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File:27 club Graffiti in Tel Aviv.jpg
Graffiti in Tel-Aviv depicting several members of the 27 Club

The 27 Club is a list of popular musicians, artists, or actors who died at age twenty-seven. It originated with an unsupported claim of a "statistical spike" for the death of musicians at that age, but this has been repeatedly disproved by research.

It remains a cultural meme, documenting the deaths of celebrities, some noted for their high-risk lifestyles. Names are often put forward for inclusion, but because the club is entirely notional, there is no official membership.

Cultural phenomenon

The 27 Club is a list of popular musicians, artists or actors that have died at age twenty seven,[1] often as a result of drug and alcohol abuse, or violent means such as homicide, suicide, or transportation-related accidents.[2] The deaths of several twenty-seven-year-old popular musicians between 1969 and 1971 led to the belief that deaths are more common at this age. Statistical studies have failed to find any unusual pattern of musician deaths at this age, comparing it to equally small increases at ages 25 and 32, with a 2011 BMJ study noting instead that young adult musicians have a higher death rate than the rest of the young adult population, concluding "Fame may increase the risk of death among musicians, but this risk is not limited to age 27."[3][4][5]

The "club" has been repeatedly cited in music magazines, journals and the daily press. Several exhibitions have been devoted to the idea, as well as novels, films and stage plays.[6][7][8][9][10] There have been many different theories and speculations about the causes of such early deaths and their possible connections. Cobain and Hendrix biographer Charles R. Cross wrote, four years before the BMJ study was published, "The number of musicians who died at 27 is truly remarkable by any standard. [Although] humans die regularly at all ages, there is a statistical spike for musicians who die at 27."[11]

History

Jim Morrison, lead singer of the rock band the Doors

Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison all died at the age of 27 between 1969 and 1971. At the time, the coincidence gave rise to some comment,[12][13] but it was not until the death of Kurt Cobain, about two and a half decades later, that the idea of a "27 Club" began to catch on in public perception.[11]

According to Hendrix and Cobain biographer Charles R. Cross, the growing importance of the media—Internet, television and magazines—and the response to an interview of Cobain's mother were jointly responsible for such theories. An excerpt from a statement that Cobain's mother, Wendy Fradenburg Cobain O'Connor, made in the Aberdeen, Washington newspaper The Daily World—"Now he's gone and joined that stupid club. I told him not to join that stupid club."—referred to Hendrix, Joplin, and Morrison dying at the same age, according to Cross.[14] Other authors share his view.[15] On the other hand, Eric Segalstad, writer of The 27s: The Greatest Myth of Rock & Roll, assumed that Cobain's mother referred to the death of his two uncles and his great-uncle, all of whom had also committed suicide.[16] According to Cross, the events have led a "set of conspiracy theorists [to suggest] the absurd notion that Kurt Cobain intentionally timed his death so he could join the 27 Club".[11]

In 2011, seventeen years after Cobain's death, Amy Winehouse died at the age of 27, and there was a large amount of media attention devoted to the club once again.[17] Three years earlier, she had expressed a fear of dying at that age.[18]

An individual does not necessarily have to be a musician to qualify as a member of the 27 Club. Rolling Stone included television actor Jonathan Brandis, who committed suicide in 2003, in a list of "members" of the 27 Club.[19] Anton Yelchin, who had played in a punk rock band but was primarily known as a film actor, was also described as a member of the club upon his death in 2016.[20] Likewise, Jean-Michel Basquiat has been included in 27 Club lists, despite the relative briefness of his music career and his prominence as a graffiti artist and painter.[21][22]

Scientific studies

A study published in the British Medical Journal in December 2011 concluded that there was no increase in the risk of death for musicians at the age of 27. Although the sampled musicians faced an increased risk of death in their 20s and 30s, this was not limited to the age of 27.[3] A 2015 article in The Independent also provided statistical evidence that popular musicians are not more likely to die at the age of 27.[23]

References in music

The song "28" by John Craigie, off his album Montana Tale, is about the club. The three verses refer to the deaths of Jim Morrison, Janis Joplin, and Kurt Cobain respectively.

