Jump to content

Foreign relations of Madagascar

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.

Politics of Madagascar
Government
Parliament
Administrative divisions
Elections
Foreign relations
flag Madagascar portal

Madagascar has diplomatic relations with many countries, both individual bilateral relations and by virtue of its membership of African and other regional blocs. International aid has been received from the IMF and the World Bank, and a national environmental plan supported by the World Bank and USAID began in 1990.

Regional relations

Madagascar historically has remained outside the mainstream of African affairs, although it is a member of the Indian Ocean Commission, the Organization of African Unity (now renamed the AU), the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA), and the Non-Aligned Movement. Madagascar was admitted to the Southern African Development Community in 2004.

Diplomatic relations

List of Countries which Madagascar maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  France 25 June 1960[1]
2  India 25 June 1960[2]
3  United States 25 June 1960[3]
4  Germany 26 June 1960[4]
5  United Kingdom 27 June 1960[5]
6  Israel 1 July 1960[6]
7  Japan 5 July 1960[7]
8  Panama 20 September 1960[8]
9  Portugal September 1960[9]
10  Norway 27 October 1960[10]
11  Netherlands 16 March 1961[11]
12   Switzerland 13 June 1961[12]
13  Sweden 1961[13]
14  South Korea 25 June 1962[14]
15  Pakistan 16 August 1962[15]
16  Greece 1962[16]
17  Turkey 30 January 1963[17]
18  Algeria 15 June 1964[18]
19  Belgium 15 July 1964[19]
20  Denmark 1964[20]
21  Canada 7 January 1965[21]
22  Spain 25 March 1966[22]
23  Sierra Leone 5 November 1966[23]
—  Holy See 24 December 1966[24]
24  Luxembourg 13 January 1967[25]
25  Austria 1967[26]
26  Mauritius 27 August 1968[27]
27  Romania 10 September 1968[28]
28  Tunisia 12 March 1969[29]
29  Egypt 23 February 1970[30]
30  Serbia 4 June 1971[31]
31  Nigeria 24 June 1971[32]
32  Lesotho 7 December 1971[33]
33  Chile 23 December 1971[34]
34  Russia 29 September 1972[35]
35  China 6 November 1972[36]
36  North Korea 16 November 1972[37]
37  Vietnam 19 December 1972[38]
38  Guinea 26 December 1972[39]
39  Tanzania 28 June 1973[40]
40  Zambia 13 September 1973[41]
41  Poland 28 November 1973[42]
42  Kuwait 6 December 1973[43]
43  Libya 9 February 1974[44]
44  Cuba 11 April 1974[45]
45  Democratic Republic of the Congo 26 July 1974[46]
46  Australia 22 August 1974[47]
47  Indonesia 13 December 1974[48]
48  Mozambique 9 August 1975[49]
49  Hungary 1 December 1975[50]
50  Mexico 26 December 1975[51]
51  Iraq March 1976[52]
52  Albania 28 April 1976[53]
53  Czech Republic 5 May 1976[54]
54  Bulgaria 15 June 1976[55]
55  Comoros 12 November 1976[56]
56  Finland 1 June 1977[57]
57  Yemen 31 December 1977[57]
—  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (frozen) 29 January 1978[58]
58  Mongolia 11 May 1979[57]
59  Laos 27 February 1980[57]
60  Zimbabwe 19 October 1981[59]
61  Iran 13 July 1983[60]
62  Nicaragua 26 October 1984[57]
63  Seychelles 12 April 1989[61]
64  Singapore 31 January 1990[62]
65  Thailand 30 November 1990[57]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1990[63]
66  Kyrgyzstan 26 March 1992[64]
67  Kazakhstan 10 April 1992[65]
68  Estonia 13 April 1992[66]
69  Brunei 20 October 1992[57]
70  Azerbaijan 26 May 1993[67]
71  Belarus 28 May 1993[68]
72  Moldova 28 May 1993[69]
73  Ukraine 10 June 1993[70]
74  Tajikistan 12 June 1993[71]
75  Armenia 25 June 1993[72]
76  South Africa 27 January 1994[73]
77  Morocco 15 April 1994[74]
78  Malaysia 6 April 1995[57]
79  Colombia 15 June 1995[57]
80  Turkmenistan 1 December 1995[75]
81  Slovakia 16 February 1996[76]
82  Brazil 7 October 1996[57]
83  Cambodia 25 March 1997[57]
84  Djibouti 13 August 1999[77]
85  Argentina 20 July 2001[57]
86  Sri Lanka 27 July 2001[78]
87  Senegal 12 August 2002[79][80]
88  North Macedonia 18 October 2002[57]
89  Burkina Faso 14 October 2002[80]
90  Mali 1 August 2003[80]
91  Cape Verde 9 October 2003[80]
92  Gambia 20 July 2004[81][80]
93  Namibia 13 July 2005[82]
94  Botswana August 2005[83]
95  Iceland 22 September 2006[57]
96  Croatia 27 September 2006[84]
97  Slovenia 5 October 2006[57]
98  Georgia 24 May 2007[57]
99  Saudi Arabia 22 October 2008[85]
100  Venezuela 17 November 2008[57]
101  Republic of the Congo 17 September 2014[86]
102  Togo 25 March 2015[87]
103  Sudan 15 April 2015[88]
104  Eswatini 21 October 2015[89][90]
105  Mauritania 11 November 2015[91]
106  Niger 13 January 2016[92]
107  Oman 29 June 2016[57]
108  United Arab Emirates 22 September 2016[57]
109  Lebanon 5 May 2017[93]
110  Eritrea 12 April 2017[94]
111  Lithuania 19 September 2017[95]
112  Rwanda 17 January 2018[96]
113  Andorra 25 September 2018[57]
114  Latvia 26 September 2018[57]
115    Nepal 26 September 2018[57]
116  Bangladesh 4 March 2020[97]
117  Monaco 11 December 2020[98]
118  Malta 22 September 2021[57]
119  Qatar 24 September 2021[57]
120  Dominican Republic 23 September 2022[57]
121  Bahrain 23 September 2022[57]
122  San Marino 1 February 2023[57]
123  Angola 8 July 2024[99]
124  Guinea-Bissau 30 July 2024[100]
125  Ghana 24 September 2024[101]
126  Burundi 26 September 2024[102]
127  Benin Unknown
128  Cameroon Unknown
129  Chad Unknown
130  Cyprus Unknown
131  Ecuador Unknown
132  Equatorial Guinea Unknown
133  Ethiopia Unknown
134  Gabon Unknown
135  Ireland Unknown
136  Italy Unknown
137  Ivory Coast Unknown
138  Kenya Unknown
139  Liberia Unknown
140  Malawi Unknown
141  Philippines Unknown[103]
142  Uganda Unknown

