British and U.S. researchers examining various aspects autism. Some of the results were published during 2007.[12][13]The project also includes a genetic study on the Faroe Islands.[14][11]

In 2003, a French and Swedish research team at the Institut Pasteur psychiatric departments, University of Paris, led by Thomas Bourgeron, Marion Leboyer and Gillberg, discovered the first precisely identified genetic mutations in individuals with autism.[6] The team identified mutations altering two genes on the X chromosome which seem to be implicated in the formation of synapses (communication spaces between neurons), in two families where several members are affected. Previous studies, such as the Paris Autism Research International Sib-Pair Study (PARIS), coordinated by Gillberg and Marion Leboyer, have more generally associated the X-chromosome regions with autism. The 2003 breakthrough indicated the location of the mutation to be on the NLGN4 gene and the NGLN3 gene. The mutation prevents a complete protein from forming and is inherited from the mother.[15]

Gillberg's criteria for Asperger's syndrome

In 1989, Gillberg became instrumental in the publication of the first diagnostic criteria for Asperger's Syndrome.[16] Gillberg's criteria most closely resemble the original description of Hans Asperger, and for this reason, some clinicians consider them the first choice in clinical practice.[17] All of the following six criteria must be met for confirmation of diagnosis:[18]

  1. Severe impairment in reciprocal social interaction (at least two of the following)
    1. inability to interact with peers
    2. lack of desire to interact with peers
    3. lack of appreciation of social cues
    4. socially and emotionally inappropriate behavior
  2. All-absorbing narrow interest (at least one of the following)
    1. exclusion of other activities
    2. repetitive adherence
    3. more rote than meaning
  3. Imposition of routines and interests (at least one of the following)
    1. on self, in aspects of life
    2. on others
  4. Speech and language problems (at least three of the following)
    1. delayed development
    2. superficially perfect expressive language
    3. formal, pedantic language
    4. odd prosody, peculiar voice characteristics
    5. impairment of comprehension including misinterpretations of literal/implied meanings
  5. Non-verbal communication problems (at least one of the following)
    1. limited use of gestures
    2. clumsy/gauche body language
    3. limited facial expression
    4. inappropriate expression
    5. peculiar, stiff gaze
  6. Motor clumsiness: poor performance on neurodevelopmental examination

Gillberg's criteria differ from those given in the DSM-IV-TR. Some scholars have therefore criticized them for "making it difficult to compare with other studies".[19] It has been argued that the failure of some research groups to replicate some of Gillberg's findings "may relate primarily to fundamental differences in diagnostic approach".[19]

DAMP, MBD, and ADHD

In the 1970s, Gillberg played a leading role in developing the concept Deficits in Attention, Motor control and Perception (DAMP), a concept primarily used in Scandinavia.[20][21] The DAMP concept as used by in more recent publications, refers to Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in combination with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). According to Gillberg, it constitutes a "subgroup of the diagnostic category of ADHD, conceptually similar - but not clinically identical - to the WHO concept of HKD (hyperkinetic disorder)" and is diagnosed on the basis of "concomitant attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and developmental coordination disorder in children who do not have severe learning disability or cerebral palsy".[22]

Some scholars disagree with the lumping of ADHD and DCD, with the argument that they are unrelated.[23] Gillberg stated in 2003 that, although he feels that there is a "very real issue of how to deal with the conflict between splitting (ADHD plus developmental coordination disorder (DCD)) and lumping (DAMP)", he nevertheless feels that "the DAMP construct has been helpful in identifying a group of children with ADHD and multiple needs that will not be self evident if the diagnosis is just ADHD or just DCD."[22] Before the Scandinavian studies, recognition that individuals with attention problems may also have difficulties with movement, perception, and memory had received little attention in studies.[23] According to various studies, half of the children with ADHD also have DCD.[24]

With the development of the ADHD concept, the previous, less precise, category of Minimal Brain Dysfunction (MBD), "a term almost universally employed in child psychiatry and developmental paediatrics from the 1950s to the early 1980s"[22] was replaced. Gillberg began to study DAMP in the late 1970s, when ADHD was still called MBD and the DAMP concept has been adjusted as the term ADHD was introduced and became internationally used. Around 1990, DAMP had become a generally accepted diagnostic concept in two Nordic countries,[25] but when the DSM-IV appeared in 1994, DAMP became considered a redundant term in many countries, since DAMP is essentially equivalent to ADHD in combination with DCD as defined by DSM-IV.[26][22]