The theme is referenced in the song "27 Forever" by Eric Burdon, on his 2013 album 'Til Your River Runs Dry.[24]

The name of the song "27 Club" by letlive. off their album The Blackest Beautiful is derived from the club.[25]

Magenta's eighth studio album, The Twenty Seven Club, directly references the club. Each track is a tribute to a member of the club.[26][27]

The song title "27" by Fall Out Boy from their album Folie à Deux is a reference to the club. The song explores the hedonistic lifestyles common in rock and roll. Pete Wentz, the primary lyricist of Fall Out Boy, wrote the song because he felt that he was living a similarly dangerous lifestyle.[28]

On his song "Brand Name" from the album GO:OD AM, Mac Miller says "I'm hoping not to join the twenty-seven club."[29]

The song "Colors" by Halsey references the club with the lyric, "I hope you make it to the day you're 28 years old".[30]

The song "27 Club" by Ivy Levan released as a promotional single for her debut album No Good released in 2015 is a reference to the club.[31]

Identified members

Name Date of death Official cause of death Fame Age 27 Club
references
Alexandre Levy January 17, 1892 Unknown Composer, pianist and conductor 27 years, 98 days [32]
Louis Chauvin March 26, 1908 Neurosyphilitic sclerosis Ragtime musician 27 years, 13 days [32][33]
Robert Johnson August 16, 1938 Poisoning (strychnine [unattributed]) Blues singer and musician who recorded a very influential set of 29 songs. 27 years, 100 days [32][33][34][21][35][22][36]
Nat Jaffe August 5, 1945 Complications from high blood pressure Swing jazz pianist 27 years, 216 days [32]
Jesse Belvin February 6, 1960 Traffic collision (car) R&B singer, pianist and songwriter 27 years, 53 days [32][33][21]
Rudy Lewis May 20, 1964 Drug overdose Vocalist of the Drifters 27 years, 271 days [35]
Joe Henderson October 24, 1964 Heart attack R&B and gospel singer 27 years, 183 days [37]
Malcolm Hale October 31, 1968 Poisoning (carbon monoxide) Original member and lead guitarist of Spanky and Our Gang 27 years, 166 days [32][21]
Dickie Pride March 26, 1969 Drug overdose (sleeping pills) Rock and roll singer 27 years, 156 days [38]
Brian Jones July 3, 1969 Drowning[39] (coroner's report states "death by misadventure")[40] Rolling Stones founder, guitarist and multi-instrumentalist 27 years, 125 days [32][33][21][35][22][41][36]
Alexandra July 31, 1969 Road accident German schlager vocalist 27 years, 73 days [42][43]
Alan "Blind Owl" Wilson September 3, 1970 Drug overdose (barbiturate), possible suicide Leader, singer and primary composer of Canned Heat 27 years, 61 days [32][33][21][35][22]
Jimi Hendrix September 18, 1970 Asphyxiation[44] Pioneering electric guitarist, singer and songwriter for the Jimi Hendrix Experience and Band of Gypsys 27 years, 295 days [32][33][21][35][22][41][36]
Janis Joplin October 4, 1970 Drug overdose (probably heroin)[45] Lead vocalist and songwriter for Big Brother and the Holding Company, the Kozmic Blues Band and Full Tilt Boogie Band 27 years, 258 days [32][33][21][35][22][46][36]