Bilateral relations

Active diplomatic relationships are maintained with Europe, especially the UK, France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland, as well as with Russia, Japan, South Korea, India, Indonesia, Egypt and China. Madagascar also maintains good relations with the United States.

International agencies being present in the country allows to react quickly to emergencies such as a food crisis.[104]

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Kenya 13 September 1973
  • Kenya is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Maputo, Mozambique.
  • Madagascar is accredited to Kenya from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
 Mauritius 27 August 1968 See Madagascar–Mauritius relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 August 1968[105]

  • Madagascar has an embassy in Port Louis.
  • Mauritius has an embassy in Antananarivo.
 Morocco 15 April 1994 See Madagascar–Morocco relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 April 1994[106]

  • Madagascar is accredited to Morocco from its embassy in Dakar, Senegal.
  • Morocco has an embassy in Antananarivo.
 Mozambique 9 August 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1975[107]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Mozambique from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Mozambique is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Namibia 13 July 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 2005 when has been accredited ambassador of Madagascar to Namibia with residence in Pretoria Mr. Yvan Randriasandratriniony.[108]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Namibia is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe.
 Nigeria 24 June 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1971[109]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Nigeria from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • Nigeria is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique.
 Senegal 12 August 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 2002[110]
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
 South Africa 27 January 1994 See Madagascar–South Africa relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 January 1994.[111] South Africa and Madagascar share maritime borders with each other.

