Transport in Russia

This article is about transport in the modern state of Russia. For transport in Soviet Russia, see Transport in the Soviet Union.

The transport network of the Russian Federation is one of the world's most extensive. The national web of roads, railways and airways stretches almost 4,800 miles (7,700 km) from Kaliningrad in the west to the Kamchatka Peninsula in the east, and major cities such as Moscow and Saint Petersburg are served by extensive rapid transit systems.

Russia has adopted two national transport strategies in recent years. On 12 May 2005, the Russian Ministry of Transport adopted the Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation to 2020. Three years later, on 22 November 2008, the Russian government adopted a revised strategy, extending to 2030.

The export of transport services is an important component of Russia’s GDP. The government anticipates that between 2007 and 2030, the measures included in its 2008 transport strategy will increase the export of transport services to a total value of $80 billion, a sevenfold increase on its 2008 value. Foreign cargo weight transported is expected to increase from 28 million tonnes to 100 million tonnes over the same period.

Postage stamp issued in 2009 by the Russian Post commemorating 200th Anniversary of the Transport Department of Russia

Rail transport

File:Рабочий и колхозница.jpg

Moscow Monorail

Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line

Main article: Rail transport in Russia

See also: History of rail transport in Russia and Russian Railways

Russia has the world's second-largest railway network, second only to that of the United States, with a total track length of 87,157 kilometres (54,157 mi) as of 2011. Of this, 86,200 kilometres (53,600 mi) uses a broad rail gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in), while a narrow gauge of 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) is used on a 957-km (595-mile) stretch of railway on Sakhalin Island. Electrified track accounts for around half of the Russian railway network - totalling 40,300 kilometres (25,000 mi) - but carries the majority of railway traffic.

Train station in Krasnoyarsk

Russian Railways, the state-owned national rail carrier, is one of the world's largest transport companies, enjoying a monopoly over rail transport in Russia. Established in 1992, it employs an estimated 950,000 people, and accounted for 2.5% of the entire national GDP in 2009. In 2007 alone, Russian Railways carried a total of 1.3 billion passengers and 1.3 billion tons of freight on its common-carrier routes.

Allegro trains near Vyborg

Baikal-Amur Mainline

Rapid-transit systems

• Moscow Metro – 12 lines, 192 stations, 320.9 km
• Saint Petersburg Metro – 5 lines, 63 stations, 105.6 km
• Nizhny Novgorod Metro – 1 line, 13 stations, 15.3 km
• Novosibirsk Metro – 2 lines, 12 stations, 14.3 km
• Samara Metro – 1 line, 9 stations, 10.3 km
• Yekaterinburg Metro – 1 line, 9 stations, 12.7 km
• Kazan Metro – 1 line, 6 stations, 8.3 km

Also there is a Metrotram system in Volgograd and three more cities with metro systems under construction:

• Omsk
• Chelyabinsk
• Krasnoyarsk

Rail links with adjacent countries

Voltage of electrification systems not necessarily compatible.

• Norway – no – But Proposed Via Finland & Sweden – break of gauge 1,524 mm (5 ft)/1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in), or Murmansk – Kirkenes (10 km of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) on the Norwegian side will probably be widened to 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Finland – Yes — same gauge of 1,524 mm (5 ft)/1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Estonia – Yes — same gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Latvia – Yes — same gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Lithuania – Yes – same gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Poland – Yes – Via Kaliningrad Oblast – break of gauge 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)/1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
• Belarus – Yes – same gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Ukraine – Yes – same gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Georgia – Yes – same gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Azerbaijan – Yes – same gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• Kazakhstan – Yes – same gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• China – Yes – break of gauge 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)/1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
• Mongolia – Yes – same gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
• North Korea – Yes – break of gauge 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)/1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)

Roads and highways

M3 Highway

Moskvitch 2140 passenger car and trolleybus ZiU-9 in Moscow in 1980s

Western High-Speed Diameter road in St. Petersburg

Marshrutkas parked at Nizhny Tagil railway station's parking lot during winter

LiAZ buses are the most common city buses in Russia

As of 2006 Russia had 933,000 km of roads, of which 755,000 were paved. Some of these make up the Russian federal motorway system.

Road safety in Russia is poor with road accident deaths per million population higher than all countries in the G8 and the other BRIC countries. When assessing the level of risk when travelling on Russia's roads (i.e. the number of accidents per unit of travel) it is 60 times that of Great Britain. With a large land area the road density is the lowest of all the G8 and BRIC countries. Dashcams are widespread, inasmuch as Russian courts prefer video evidence to eyewitness testimony, but also as a guard against police corruption and insurance fraud.