Arlester "Dyke" Christian March 13, 1971 Murdered Frontman, vocalist and bassist of Dyke and the Blazers 27 years, 273 days [32]
Jim Morrison July 3, 1971 Heart failure[47][36] Singer, lyricist, and leader of the Doors 27 years, 207 days [32][33][21][35][22][41]
Linda Jones March 14, 1972 Complications from diabetes Soul singer 27 years, 91 days [48]
Leslie Harvey May 3, 1972 Electrocution Guitarist for Stone the Crows and brother of Alex Harvey 27 years, 233 days [33][21][22]
Ron "Pigpen" McKernan March 8, 1973 Gastrointestinal hemorrhage Founding member, keyboardist and singer of the Grateful Dead 27 years, 181 days [32][33][21][35][22][36]
Roger Lee Durham July 27, 1973 Fell off a horse and died from the injuries Singer and percussionist of Bloodstone 27 years, 163 days [32][21]
Wallace "Wally" Yohn August 12, 1974 Plane crash Organ player of Chase 27 years, 212 days [32]
Dave Alexander February 10, 1975 Pulmonary edema Bassist for the Stooges 27 years, 252 days [32][33][21][35][22]
Pete Ham April 24, 1975 Suicide by hanging Keyboardist and guitarist, leader of Badfinger 27 years, 362 days [32][33][21][35][22][36]
Gary Thain December 8, 1975 Drug overdose (heroin) Former bassist of Uriah Heep and the Keef Hartley Band 27 years, 207 days [32][33][21][35]
Cecilia August 2, 1976 Traffic collision (car) Singer 27 years, 296 days [49][50]
Helmut Köllen May 3, 1977 Poisoning (carbon monoxide) Bassist for 1970s prog rock band Triumvirat 27 years, 62 days [32][21]
Chris Bell December 27, 1978 Traffic collision (car) Singer-songwriter and guitarist of power pop band Big Star and solo 27 years, 349 days [32][33][21][36]
Zenon De Fleur March 17, 1979 Traffic collision (car) and subsequent medical complications Guitarist for the Count Bishops 27 years, 189 days [51][52]
Jacob Miller March 23, 1980 Traffic collision (car) Reggae artist and lead singer for Inner Circle 27 years, 324 days [33][35]
D. Boon December 22, 1985 Traffic collision (van) Guitarist, lead singer of punk band Minutemen 27 years, 266 days [32][33][21][22]
Alexander Bashlachev February 17, 1988 Fall from a height, probable suicide Poet, rock musician and songwriter 27 years, 266 days [49]
Jean-Michel Basquiat August 12, 1988 Drug overdose (Speedball) Painter and graffiti artist; formed the band Gray 27 years, 234 days [21][35][22]
Pete de Freitas June 14, 1989 Traffic collision (motorcycle) Drummer for Echo & the Bunnymen 27 years, 346 days [32][33][21][35]
Chris Austin March 16, 1991 Plane crash Country singer and guitarist/fiddle player for Reba McEntire 27 years, 20 days [53]
Joey Cigainero March 16, 1991 Plane crash Keyboardist for Reba McEntire 27 years, 169 days [53]
Dimitar Voev September 5, 1992 Cancer Founder of the Bulgarian group New Generation 27 years, 107 days [54]
Mia Zapata July 7, 1993 Murdered Lead singer of the Gits 27 years, 316 days [32][33]
Kurt Cobain April 5, 1994 c. Suicide by gunshot[55] Founding member, lead singer, guitarist and songwriter for Nirvana 27 years, 44 days c. [32][33][21][35][22][46][36]
Kristen Pfaff June 16, 1994 Drug overdose (heroin) Bass guitarist for Hole and Janitor Joe 27 years, 21 days [32][33][21][35][22]