 Tanzania 28 June 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 1973[114]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Tanzania from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Tanzania is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique.

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 20 July 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 2001[115]
  • Argentina is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.
  • Madagascar does not have an accreditation to Argentina.
 Brazil 7 October 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1996[116]
  • Brazil is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique.
  • Madagascar is accredited to Brazil from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
 Canada 7 January 1965 See Canada–Madagascar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1965[117]

  • Canada is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.[118]
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Ottawa.[119]
 Colombia 15 June 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1995[120]
  • Colombia is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.[121]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
 Cuba 11 April 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 April 1974[122]
  • Cuba is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.
  • Madagascar is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Ottawa, Canada.
 Mexico 26 December 1975[123]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.[124]
  • Mexico is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Antananarivo.[125]
 United States 26 June 1960[126] See Madagascar–United States relations

Relations between the United States and Madagascar date to the middle 19th century. The two countries concluded a commercial convention in 1867 and a treaty of peace, friendship, and commerce in 1881. Traditionally warm relations suffered considerably during the 1970s, when Madagascar expelled the U.S. ambassador, the USA closed a NASA tracking station, allied with the USSR, and nationalized two U.S. oil companies. In 1980, relations at the ambassadorial level were restored.

Throughout the troubled period, commercial and cultural relations remained active. In 1990, Madagascar was designated as a priority aid recipient, and assistance increased from $15 million in 1989 to $40 million in 1993. Recent U.S. assistance has contributed to a population census and family planning programs; conservation of Madagascar's remarkable biodiversity, private sector development, agriculture, democracy and governance initiatives; and media training. Madagascar became the first country with a Millennium Challenge Account compact when it signed an agreement worth $110 million in April 2006. The Ravalomanana government is especially positive about ties with the United States.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.[129][130]

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 China 6 November 1972 See China-Madagascar relations

China and Madagascar established diplomatic relations on November 6, 1972.[131]

 India 27 June 1960 See India–Madagascar relations

India has had maritime links with Madagascar for several centuries.[134] India opened a consulate general in Antananarivo in 1954. Upon Madagascar gaining independence in 1960, it was upgraded to an embassy.[134] There are about 20,000 persons of Indian origin in Madagascar, including approximately 2,500 Indian passport holders.[135]

 Indonesia 13 December 1974[138] See Indonesia–Madagascar relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Antananarivo.
  • Madagascar does not have an accreditation to Indonesia.
 Israel

The two countries have a number of bilateral agreements in force.[139]

  • Israel does not have an accreditation to Madagascar.
  • Madagascar is accredited to Israel from its embassy in Paris, France.
 Japan March 1962

The two countries established diplomatic relations on July 5, 1960.[140]

  • Japan has an embassy in Antananarivo.
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Tokyo.
 Saudi Arabia 22 October 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 October 2008[141]
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
 South Korea 25 June 1962,[142] broke off diplomatic relations in July 1972, Restored 19 May 1993
  • Madagascar is accredited to South Korea from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • South Korea has an embassy in Antananarivo.
 Turkey 30 January 1963 See Madagascar–Turkey relations
  • Madagascar is accredited to Turkey from its embassy in Rome, Italy.[143]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Antananarivo.[143]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019 (Malagasy exports/imports: 5.2/71.3 million USD).[143]
 Vietnam 19 December 1972

The two countries established diplomatic relations on 19 December 1972.[144]

  • Madagascar is accredited to Vietnam from its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • Vietnam is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique.

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Croatia 27 September 2006

The two countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2006.[145]

  • Croatia is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Madagascar does not have an accreditation to Croatia.
 Cyprus
  • Cyprus is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.[146] and an honorary consulate in Antananarivo.[147]
  • Madagascar does not have an accreditation to Cyprus.
 Denmark 1964[20]
  • Denmark is represented in Madagascar, through its embassy in Pretoria.[148]
  • Denmark have a consulate in Antananarivo.[148]
 France 25 June 1960 See France–Madagascar relations

both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1960.