Fleet

See also: Automobile industry of the Soviet Union and Automotive industry in Russia

Freightliner Century tractor with trailer in Leningrad Oblast

Scania 124C dump truck in Leningrad Oblast

Kia K2500 in Moscow

MAN tractor in Arkhangelsk Oblast

During Soviet times, since 1945 the import of cars to a halt, with the onset of the free car sales Soviet production. But at the same time brought into the fairly large number of trucks and buses, mainly because of the socialist countries of Eastern Europe (e.g. urban, intercity and tourist buses Ikarus, buses and trucks Skoda, trucks Industriewerke Ludwigsfelde, Robur, Tatra, LIAZ, Praga V3S, Csepel, Avia, ZSD Nysa passenger vans, Zuk cargo vans). At the same time they are imported and from the capitalist countries (OAF trucks in the late 50s, tractors Volvo and Mercedes-Benz NG in 1970-1980 for Sovtransavto, organization engaged in international road transport, the party tractors Unic-Fiat in the middle 1970s for the Leningrad port, dump trucks Unit Rig in 1979-1983, dump trucks International Harvester Paystar and concrete mixers on their base for the construction of irrigation canals, dump trucks Berliet T60 in 1969 to open the mine and ore processing plant of Ai in the Orenburg Oblast, ballast tractors Fawn in 1970-1980's, dump trucks Komatsu since 1979; bonneted flatbed trucks and dump trucks Magirus, since 1975 for the construction of Baikal–Amur Mainline (BAM)).

By the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow was given the party cars Mercedes-Benz S-Class W116 to work as police cars and taxis for tourists, as well as on the basis of reanimation vans of the same brand.

Nevertheless, the leading place in the transportation within the country occupied by Soviet-made cars (passenger cars Moskvitch, GAZ-M20 Pobeda, GAZ, ZiL, VAZ, Izh, ZAZ, jeeps UAZ, LuAZ, vans RAF, ErAZ, trucks GAZ, Kamaz, ZiL, MAZ, KrAZ, UralAZ, BelAZ, KAZ (Colkhides), buses KAvZ, PAZ, LiAZ, LAZ, trolleybuses ZiU).

In 1988, together with the resolution of business, was allowed free sale of trucks and buses.

Since the 1990s, there was a massive import of cars, second-hand first, and then the new.

In the 2000s, foreign companies began to massively build factories in Russia, or to enter into agreements with existing assembly plants.

Currently, the European and Asian parts of Russia as different fleet. In the European part of the new cars mostly Russian, European, Japanese, American, Chinese; on the Asian side are mainly used Japanese cars, it is often a model for the Japanese domestic market (the largest proportion in Vladivostok).

The largest share of Russian car brands in the North Caucasus (e.g. Dagestan and Chechnya).

The same attitude on the trucks. Recently, European and Chinese trucks brands in the Russian pushed long haul, although the position of Russian in the short and middle transport remain.

Park marshrutkas (fixed-route taxi) are vehicles of the Russian model GAZelle, as well as minibuses, converted from cargo vans of European brands (Ford Transit, Peugeot Boxer, Fiat Ducato, Renault Master, Iveco Daily, Mercedes-Benz Sprinter, Volkswagen Crafter) on special Russian companies that are licensed by the manufacturer. Also operate small buses Russian (PAZ, BAW), Ukrainian (Bogdan, South Korean (Hyundai County) and Chinese brands. Usually owned by a limited liability company or individual entrepreneurs, while in Moscow, along with private and state also exist, painted in a single color.

City buses, mainly Russian brands (PAZ, KAvZ, LiAZ, MARZ, NefAZ, Volzhanin) and Belarusian MAZ. Buses European production is in Vladivostok (51 buses MAN A78 Lion's City LE, Moscow (1 bus Mercedes-Benz Turk O345 Connecto LF, 4 buses Ikarus 435, 71 buses Scania OmniLink of Russian assembly, 1 bus MAN A23 Lion's City GL, Kolomna (16 buses Mercedes-Benz Turk O345 Connecto H,1 bus Mercedes-Benz Türk O345 Conecto LF), St. Petersburg (16 buses MAN Lion's Classic, 52 buses Scania OmniLink). In other cities also work used German, Swedish, Finnish, Dutch coaches production of 80–90 years and the new Chinese. The most successful enterprises of public transport in Moscow, Kolomna, St. Petersburg, Sochi and Kazan (which in 2007 was held the most successful reform of the bus transport with a full upgrade of the park, the prohibition of exploitation in the city). In July 2014 the Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev issued a decree banning purchases of foreign techics (included public transport)for state and municipal needs.

Intercity buses Chinese, Korean and Russian brands. At the same time, large companies for their service needs are buying European buses.

Became popular gray import, which involved special dealers. Basically entered cars or American brands for the USA market (such as Ford Mustang, Lincoln Town Car, Ford F-Series, Dodge Viper, Toyota Sienna, Toyota 4Runner). Sometimes, after analyzing these sales by manufacturers begin official sales (so began selling cars Acura, Toyota Highlander, Toyota Venza, Infiniti, Chevrolet Corvette, Chevrolet Camaro).

In the same way the American imported trucks (mainly long-range tractors) that despite this popular in Russia. In Russia reach trucks from brands like Freightliner, International, Peterbuilt and Volvo models for United States market. In late 2013 International he started his own office and started formal sale of the tractor International ProStar in a special version for Russia. In 2014, due to begin official sales of dump trucks Western Star 6900XD.