Richey Edwards February 1, 1995 Disappeared; officially presumed dead November 23, 2008 Lyricist and guitarist for Manic Street Preachers 27 years, 41 days [32][21][22]
Stretch November 30, 1995 Murdered Rapper 27 years, 236 days [56][57]
Fat Pat February 3, 1998 Murdered American rapper and member of Screwed Up Click 27 years, 61 days [32][33]
Freaky Tah March 28, 1999 Murdered American rapper and member of the hip hop group Lost Boyz 27 years, 318 days [32]
Kami June 21, 1999 Subarachnoid hemorrhage Drummer for Malice Mizer 27 years, 140 days [58]
Rodrigo Bueno June 24, 2000 Traffic collision (car) Cuarteto singer 27 years, 31 days [49]
Sean Patrick McCabe August 28, 2000 Asphyxiation Lead singer of Ink & Dagger 27 years, 289 days [32][33][21]
Maria Serrano Serrano November 24, 2001 Plane crash (Crossair Flight 3597) Background singer for Passion Fruit 27 years, 363 days [32]
Jeremy Michael Ward May 25, 2003 Drug overdose (heroin) The Mars Volta and De Facto sound manipulator 27 years, 20 days [32][33][21]
Jonathan Brandis November 12, 2003 Suicide by hanging Film and television actor 27 years, 213 days [19]
Bryan Ottoson April 19, 2005 Drug overdose (prescription medication) Guitarist for American Head Charge 27 years, 32 days [32][33][21]
Davor "Moskri" Bobić August 25, 2005 Drug overdose Original member and lead rapper of Prti Bee Gee 27 years, 274 days [59]
Valentín Elizalde November 25, 2006 Murdered Mexican banda singer 27 years, 297 days [32]
Orish Grinstead April 20, 2008 Kidney failure Founding member of the R&B group 702 27 years, 323 days [60]
Achik Spin April 17, 2010 Road accident Member of the Malaysian pop group Spin 27 years, 290 days [61]
Amy Winehouse July 23, 2011 Alcohol poisoning[62] Singer-songwriter 27 years, 312 days [33][21][35][22][41][36]
Richard Turner August 11, 2011 Cardiac arrest Trumpet player, collaborator with Friendly Fires[63] 27 years, 12 days [33]
Nicole Bogner January 6, 2012 Undisclosed illness Singer for Visions of Atlantis 27 years, 290 days [64]
Sahara Davenport October 1, 2012 Heart failure Drag queen, singer, television personality, and classically trained dancer 27 years, 289 days [65]
Soroush "Looloosh" Farazmand November 11, 2013 Murdered Guitarist for the Yellow Dogs 27 years, 11 days [66][67]
Slađa Guduraš December 10, 2014 Road accident Bosnian pop singer and actress 27 years, 213 days [68]
Tomas Lowe February 13, 2016 Road accident Bassist for Viola Beach 27 years, 70 days [69]
Thomas Fekete May 31, 2016 Cancer Guitarist for Surfer Blood 27 years, 335 days [70]
Anton Yelchin June 19, 2016 Accidental blunt traumatic asphyxia[71] Actor, Chekov in the Star Trek reboot series, guitarist for The Hammerheads 27 years, 100 days [72][20]
Kim Jong-hyun December 18, 2017 Suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning[73] Lead vocalist and lyricist for Shinee 27 years, 254 days [74][75]
Fredo Santana January 19, 2018 Liver failure[76][77] American rapper 27 years, 200 days [78]
Naqeebullah Mehsud January 13,2018 Murder [79] [80] Model 27 years, 200 days [81]

