Stand guidance system
A stand guidance system is a system which gives information to a pilot attempting to park an aircraft at an airport stand, usually via visual methods, leading to the term Visual Docking Guidance System (VDGS) and also A-VDGS (the A standing for advanced) This allows them to remain clear of obstructions and ensures that jetways can reach the aircraft.
AGNIS VDGS
Azimuth Guidance for Nose-In Stand is one of the most popular forms of stand guidance. It consists of two coloured lights mounted side by side.
If the pilot is on the stand centreline they will see two green lights. If they are off centreline, one of the lights will appear red and the pilot then steers towards the green one. AGNIS alone provides only azimuth guidance, it does not inform pilots when they should stop. It is relatively imprecise but cheap to implement and reliable.
PAPA
On the right is a prototypical PAPA, which features no moving parts or electronics.
The two systems are not shown to scale, an AGNIS lightbox is many times smaller than a PAPA box
The Parallax Aircraft Parking Aid is frequently combined with an AGNIS system, informing flight crews when to stop. The device features no electronics or moving parts; it consists simply of a large grey box (usually with one or more sides missing) with a large rectangular slot cut into the front.
Inside the box, towards the rear, is a white stick or fluorescent tube, which appears to move from one side of the slot to the other as the viewer moves closer, although it is in fact fixed and the effect is merely due to perspective (see parallax).[1] Above and/or below this slot will be markings in white or yellow, indicating where different types of plane should stop.
As this system relies on the position of the viewer, it will not give accurate distance information to aircraft which have deviated significantly from the stand centreline.
Stop light
This is a simple two phase traffic light with red and green lights, mounted to the side of the AGNIS lights. Typically these are round and mounted vertically, in order to avoid confusion to AGNIS lights which are also red and green but mounted side by side and usually square.
Mirror
Used in combination with AGNIS at stands which can only accept smaller airliners, it features one or two mirrors, allowing the flightcrew to see ground markings in relation to their nose wheel, when it is within the area they need to stop. Typically two mirrors are used, angled differently to suit the various heights of cockpits from the ground.
A-VDGS
Advanced Visual Docking Guidance Systems feature electronic displays which perform the functions of an AGNIS/PAPA installation, although with much greater accuracy. They may also provide collision avoidance from static objects.
A-VDGS systems will usually have emergency stop buttons located both on the stand and in the jetway/gate area, which causes the stop indication to appear immediately.
Honeywell
Honeywell Advanced Visual Docking Guidance is a non-contact based guidance technology solution. Using video technology, a dynamic-range video sensor detects incoming aircraft with its high-capacity image processing unit, which is compared to the system’s comprehensive 3D aircraft model database. The docking controller then converts the processed data into precise guidance information and displays it on the Pilot Display Unit (PDU), so pilots can dock the aircraft safely into the gate. All A-VDGS units installed can be controlled and monitored by a central computer, which processes the individual docking positions and communicates to other airport systems. Additionally, video cameras provide situational awareness capability and allow recording, archiving and playback of docking sequences on the apron. Honeywell’s A-VDGS is fully compliant with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) requirements, ICAO annex 14 sections 5.3.24 and 5.3.25 [5th Edition July 2009], and Aerodrome Design Manual Document (Doc 9157-AN/901), Part 4, Visual Aids.
High Definition Range CMOS (HDRC) sensor provides for flawless and non-contact based aircraft detection with one Camera setting for operation in rainy, foggy, snowy, or extremely sunny weather conditions. With High dynamic range (170dB), wide horizontal field view and resolution (768x496 pixels) and logarithmic compression per pixel captures MAximum ImaGe Information Contents (MAGIC). Software based calibration makes the commissioning of the system very easy, simple and faster, all in less than 30 minutes.
FMT
The Aircraft Positioning and Information System (APIS++), by FMT,[2] relies on a proven, robust and very precise guidance systems. The left side of the unit displays Azimuth guidance; providing the pilot with vital information when as far as 200 meters from the stand and while the aircraft is still perpendicular to the stand centreline. The right side of the unit gives the pilot precise information concerning closing rate as well as instructions when to stop.
This near maintenance-free Azimuth technology, based on the Moiré Pattern, works independently of the laser that calculates distance to stop and is unaffected by weather conditions.
The laser, which has a pulse frequency of 9.6 kHz and a resolution of 1 cm, ensures that the pilot can stop in the exact stopping position. The System has an open interface, which allows it to be connected with the passenger boarding bridge, apron management system or other airport systems via TCP/IP or Ethernet connections. APIS, considered by many to be the most reliable visual guidance docking system, can be equipped with a back-up traffic light system.
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Safegate
Safegate is the most popular stand guidance systems after AGNIS and is seen at major airports throughout the world, making it the most popular A-VDGS.
| Far away, no guidance | On centreline | Left of centreline | Right of centreline | Near stop line | Prepare to stop | Stop now | Overshot stop point |
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The green lights on the left and right of the display will begin to appear, from bottom to top, as the aircraft gets closer to the stop line. The green centreline on the display moves smoothly left and right to accurately indicate how away from the centreline an aircraft is.
Safedock
Safedock by Safegate, allows aircraft to park up to an accuracy of 10 cm using invisible infrared lasers to attain the aircraft's position and type for easier docking,.[3][4] It comes in a variety of models; the T1,[5] the T2 [6] and the T3.[7] Red and yellow arrows indicate in which direction the pilot needs to manoeuvre to be on the centreline. Each model has an S variant (e.g. T1S), which also indicates the position of the aircraft relative to the centreline. In either variant, a central yellow column disappears from bottom to top as the aircraft approaches the stop point.
Marshaller
Marshallers use a variety of arm signals to indicate where aircraft are in relation to both the stop line and the centreline. Signals used by marshallers can vary between countries and services (for example, some may be specific to aircraft carriers).
References
- ^ http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP637.PDF CAP637 Visual Aids Handbook; CAA Issue 2, May 2007; Chapter 4, Figure 4.2.
- ^ http://www.fmt.se/index.php?id=85 FMT VDGS page, accessed 27 Feb 09
- ^ http://www.safegate.com/index.php?id=59
- ^ http://www.buysellgse.com/store/moreinfo.cfm?Product_ID=380
- ^ http://www.safegate.com
- ^ http://www.safegate.com
- ^ http://www.safegate.com
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