Gillberg's four criteria for DAMP are:

According to Gillberg, clinically severe form DAMP (or ADHD+DCD) affects about 1.5% of the general population of school age children; another few per cent are affected by more moderate variants. Boys are overrepresented; girls are currently probably underdiagnosed. There are many overlapping conditions, including conduct disorder, depression/anxiety, and academic failure. There is a strong link with autism spectrum disorders in severe DAMP. Familial factors and pre- and perinatal risk factors account for much of the variance. Psychosocial risk factors appear to increase the risk of marked psychiatric abnormality in DAMP. Outcome in early adult age was psychosocially poor in one study in almost 60% of unmedicated cases. About half of all cases with ADHD have DCD, and conversely, ADHD occurs in about half of all cases of DCD.[22]

Gillberg has published around 80 papers on DAMP, ADHD and related conditions.[22]

Alleged scientific misconduct controversy

One of Gillberg's early research projects, the Gothenburg study,[27] has become the center of a heated controversy.[28] The controversy concerns alleged scientific misconduct and the willful destruction of research data in order to avoid outside scientific scrutiny.[8][neutrality is disputed][failed verification] A judicial ruling to release the research data to independent investigators has also raised the question to what extent the principle of public access, which in Sweden supports transparency in publicly funded activities, can be applied to sensitive data collected in medical studies involving human subjects.[7][29]

Background

Beginning in 1996, pediatrician Leif Elinder criticized Gillberg's research and alleged that the numbers reported by Gillberg were made up.[30] Elinder became associated with the sociologist Eva Kärfve at Lund University, whose research had been devoted to early witch hunts and medieval myths in Europe. They coordinated their criticism and Kärfve wrote a book, published in 2000, rejecting most of the research on DAMP, and especially Gillberg's.[31] Other psychiatrists and neuroscientists in Sweden defended the Gillberg group and argued that Elinder and Kärfve had crossed the line from scientific criticism to personal attacks and vilification.[32][33] The conflict escalated further in 2002, when Kärfve and Elinder wrote separate letters to Gothenburg University, accusing the Gillberg group of scientific misconduct.[34][35] The accusations were investigated by the Ethics Council and dismissed.[36][37][38] Elinder and Kärfve also demanded access to the original research material for the main DAMP studies. Under a section of the Swedish basic law that grants citizens access to government documents, Elinder and Kärfve were given full access to the documents by an administrative court.[39][40] The University, the Gillberg group, and the participants of the study were strongly opposed to this decision, on the grounds that the material contained medical records and other sensitive information, and that the participants had been promised full confidentiality.[39][40][41][42] A higher court decided that neither the participants, the researchers, nor their institution, were formally entitled to appeal the decision.[43] When all legal avenues had been exhausted, two of Gillberg's coworkers and a university administrator destroyed the 12–27 years old research material. In the legal aftermath, Gillberg and the Rector of Gothenburg University were found guilty of "misuse of office" for not complying with the administrative court's decision.[44]

Reaction to the ruling

The court's decision to grant the two critics access to the data was controversial. When the study participants were contacted by Gillberg and asked if they would be prepared to have the data released, all but one family refused.[44] Citing that, and the promise of confidentiality given to the participants as a precondition, Gillberg and the other researchers decided to not turn over the personal data.[45] 267 Swedish doctors signed a letter in support of Gillberg's decision to not hand over the data.[46] After the verdict, the chairman of the Central Ethical Review Board of Sweden, Johan Munch, said that in Swedish legislation, the Principle of Public Access[47] is incompatible with promises of absolute confidentiality, and that the Central Ethical Review Board therefore no longer approves such promises.[48][29]