 Germany 26 June 1960 See Germany–Madagascar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 1960[151]

  • Germany has an embassy in Antananarivo.
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Berlin.
 Greece 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962[152]
  • Greece is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.[153]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Rome, Italy.[153]
 Holy See 24 December 1966[154]
  • Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Antananarivo.
  • Madagascar is accredited to the Holy See from its embassy in Paris, France.
 Iceland 22 September 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 2006[155]
  • Iceland is accredited to Madagascar from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík.
  • Madagascar is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
 Norway 27 October 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1960[156]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Norway from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Norway has an embassy in Antananarivo.
 Poland 28 November 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1973[157]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Poland is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya and maintains an honorary consulate in Antananarivo.
 Romania 10 September 1968

The two countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1968.[158]

  • Madagascar is accredited to Romania from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Romania is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Russia 29 September 1972 See Madagascar–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1972.[159]

During the 2009 Malagasy political crisis, Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that Russia is "concerned by the increased frequency of attempts on the African continent to resort to non-constitutional methods of solving internal political problems." He went on to say that, in addition to increasing economic and social problems, the use of force is of concern and runs counter to democratic principles, whilst affirming Russia's support of the African Union's position.[160]

  • Madagascar has an embassy in Moscow.[161]
  • Russia has an embassy in Antananarivo.[162]
 Serbia 9 December 1969

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 1969.[163]