See also

References

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  3. ^ a b "Is 27 really a dangerous age for famous musicians? A retrospective cohort study" (Press release). The BMJ. December 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
  4. ^ Hirshon, Bob. "27 Club Myth", Science NetLinks. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
  5. ^ Wolkewitz M, Allignol A, Graves N, Barnett A (December 20, 2011). "CHRISTMAS 2011: DEATH'S DOMINION Is 27 really a dangerous age for famous musicians? A retrospective cohort study". The BMJ ;343. doi:10.1136/bmj.d7799.
  6. ^ "27: A History of the 27 Club through the Lives of Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Kurt Cobain, and Amy Winehouse".
  7. ^ "The 27 Club: Why Age 27 Is Important".
  8. ^ "The 27s: The Greatest Myth of Rock & Roll".
  9. ^ "The Curse of 27: They Have Three Things in Common. Talent, Fame... and a Tragic Death at the Age of 27. the 27 Club. Forever 27".
  10. ^ "The 27 Club (Movie)".
  11. ^ a b c Charles R. Cross (February 22, 2007). "P-I's Writer in Residence Charles R. Cross explores the darker side of 'only the good die young'". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
  12. ^ Nesta Roberts (September 10, 1971). Flower bower. UK. p. 13. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. ^ James Riordan; Jerry Prochnicky (1992). Break on Through: The Life and Death of Jim Morrison. It Books. pp. 416, 467. ISBN 978-0-688-11915-7.
  14. ^ Charles R. Cross (2002). Heavier Than Heaven: A Biography of Kurt Cobain (2nd ed.). Hyperion. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-7868-8402-5.
  15. ^ R. Gary Patterson. Take a Walk on the Dark Side: Rock and Roll Myths, Legends, and Curses. p. 259.
  16. ^ Josh Hunter; Eric Segalstad (2008). The 27s: The Greatest Myth of Rock & Roll. Berkeley Lake: Samadhi Creations. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-615-18964-2. Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved September 20, 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ "Amy Winehouse, Jimi Hendrix, Kurt Cobain and the 27 Club". No. July 23, 2011. The Washington Post. July 24, 2015.
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  20. ^ a b "The curse of the '27 Club' strikes again after Star Trek actor Anton Yelchin dies", BBC, February 19, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
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  23. ^ Kenny, Dianna Theodora (April 2, 2015). "Why the 27 Club Is a Myth: Jimi Hendrix and Amy Winehouse May Be Members But That Doesn't Make It Real", The Independent. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
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  25. ^ "The Blackest Beautiful".
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  29. ^ "Brand Name by Mac Miller". Genius. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  30. ^ Lobenfeld, Claire (December 15, 2015). "Halsey On Being A Gossip Magnet, Growing Up Emo, And How People Missed The Satire In "New Americana"". Paper Magazine. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
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  44. ^ Brown, Tony (1997). "The Doctor's Story", Jimi Hendrix: The Final Days. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
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  52. ^ Simmonds, Jeremy (2012). The Encyclopedia of Dead Rock Stars: Heroin, Handguns, and Ham Sandwiches, second edition, Chicago Review Press, pp. 121–122.
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  61. ^ Sounes, Howard (2015). 27: A History of the 27 Club through the Lives of Brian Jones, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Jim Morrison, Kurt Cobain, and Amy Winehouse. Da Capo Press. p. 306. ISBN 978-0306823688.
  62. ^ Davies, Caroline (October 26, 2011). "Amy Winehouse inquest records verdict of misadventure". The Guardian. London. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
  63. ^ Smith, K. Alexander. "Richard Turner of Friendly Fires: 1984–2011". Retrieved August 29, 2011.
  64. ^ "Nicole Bogner: Former Visions of Atlantis Singer Dead at 27", Forever 27. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
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  71. ^ Mather, Kate (June 19, 2016). "Anton Yelchin, actor in 'Star Trek' films, dies in freak car accident at age 27". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
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  76. ^ Saunders, Emmeline (January 20, 2018). "Rapper Fredo Santana 'Dead Age 27', According to Close Friend". Daily Mirror. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
  77. ^ Issa, Nader (January 20, 2018). "Chicago Rapper Fredo Santana Reportedly Dead at 27". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
  78. ^ Duff, Seamus (January 20, 2018). "As Rapper Fredo Santana 'Dies Aged 27', Other Stars Who Make Up Tragic Club 27 - Including Amy Winehouse, Jimi Hendrix and Kurt Cobain". Daily Mirror. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
  79. ^ Hashim, Asam (January 23, 2018). "Police killing of Naqeebullah Mehsud angers Pakistanis". Al-Jazeera. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
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  81. ^ Ahmad, Meher (January 23, 2018). "The Slain 'Militant' Was a Model, and a Karachi Police Commander is Out". Nytimes. Retrieved January 26, 2018.

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