Elisabeth Rynning, a professor of Medical Law at the University of Uppsala questioned whether the court had been fully aware of the relevant laws. Access to these kinds of records may only be granted for the purpose of research or for the collection of statistics. Elinder had not stated any such purpose in his application, and Kärfve had only argued that the material would be useful for her research, not that it would actually be used in a research project. She was in fact not allowed to use the material in her research project, since that would have required a previous approval by an ethics committee. There was also the problem that Elinder and Kärfve requested the material as private citizens, while at the same time stating that they needed it in their professional capacities. If they had requested the material as representatives of their employers, the court would not have jurisdiction. Finally Rynning questioned how the court could decide that no one would be hurt, as the law requires, if Elinder and Kärfve were given full access to the data. Several participants had testified to the court that they would be deeply offended and hurt if Elinder and Kärfve could read their medical records.[49]

The Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman also investigated the affair. Its 18-page report is very critical of the actions of Gillberg.[50] Regarding the law, the report notes that both the lower court and the appeal court (thus five judges in total) were unanimous in finding Gillberg guilty; additionally, the Supreme Court of Sweden refused to hear Gillberg's case. The Ombudsman also criticized Gothenburg University, for acting in ways that were “completely unacceptable” and that “violated basic civil rights according to law”.

Aftermath

In 2003, a bill was introduced in the Swedish parliament, Riksdagen, due to the secrecy issues raised during the trial that granted the two private individuals access to sensitive personal data.[51] This bill did not pass. In 2004, a new law on ethical review of research involving humans was introduced. Changes were put in place in order to strengthen the protection for human subjects participating in medical research and to expand the scope of the ethical councils. Additional changes to bring the Swedish legislation closer to the European Commission directive are presently under review.[52]

The files with the personal data collected during the Gothenburg study no longer exist. Two co-workers (one of whom was Gillberg's wife) and a university administrator shredded the files. In defense of their action, the two researchers (both chief physicians at Sahlgrenska University Hospital), referred to the promises of confidentiality that had been issued to the subjects of the study and the letters of objection that had been received from the families that they did not want their personal data used or shared with the private individuals. They argued that turning the files over would have exposed the researchers and the university to potential lawsuits from the subjects for failing to honor a written agreement.[53] They were convicted and fined for destruction of government property.[44]

In July 2005 the lower criminal court in Gothenburg upheld the right of Kärfve and Elinder to see any data from the Gothenburg study still held by the University. The court fined Gillberg for "misuse of office".[54]