Availability of vehicles (end of year; thousands: According to the Federal State Statistics Service of Russian Federation)
	1990	2000	2005	2010	2011	2012
trucks (including pickups and cargo vans) - total	2744	4401	4848	5414	5545	5751
including:
in organizations of all kinds of economic activities 1)	331	1387	944	683	661	611
owned by citizens	4	1568	2300	2950	3097	3273
public buses 2)	153	109	79	63	72	75
cars - total	8964	20353	25570	34354	36415	38792
including the property of the citizens	8677	19097	24125	32629	34624	36917
trolleybuses	13,8	12,2	11,4	11,1	11,0	11,0
1) For 1990 by Road Transport Organizations. Since 2000 - for organizations of all kinds of economic activities. 2) concerning road transport organizations. Since 2000 - excluding small businesses. Since 2011 - operating buses (owned, leased, purchased under a lease agreement, etc.).

According to the Federal State Statistics Service, in 2013 the highest number of personal cars per 1000 population was in the Ural Federal District -304.1 (regions most in the Sverdlovsk Oblast -312.6), then go North-West Federal District -302.5 (by most regions in the Pskov oblast -345.3), Far Eastern Federal District -298.5 (regions most in the Kamchatka Krai -484.8), Central Federal District -284.6 (regions most in the Belgorod Oblast -340.5), Southern Federal District -274.3 (regions most in Krasnodar Krai -289.5), Siberian Federal District - 261.8 (regions most largest in the Republic of Khakassia and the Novosibirsk Oblast -by 292.5), Volga Federal District- 258.0 (regions most in the Orenburg Oblastn -298.1) and the North Caucasian Federal District -197.0 (regions most in the Stavropol Krai -267.2). Thus, the regions of the highest number in the Asian part of Russia in the Kamchatka Krai -484.8, and in the European part of the Belgorod Oblast -340.5, and the smallest in the Asian part of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug -73.1 and in the European part of the Republic of Ingushetia -130.0.

Inland waterways

Total navigable routes in general use: 101,000 km;
routes with navigation guides serving the Russian River Fleet 95,900 km;
routes with night navigational aids 60,400 km;
man-made navigable routes 16,900 km (January 1994 est.)

North River Port

Sea port of Anadyr

According to the data of the Maritime Board (Morskaya Kollegiya) of the Russian Government for 2004, 136.6 million tons of cargo have been carried that year over Russia's inland waterways, the total cargo transportation volume being 87,556.5 million ton-km. During same year, 53 companies were engaged in carrying passengers over Russia's inland waterways; they transported 22.8 million passengers, the total volume of river passenger transportation being 841.1 million passenger-km.

Pipelines

Main articles: Energy policy of the Soviet Union and Energy policy of Russia

crude oil 48,000 km; petroleum products 15,000 km; natural gas 140,000 km (June 1993 est.)

Major sea ports and harbors

Black Sea and Sea of Azov

Novorossiysk, Rostov-on-Don, Sochi, Tuapse, Yeysk.

Baltic Sea

Baltiysk, Kaliningrad, Primorsk, St. Petersburg, Vyborg, Vysotsk.

White Sea, Barents Sea, and other seas of Arctic Ocean

Arkhangelsk, Dudinka, Igarka, Murmansk, Tiksi, Vitino.

Seas of Pacific Ocean

Kholmsk, Magadan, Nakhodka Vostochny Port, Nevelsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Vanino, Vladivostok

Caspian Sea

Astrakhan, Makhachkala.

Merchant marine

Sukhoi Superjet 100, Aeroflot

total: 695 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,920,923 GRT/4,867,676 tonnes deadweight (DWT)
ships by type: barge carrier 1, bulk 19, cargo 379, chemical tanker 4, combination bulk 21, combination ore/oil 3, container 25, multi-functional large load carrier 1, passenger 35, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 149, refrigerated cargo 26, roll-on/roll-off 22, short-sea passenger 7 (1999 est.)

Airports

Sheremetyevo International Airport

Sochi International Airport

Further information: Aircraft industry of Russia

Further information: List of airports in Russia

Further information: Category:Airports in Russia

Total airports: 2,743 (2002)

According to the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation in 2012 in Russia, there were 6200 civil aircraft (in 2000 6500, in 2005 5500, in 2010 6000, in 2011 6200).

Airports with paved runways

total: 630
over 3,047 m: 54
2,438 to 3,047 m: 202
1,524 to 2,437 m: 108
914 to 1,523 m: 115
under 914 m: 151 (1994 est.)

Airports with unpaved runways

total: 1,887
over 3,047 m: 25
2,438 to 3,047 m: 45
1,524 to 2,437 m: 134
914 to 1,523 m: 291
under 914 m: 1,392 (1994 est.)

See also

• Bering Strait bridge/tunnel
• Ministry of Transport (Russia)
• Production of urban electric transport in Russia

External links

• "Russian, CIS and Baltic Railway Map". Archived from the original on 8 Dec 2012. (with place names in Russian, but legend in English).
• Search Engine of Russian intercity buses
• Search Engine of Moscow city transport. This engine provides the fastest and the most comfortable routes of Moscow's transport with detailed information about every route.
• Russian Transport Daily Report