  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between the two countries.[164]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Serbia is accredited to Madagascar from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.
 Spain 25 March 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 1966[165]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Spain is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  Switzerland 13 June 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 June 1961[166]
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Geneva.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Antananarivo.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945" (PDF). Diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 15 December 2023.
  2. ^ "Dr. L. Subramaniam and Kavita Krishnamurti perform in Madagascar to mark 62 years of India-Madagascar diplomatic relations". Embassy of India, Antananarivo, Madagascar. 25 June 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  3. ^ "All Countries". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  4. ^ "Länder" (in German). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  5. ^ "An Anglo-Malagasy chronology". The Anglo-Malagasy Society. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  6. ^ Israel Government Year-book. Government Printer. 1960. p. 222.
  7. ^ "Countries & Regions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  8. ^ "03. ANEXO" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  9. ^ "Países" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  10. ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  11. ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1960. p. 103.
  12. ^ "Madagascar et la Suisse fêtent aujourd'hui 60 ans de relations bilatérales le 13 juin 1961".
  13. ^ "Sveriges statskalender / 1963 / Madagaskar" (in Swedish). p. 306. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
  14. ^ "Overview (MFA Republic of Korea)".
  15. ^ Afrique Volumes 14-19 (in French). Société internationale de publications commerciales, culturelles et artistiques. 1962. p. 40. A Tananarive. Deux nouveaux ambassadeurs ont présente leurs lettres de créance ... et Sultan Abdul Aziz Khan , ambassadeur du Pakistan , résidant à Khartoum .
  16. ^ Afrique Volumes 14-19 (in French). Société internationale de publications commerciales, culturelles et artistiques. 1962. p. 64. Le gouvernement grec a donné son agrément à la nomination de M. Pierre Razafy Andriamihaingo en qualité d'ambassadeur de la République Malgache à Athènes. M. Razafy Andriamihaingo est déjà ambassadeur à Londres . Une ambassade de Grèce existe à Tananarive et son titulaire est également ambassadeur à Pretoria.
  17. ^ Madagascar renouveau Issues 2-6 (in French). Ministère de l'information, de l'animation idéologique et des relations avec les institutions, Direction de la presse et des publications, Service de production. 1977. p. 12. Pays avec lesquels la République Démocratique de Madagascar entretient des relations diplomatiques ... Turquie 30 Janvier 1963
  18. ^ Pr. Borsali Fewzi. "Culture du dialogue : Algérie –Afrique sub-saharienne 1962-1988" (in French). p. 40. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  19. ^ Belgisch staatsblad, issues 128–148 (in Dutch and French). 1964. p. 7781.
  20. ^ a b "Danemark". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Madagascar (in French). Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  21. ^ A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations, 1925-1983. Canadian Library Association, 1985. p. 35.
  22. ^ "MADAGASCAR FICHA PAIS" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 4. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  23. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1966. p. 657.
  24. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See".
  25. ^ "Bulletin de documentation_1967_4" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 26. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  26. ^ "Madagascar". Austrian Embassy Pretoria. Retrieved 7 March 2024.
  27. ^ "Historical links between Mauritius and Madagascar". Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  28. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  29. ^ ARR: Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1969. p. 104.
  30. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3269-3342. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1970. p. 8.
  31. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1969. p. 1623.
  32. ^ Africa. Agence France Presse. 1971. p. 12.
  33. ^ "Malagasy: Chief Jonathan Of Lesotho Arrives For Official Visit. 1971". British Pathé. 8 December 1971. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  34. ^ Reseña histórica de la presencia chilena en África (in Spanish)
  35. ^ "50 years of Russia-Madagascar bilateral relations". MFA Russia. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  36. ^ "Madagascar -- china.org.cn". China.org.cn. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  37. ^ "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). ncnk.org. August 2016. p. 4. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  38. ^ "Republic of Madagascar". vietnam.gov.vn. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  39. ^ André Lewin (2009). Ahmed Sékou Touré, 1922-1984: 1958-1960 (chapitres 31 à 40): Sékou Touré ouvre Guinée sur le monde extérieur : les deux Allemagne, les Nations Unies, l'Afrique, la Chine et le pays d'Asie, les États-Unis, Israël (in French). L'Harmattan. p. 90.