See further


Notes

  1. ^ Munk-Jørgensen, P. (August 2003), "Biographies", Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108: 160, doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00154.x. ISSN 0001-690X
  2. ^ "Eric K. Fernströms Svenska pris, pristagare 1979-1993" (PDF). Faculty of Medicine, Lund University.
  3. ^ "Tidigare pristagare Ronald McDonald Barnfonds Barnmedicinpris". Ronald McDonald Barnfond.
  4. ^ "Utmärkelser" (in Swedish). Dagens Medicin. November 14,1995. p. 1. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  5. ^ Philips: Philips Nordic Prize for research within Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Accessed 19 August 2006. "Last year's winner: Christopher Gillberg."
  6. ^ a b Gosline, Anna. "Roadmap to unravelling autism revealed". New Scientist, 28 June 2005. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  7. ^ a b White, Caroline. "Clash over public access rights and patient confidentiality sparks trial". British Medical Journal, 2005;330:273, 5 February 2005, doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7486.273-a. Retrieved 20 August 2005.
  8. ^ a b Fördärvet (one-hour documentary by Sveriges Television, 14 April 2008, in Swedish).
  9. ^ White, Caroline. "Swedish court rules against doctor at centre of row over destroyed research data". British Medical Journal, 2005;331:180 (23 July 2005).Retrieved 18 December 2006.
  10. ^ Gillberg, C. (2006) "Autism Spectrum Disorders". A Clinician's Handbook of Child and Adolescent. Eds. Chirstoper Gillberg, Richard Harrington and Hans-Christoph Steinhausen. Cambridge University Press, 2006. ISBN 0521819369, p. 447.
  11. ^ a b Vetenskapsrådet. Detaljerad information för diarienr 2006-3449: Gillberg, Christopher "Psychiatric diseases". 8 November 2006 (in Swedish). Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  12. ^ Christopher Gillberg. Scientific Commons. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  13. ^ Buxbaum, Joseph D. et al. (2007). "Mutation analysis of the NSD1 gene in patients with autism spectrum disorders and macrocephaly". BMC Med Genet. 2007; 8: 68. Published online 14 November 2007. doi: 10.1186/1471-2350-8-68. PMCID: PMC2248565.M
  14. ^ Ellefsen, Asa et al.(2008). "Autism in the Faroe Islands. An Epidemiological Study". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37-3 (March 2007), pp. 437-444.
  15. ^ Betancur, Catalina et al.(2003). "Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism". Nature Genetics 34 (1): 27-29. DOI:10.1038/ng1136. ISSN 1061-4036. Press release: "Two genes associated with autism". Press Office, Institut Pasteur, University of Paris. 31 March 2003. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  16. ^ Attwater, Tony (2006). The Complete Guide to Asperger's Syndrome. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2006. ISBN 1843104954, p.36: "One of the results the discussions [at a small international conference about Aspeger's syndrome in London in 1988] was the publication of the first diagnostic criteria in 1989, revised in 1991 (Gillberg 1991; Gillberg and Gillberg 1989)".
  17. ^ Attwater, Tony (2006). The Complete Guide to Asperger's Syndrome. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2006. ISBN 1843104954, p.36: "the criteria of Christopher Gillberg, who is based in Sweden and London, remain those that most closely resemble the original descriptions of Asperger. Thus, these are the criteria of first choice for me and many experienced clinicians."
  18. ^ Gillberg IC, Gillberg C. "Asperger syndrome-some epidemiological considerations: A research note." J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1989 Jul;30(4):631-8. PMID 2670981.
  19. ^ a b Ami Klin, David Pauls, Robert Schultz, Fred Volkmar (2005). "Three Diagnostic Approaches to Asperger Syndrome: Implications for Research", Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35: 221-234. DOI 10.1007/s10803-004-2001-y.
  20. ^ Gillberg, C. (2003). "Deficits in attention, motor control, and perception: A brief review". Archives of Disease in Childhood. London: Oct 2003. Vol. 88, Iss. 10; p. 904: "In Scandinavia, the DAMP (deficits in attention, motor control, perception) concept was developed in the 1970s, in an attempt to operationalise the syndrome of MBD, long before the publication of the DSM-III-R (in which ADHD appeared in a formalised fashion for the first time)."
  21. ^ Tervo, Raymond C. et al. (2002)."Children with ADHD and motor dysfunction compared with children with ADHD only". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2002, 44, p. 383: "Establishing a diagnosis is often difficult because separately identified disorders such as DCD and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have a substantial overlap (Bax 1999). A child who has problems of attention may have difficulties with movement, perception, and memory (Gillberg and Rasmussen 1982a,b). In Scandinavia these overlapping symptoms and signs are labelled as deficits in attention, motor control, and perception (DAMP)".
  22. ^ a b c d e f Gillberg, Christopher (2003). "Deficits in attention, motor control, and perception: a brief review". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 88: 904–910. doi:10.1136/adc.88.10.904. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  23. ^ a b Tervo, Raymond C. et al. (2002)."Children with ADHD and motor dysfunction compared with children with ADHD only". Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 2002, 44: 383–390.
  24. ^ Martin, Neilson C. (Feb, 2006). "DCD and ADHD: A genetic study of their shared aetiology". Human Movement Science 25. 25 (1). The Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry: 110–124. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2005.10.006. ISSN 0167-9457. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ "Barn och ungdomar med DAMP/MBD". Läkartidningen. 88: 714. 1991. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ Gillberg, Christopher (1999). "Nordisk enighet om DAMP/ADHD - Aktuellt dokument sammanfattar dagens kunskap". Läkartidningen. 96: 3330–3331.
