File:Thyroid hormone synthesis.svg

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Summary

DescriptionThyroid hormone synthesis.svg	English: Synthesis of thyroid hormones. Reference: Chapter 48, "SYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONES" in: Walter F., PhD. Boron (2003) Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach, Elsevier/Saunders, pp. 1,300 ISBN: 1-4160-2328-3. Explanation Thyroglobulin is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and follows the secretory pathway to enter the colloid in the lumen of the thyroid follicle by exocytosis. Meanwhile, a sodium-iodide (Na/I) symporter pumps iodide (I^-) actively into the cell, which previously has crossed the endothelium by largely unknown mechanisms. This iodide enters the follicular lumen from the cytoplasm by the transporter pendrin, in a purportedly passive manner.^[1] In the colloid, iodide (I^-) is oxidized to iodine (I⁰) by an enzyme called thyroid peroxidase. Iodine (I⁰) is very reactive and iodinates the thyroglobulin at tyrosyl residues in its protein chain (in total containing approximately 120 tyrosyl residues). In conjugation, adjacent tyrosyl residues are paired together. The entire complex re-enters the follicular cell by endocytosis. Proteolysis by various proteases liberates thyroxine and triiodothyronine molecules Efflux of thyroxine and triiodothyronine from follicular cells, which appears to be largely through monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and 10,^[2]^[3] and entry into the blood. Additional references for details ↑ How Iodide Reaches its Site of Utilisation in the Thyroid Gland – Involvement of Solute Carrier 26A4 (Pendrin) and Solute Carrier 5A8 (Apical Iodide Transporter) - a report by Bernard A Rousset. Touch Brieflings 2007 ↑ (2008). "Effective Cellular Uptake and Efflux of Thyroid Hormone by Human Monocarboxylate Transporter 10". Molecular Endocrinology 22 (6): 1357–1369. DOI:10.1210/me.2007-0112. ISSN 0888-8809. ↑ (2011). "Molecules important for thyroid hormone synthesis and action - known facts and future perspectives". Thyroid Research 4 (Suppl 1): S9. DOI:10.1186/1756-6614-4-S1-S9. ISSN 1756-6614.
Date	16 June 2011
Source	Mainly Own work Source image for nucleus derivative: (Public Domain license)
Author	Mikael Häggström
Other versions	This box: view • talk • edit Vector (.svg) version in English. English raster (.png) 中文 Nederlands

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File history

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	Date/Time	Dimensions	User	Comment
current	04:57, 15 August 2023	826 × 517 (1,024 KB)	Mikael Häggström	Moved green arrows
	11:23, 2 April 2016	826 × 517 (1.01 MB)	Mikael Häggström	Decreased number of finished thyroid hormone molecules. Each thyroglobulin molecule contains approximately 100-120 tyrosyl (Tyrosine) residues. However, because only a small number (>20) of these tyrosine residues are subject to iodination by [[thy...
	07:00, 30 June 2015	826 × 517 (1.14 MB)	Mikael Häggström	+MCT
	07:41, 17 June 2011	826 × 517 (1.14 MB)	Mikael Häggström	Avoided mixup between endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol of follicular cell
	07:15, 17 June 2011	826 × 517 (1.14 MB)	Mikael Häggström	Small adjustment
	06:06, 17 June 2011	826 × 517 (1.13 MB)	Mikael Häggström	Localized
	19:19, 16 June 2011	826 × 512 (1.06 MB)	Mikael Häggström	Further description
	19:11, 16 June 2011	860 × 512 (1.06 MB)	Mikael Häggström	{{Information \|Description ={{en\|1=Synthesis of thyroid hormones.}} \|Source ={{own}} \|Author =Mikael Häggström \|Date =2011-06-16 \|Permission = \|other_versions = }}