  40. ^ "Malagasy Republic: Visiting Tanzanian Foreign Minister Signs Diplomatic, Economic And Cultural Agreements.1973". British Pathé. 30 June 1973. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  41. ^ Africa Research Bulletin - Page 2984. Blackwell. 1973.
  42. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Poland and Republic of Madagascar were established".
  43. ^ Record of the Arab World: Yearbook of Arab and Israeli Politics, Volume 1. Research and Publishing House., 1973. p. 226.
  44. ^ ARR: Arab Report and Record - Page 31. Economic Features, Limited. 1974.
  45. ^ "MEMORIA ANUAL 2015. Page 22 (in Spanish)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  46. ^ Translations on Sub-Saharan Africa Issues 1497-1511. United States. Joint Publications Research Service. 1974. p. 36. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  47. ^ "Vol. 45 No. 8 (August 1974)". Trove. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  48. ^ "Hubungan Indonesia Madagaskar (in Indonesian)".
  49. ^ Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p. 216.
  50. ^ Magyar Külpolitikai Évkönyv 1968-2010 Magyar Külpolitikai Évkönyv, 1975 (in Hungarian). p. 47. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  51. ^ "NOMBRAMIENTOS DIPLOMATICOS DE RECIENTE INGRESO AL SENADO DE LA REPUBLICA EN AFRICA, EL CARIBE Y EUROPA. Page 9 (in Spanish)" (PDF).
  52. ^ "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1977. Выпуск двадцать первый. Часть II - Зарубежные страны: Люксембург-Япония" (PDF) (in Russian). p. 312. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2024.
  53. ^ Current Background Issues 1045-1048. American Consulate General. 1976. p. 4. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  54. ^ Petruf, Pavol. Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 (in Slovak). pp. 99–119.
  55. ^ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian).
  56. ^ "Madagascar: Comores-Madagascar - Réunion d'une commission mixte avant-hier". allAfrica (in French). 16 October 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  57. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "Diplomatic relations between Madagascar and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  58. ^ ARR Arab Report and Record. Economic Features, Limited. 1978. p. 59. The SADR and Madagascar had agreed to establish diplomatic relations at ambassadorial level, the Algiers daily El-Moudjahid reported on 29 January.
  59. ^ Le Mois en Afrique - Issues 186-193 - Page 155. 1981.
  60. ^ "Iran, Madagascar express readiness to establish joint commission". Islamic Republic News Agency. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  61. ^ Newsom, David D. (2019). The Diplomatic Record 1989-1990. Routledge. The Republic of Seychelles established diplomatic relations with the Democratic Republic of Madagascar.
  62. ^ "Milestones of Singapore's External Relations August 1965-May 2005. Page 448". doi:10.1142/9789812567628_bmatter (inactive 2024-09-11).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (link)
  63. ^ de Béthencourt, Marcos Fernández (2019). La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional (in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres. pp. 302–309.
  64. ^ "Список стран, с которыми КР установил дипломатические отношения" (in Russian). Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  65. ^ "Страны, установившие дипломатические отношения с Республикой Казахстан (MFA Kazakhstan) (in Russian)". Archived from the original on 20 February 2020.
  66. ^ "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia (MFA Estonia in Estonian)".
  67. ^ "Madaqaskar". mfa.gov.az. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  68. ^ "26 июня: этот день в истории". 26 June 2018.
  69. ^ "Republica Madagascar". mfa.gov.md (in Romanian). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  70. ^ "Middle East and Africa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. 20 June 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  71. ^ "LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-23. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  72. ^ "Madagascar - Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  73. ^ "BILATERAL AGREEMENTS SIGNED BY SOUTH AFRICA AS ON 25 JUNE 2020". Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  74. ^ Revue de l'océan Indien Madagascar - Issues 130-137 - Page 64. Communication et médias océan Indien. 1994.
  75. ^ "STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS".
  76. ^ "Madagaskar: Základné informácie". mzv.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  77. ^ "Etat des Relations". Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation Internationale Djibouti (in French). Archived from the original on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  78. ^ "Dates of Establishment of Diplomatic Relations (MFA Sri Lanka)".
  79. ^ "Midi de Madagascar 13/08/02: Deux rescapés". razafimahazo.free.fr (in French). Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  80. ^ a b c d e "AFRIQUE - MADAGASCAR Présentation des lettres de créance". razafimahazo.free.fr (in French). 5 April 2005. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
  81. ^ "27/07/2004 Présentation des lettres de créances à la Gambie". razafimahazo.free.fr (in French). Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  82. ^ Diplomatic List. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Department of Protocol. 2009. p. 2.
  83. ^ "Coopération : le Botswana s'intéresse à la Grande île". newsmada.com (in French). 15 February 2017. Archived from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