  27. ^ Hart, Deborah and Thomas Kennedy. "Five percent of children may have DAMP". A Mind Odyssey: Science and Caring, Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, 11 July 2001. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  28. ^ Kennedy, Christina. "Applåder mötte den åtalade Gillberg utanför rättssalen" ("Prosecuted, Gillberg is met with applauds outside the courtroom").Dagens Medicin, online edition, 2 June 2005, in Swedish. Retrieved 20 August 2006. Paragraph 1: "Efter år av böcker, myndighetsbeslut, överklagade domar och ett oändligt antal debattartiklar landade forskarstriden slutligen i tingsrätten i förra veckan." (After years of books, decisions by government authorities, appeals and an endless number of debate articles, the research dispute finally landed in district court last week.)
  29. ^ a b Osvald, Clara. "Professor Christopher Gillberg fälldes". ("Professor Christopher Gillberg convicted") Ekot, Sveriges Radio, 27 June 2005, in Swedish. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  30. ^ Elinder, Leif (December 12,1996). "Läs- och skrivsvårigheter" (in Swedish). Uppsala Nya Tidning. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Elinder, Leif (February 19,1997). "Det diagnostiska samhället" (in Swedish). Uppsala Nya Tidning. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Elinder, Leif (September 30,1997). "Medicinska diagnoser löser inte skolans problem" (in Swedish). Svenska Dagbladet. p. 12. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Elinder, Leif (1997). "Dyslexi, DAMP och Aspergers syndrom - Friska sjukförklaras i ett diagnostiskt samhälle". Läkartidningen. 94 (39): 3391–3393. Elinder, Leif (February 13,1998). "Dyslexi och neuropsykiatrin" (in Swedish). Uppsala Nya Tidning. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help) Elinder, Leif (1998). "Klassificering på gott och ont" (in Swedish). No. 17. Psykologtidningen. pp. 19–20.
  31. ^ Kärfve, Eva (2000). Hjärnspöken - Damp och hotet mot folkhälsan (in Swedish). Brutus Östlings Bokförlag Symposion. ISBN 91-7139-482-6.
  32. ^ ""Börjar likna personförföljelse"" (in Swedish). Svenska Dagbladet. November 8,2000. p. 12. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  33. ^ Bejerot, Susanne et al. "'Rättshaverist skadar dampforskningen'. Sex psykiatriforskare kräver ett slut på mångårig personlig kampanj" ('Litigious doctrinaire hurts damp research'. Six psychiatry researchers demand an end to the long-running personal campaign". Dagens Nyheter, 22 January 2003, p. A04 (A6 A2), in Swedish. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  34. ^ Karlsson, Hasse (April 23, 2002). "Damp-forskare anmälda av känd kritiker för möjligt fusk" (in Swedish). Dagens Medicin. p. 13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  35. ^ Kärfve, Eva (January 25, 2003). "Ni försöker tysta ner forskningsfusk. Sociologidocent slår tillbaka mot anklagelserna att hon driver personlig kampanj mot dampforskare" (in Swedish). Dagens Nyheter. pp. A04 (A6 A2). {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  36. ^ "Anmälan mot dampstudie lämnas utan åtgärd" (in Swedish). Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå. February 25, 2003. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  37. ^ Nordin, Jessica (February 25, 2003). "Etiska rådet lämnar dampstudie utan åtgärd" (in Swedish). Dagens Medicin. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  38. ^ Grahn, Marie (February 26, 2003). "Professor frias från misstanke om fusk vid dampforskning" (in Swedish). Göteborgsposten. p. 9. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ a b Kammarrätten i Göteborg February 6, 2003 Dom i mål nr 5741-2002
  40. ^ a b Kammarrätten i Göteborg February 6, 2003 Dom i mål nr 6208-2002
  41. ^ L., K. (March 5, 2003). "Ge inte Eva Kärfve min sons journaler (Don't give my son's journals to Eva Kärfve)" (in Swedish). Göteborgsposten. p. 4. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  42. ^ Ahl, Viggo. "Mitt liv är dömt till offentlighet" (My life is condemned to public access). Göteborgs-Posten, 25 June 2003. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  43. ^ Regeringsrätten April 4, 2003 Avgörande i mål nr 1273-03
  44. ^ a b c White, C. "Swedish court rules against doctor at centre of row over destroyed research data". British Medical Journal, 23 July 2005, 331(7510):180. PMID 16037439. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  45. ^ Osvald, Clara. Gillberg gav sin syn under rättegången (Gillberg gave his view during the trial). Ekot, Sveriges Radio, 25 May 2005, in Swedish. Retrieved 20 August 2006
  46. ^ 267 läkare stöder Christopher Gillberg mot JO. Dagens Medicin March 23, 2005.
  47. ^ Principle of Public Access. Ministry of Justice, Swedish Government Offices, 14 June 2005. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  48. ^ Osvald, Clara. "Professor Christopher Gillberg fälldes". ("Professor Christopher Gillberg convicted") Ekot, Sveriges Radio, 27 June 2005, in Swedish. Retrieved 20 August 2006. Original sentence in Swedish: "Enligt Johan Munch som är ordförande i Centrala etikprövningsnämnden fungerar den svenska lagstiftningen med offentlighetsprincipen inte tillsammans med den här typen av förbindelser om absolut sekretess. Därför godkänner etikprövningsnämnden inte den typen av löften i samband längre. "
  49. ^ Rynning, Elisabeth. "Domarnas okunskap om lagen tvingade forskare till lagbrott" (The judges' lack of knowledge about the law forced researchers to break the law). Dagens Nyheter May 14, 2005.
  50. ^ Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman (2006), Report for the period 1 July 2005 to 30 June 2006—Summary
  51. ^ Motion 2003/04:K379. Sekretess och handlingars offentlighet (Secrecy and public documents). Motion till riksdagen, 2003/04:K379], Sekretess och handlingars offentlighet (decision by Riksdagen)
  52. ^ SOU 2005:78 Changes in the ethical review act. Swedish government official report on ethical review, September 2005 and Betänkande av Etikprövningsutredningen SOU 2005:78, Stockholm 2005, in Swedish. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  53. ^ Gillberg, Christopher. "Forskare ger falska löften" (Researchers give false promises). Brännpunkt, Svenska Dagbladet, 13 May 2006. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
  54. ^ White, Caroline. "Swedish court rules against doctor at centre of row over destroyed research data". British Medical Journal, 2005;331:180 (23 July 2005).Retrieved 18 December 2006.