  84. ^ "Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  85. ^ "Saudi Arabia and Madagascar established diplomatic relations (in Arabic language)".
  86. ^ "Manque de confiance des bailleurs de fonds : Déblocage incertain des financements europeens". midi-madagasikara.mg (in French). 18 September 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  87. ^ "Iavoloha : 4 ambassadeurs chez Hery Rajaonarimampianina, hier". midi-madagasikara.mg (in French). 26 March 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  88. ^ "Diplomatie : Les ambassadeurs belge et soudanais à Iavoloha". midi-madagasikara.mg (in French). 16 April 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  89. ^ "Revue de la Présidence de la République de Madagascar - Octobre 2015". presidence.gov.mg (in French). 30 June 2016. p. 19. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  90. ^ "Lettres de creances: les nouveaux ambassadeurs du Mexique, dela Colombie, du Swaziland, et du Venezuela a Iavoloha". presidence.gov.mg (in French). 21 October 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  91. ^ "Notre ambassadeur à Antananarivo remet ses lettres de créances au Président malgache". Agence Mauritanienne d'information (in French). 13 November 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  92. ^ "Iavoloha : Trois ambassadeurs chez Hery Rajaonarimampianina". midi-madagasikara.mg (in French). 14 January 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  93. ^ "عون:استقبل وزيرة خارجيّة مدغشقر ووفوداً". iss-foundation.com (in Arabic). 5 May 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
  94. ^ "Le Président de la République reçoit les lettres de créances des nouveaux ambassadeurs de l'Erythrée et de la Slovaquie". alwihdainfo.com (in French). 12 April 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  95. ^ "Lithuania establishes diplomatic relations with Madagascar (MFA Lithuania)".
  96. ^ "Iavoloha : Valse diplomatique hier". midi-madagasikara.mg (in French). 18 January 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  97. ^ "Présentation de la lettre de créances de l'Ambassadeur de Bengladesh à Madagascar". presidence.gov.mg (in French). Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  98. ^ "Cérémonie des remises des lettres de créances de SEM Olivier Rija RAJOHNSON au Prince souverain S.A.S ALBERT II de Monaco".
  99. ^ "L'Angola et Madagascar ont échangé lundi, à Antananarivo, des notes pour établir des relations diplomatiques, ainsi qu'une déclaration commune" (in French). 9 July 2024. Retrieved 12 July 2024.
  100. ^ "Madagascar's President Andry Rajoelina visit to Guinea-Bissau". 7 August 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2024.
  101. ^ "My counterpart from Madagascar, Hon. Rasata Rafaravavitafika (MP), and I took a significant step towards building a stronger relationship between our two countries, by signing a Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between Ghana and Madagascar". 24 September 2024. Retrieved 24 September 2024.
  102. ^ "... Ambassadeur Albert SHINGIRO et le Ministre des Affaires Etrangères du Madagascar Son Excellence Madame Rasata Rafaravavitafika ont signé un communiqué conjoint sur l'établissement des relations diplomatiques entre la République du Burundi et la République de Madagascar" (in French). 26 September 2024. Retrieved 26 September 2024.
  103. ^ "Administrative Order No. 116, s. 1965". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippinesi. 20 March 1965. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  104. ^ Ford, Peter; Peterson, Scott; Brown, Ryan Lenora (July 30, 2017). "Can famine be checked as Africa faces its worst crisis since the 1980s?". Christian Science Monitor.
  105. ^ "Historical links between Mauritius and Madagascar". Embassy of the Republic of Mauritius in Antananarivo. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  106. ^ Revue de l'océan Indien Madagascar - Issues 130-137 - Page 64. Communication et médias océan Indien. 1994.
  107. ^ Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p. 216.
  108. ^ Diplomatic List. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Department of Protocol. 2009. p. 2.
  109. ^ Africa. Agence France Presse. 1971. p. 12.
  110. ^ "Midi de Madagascar 13/08/02: Deux rescapés". razafimahazo.free.fr (in French). Retrieved 8 March 2024.
  111. ^ "BILATERAL AGREEMENTS SIGNED BY SOUTH AFRICA AS ON 25 JUNE 2020". Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  112. ^ "Embassy of Madagascar in Pretoria". Madagascar.org.za. 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 2017-08-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  113. ^ "Department of International Relations and Cooperation - South Africa". Dfa.gov.za.
  114. ^ "Malagasy Republic: Visiting Tanzanian Foreign Minister Signs Diplomatic, Economic And Cultural Agreements.1973". British Pathé. 30 June 1973. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  115. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Argentina and Madagascar as of 20 July 2001. UN Digital Library". 20 July 2001.
  116. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Brazil and Madagascar as of 7 Oct. 1996. UN Digital Library". 7 October 1996.
  117. ^ A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations, 1925-1983. Canadian Library Association, 1985. p. 35.
  118. ^ Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada (9 September 2013). "High Commission of Canada to South Africa". Canadainternational.gc.ca. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  119. ^ "Embassy of Madagascar in Canada". Madagascar-embassy.ca. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  120. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Colombia and Madagascar as of 15 June 1995. UN Digital Library". 15 June 1995.
  121. ^ Colombia Embassies
  122. ^ "MEMORIA ANUAL 2015. Page 22 (in Spanish)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  123. ^ "NOMBRAMIENTOS DIPLOMATICOS DE RECIENTE INGRESO AL SENADO DE LA REPUBLICA EN AFRICA, EL CARIBE Y EUROPA. Page 9 (in Spanish)" (PDF).
  124. ^ Embassy of Madagascar in the United States
  125. ^ Embassy of Mexico in South Africa
  126. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Madagascar".
  127. ^ "Malagasy Embassy - EMBASSY OF THE REPUBLIC OF MADAGASCAR IN WASHINGTON D.C." Madagascar-embassy.org. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  128. ^ "Home - Madagascar - United States Mission". Antananarivo.usembassy.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-05-02. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  129. ^ "Background Note: Madagascar". Webcitation.org. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
  130. ^ "Madagascar". State.gov. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  131. ^ "Madagascar -- china.org.cn". China.org.cn. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  132. ^ "Ambassade de la République Populaire de Chine en République de Madagascar". China-embassy.org. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  133. ^ "誉鼎娱乐-誉鼎娱乐平台". Ambamadbeijing.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  134. ^ a b "India-Madagascar Relations" (PDF). Mea.gov.in. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
  135. ^ "India - Madagascar Relations" (PDF). Mea.gov.in. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
  136. ^ "Embassy of India, Antananarivo, Madagascar". Embassyofindia.mg. Archived from the original on 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  137. ^ "Your IP is blacklisted in bl.hostprotect.net - redirecting". mae.gov.mg. Archived from the original on 14 March 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  138. ^ "Hubungan Indonesia Madagaskar (in Indonesian)".
  139. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-01-07. Retrieved 2017-02-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  140. ^ "Japan-Madagascar Relations (Basic Data)". Mofa.go.jp. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  141. ^ "Saudi Arabia and Madagascar established diplomatic relations (in Arabic language)".
  142. ^ "Overview (MFA Republic of Korea)".
  143. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Madagascar".
  144. ^ "Republic of Madagascar". vietnam.gov.vn. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  145. ^ "Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  146. ^ "MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Cyprus Diplomatic Missions Abroad". Mfa.gov.cy. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  147. ^ "MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - Honorary Consular Officers of the Republic of Cyprus". Mfa.gov.cy. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  148. ^ a b "Madagaskar". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
  149. ^ "La France à Madagascar". Ambafrance-mada.org. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  150. ^ "Accueil". Ambassade Madagascar.
  151. ^ "Madagaskar: Aufnahme diplomatischer Beziehungen (in German)".
  152. ^ Afrique Volumes 14-19 (in French). Société internationale de publications commerciales, culturelles et artistiques. 1962. p. 64. Le gouvernement grec a donné son agrément à la nomination de M. Pierre Razafy Andriamihaingo en qualité d'ambassadeur de la République Malgache à Athènes. M. Razafy Andriamihaingo est déjà ambassadeur à Londres . Une ambassade de Grèce existe à Tananarive et son titulaire est également ambassadeur à Pretoria.
  153. ^ a b "Greece's Bilateral Relations". Mfa.gr. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  154. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See".
  155. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Iceland and Madagascar as of 22 Sept. 2006. UN Digital Library".
  156. ^ "Norges opprettelse av diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater (in Norwegian)" (PDF).
  157. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Poland and Republic of Madagascar were established".
  158. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  159. ^ "50 years of Russia-Madagascar bilateral relations". MFA Russia. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  160. ^ "Transcript of Remarks and Response to Media Questions by Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Sergey Lavrov at Joint Press Conference Following Talks with Ojo Maduekwe, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nigeria, Moscow, March 17, 2009" (Press release). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. 17 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
  161. ^ "Посольство Мадагаскара в РФ - Обращение Посла МАДАГАСКАРА в РФ". Ambamadagascar.ru. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  162. ^ "Главная - Министерство иностранных дел Российской Федерации". Madagasxar.mid.ru. Archived from the original on 2011-04-30. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
  163. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1969. p. 1623.
  164. ^ "МАDAGASCAR" (DOC). Mfa.gov.rs. Retrieved 2017-08-27.
  165. ^ "MADAGASCAR FICHA PAIS" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 4. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  166. ^ "Madagascar et la Suisse fêtent aujourd'hui 60 ans de relations bilatérales le 13 juin 1961".
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Madagascar&oldid=1249378684"