Selected publications by Gillberg

Journal Articles

  • Steffenburg, Suzanne (May, 1989). "A Twin Study of Autism in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. 30 (3). The Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry: 405–416. ISSN 0021-9630. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Baroncohen, Simon (December, 1992). "Can Autism Be. Detected at 18 Months? The Needle, the Haystack and the CHAT". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 161. The Royal College of Psychiatrists: 839–143. ISSN 0007-1250. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Happe, Francesca (December 20, 1996). "'Theory of mind' in the brain. Evidence from a PET scan study of Asperger syndrome". Neuroreport. 8 (1). Rapid Science Publishers: 197–201. ISSN 0959-4965. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Jamain, Stéphane (31 March 2003). "Mutations of the X-linked genes encoding neuroligins NLGN3 and NLGN4 are associated with autism". Nature Genetics. 34 (1). Nature Publishing Group: 27–29. doi:10.1038/ng1136. ISSN 1061-4036. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Ståhlberg, Ola (July 2004). "Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other psychotic disorders in adults with childhood onset AD/HD and/or autism spectrum disorders". Journal of Neural Transmission. 111 (7). Springer Wien: 891–902. doi:10.1007/s00702-004-0115-1. ISSN 0300-9564. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Miller, Marilyn T. (April–May 2005). "Autism associated with conditions characterized by developmental errors in early embryogenesis: a mini review". International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. 23 (2–3). Elsevier: 201–219. doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.06.007. ISSN 0736-5748. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: date format (link)

Books

  • Gillberg, Christopher (1981). Neuropsychiatric aspects of perceptual, motor and attentional deficits in seven-year-old Swedish children. Uppsala: Uppsala University. ISBN 91-554-1212-2.
  • Coleman, Mary; Gillberg, Christopher (1985). The biology of the autistic syndromes. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-03-000834-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Gillberg, Christopher (ed.) (1989). Diagnosis and treatment of autism. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 0-306-43481-4. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  • Gillberg, Christopher (1995). Clinical Child Neuropsychiatry. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54335-5.
  • Gillberg, Christopher (1997). Barn, Ungdomar och vuxna med Asperger Syndrom - Normala, geniala, nördar? (in Swedish). Gothenburg: Bokförlaget Cura AB. ISBN 91-972641-6-4.
  • Gillberg, Christopher; Peeters, Theo (1998). Autism : medical and educational aspects. London: Whurr. ISBN 0-521-54335-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Gillberg, Christopher (2002). A Guide to Asperger Syndrome. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00183-8.
  • Gillberg, Christopher;Harrington, Richard; Steinhausen, Hans-Christoph (2006). A clinician's handbook of child and adolescent psychiatry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81936-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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