Sarah J. Garnet
Sarah J. Garnet | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Sarah Smith July 31, 1831 Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Died | September 17, 1911 (aged 80) New York, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Educator, suffragist |
Sarah J. Tompkins Garnet (née Smith; July 31, 1831 – September 17, 1911) was an American educator and suffragist from New York City who was a pioneer and influential African-American female school principal in the New York City public school system.[1][2][3]
Family and early life
[edit]Sarah J. Smith, daughter of Sylvanus and Anne (Springsteel) Smith, was born on July 31, 1831, in Brooklyn, New York. She was the oldest of 11 children; her parents were farmers and owned land in Queens County, then part of Long Island.[3][4] Her sister Susan McKinney Steward was the first African-American woman in New York State to earn a medical degree, and the third in the United States.[3]
She married Samuel Tompkins, who died in approximately 1852. A daughter from that marriage, Serena Jane Tompkins, was an accomplished pianist and organist when she died at forty-seven years old in 1898.[5]
Pioneer educator
[edit]When Tompkins began teaching in New York City, the public schools were racially segregated.[6] She began teaching at the African Free School of Williamsburg in 1854, when Brooklyn was a sizeable city still decades from being consolidated in 1898 with New York City (then confined to Manhattan and the Bronx). In February 1863 the untimely death of Charlotte S. Smith, the beloved African American principal of Manhattan's Colored School No. 7 on West 17th Street, created a vacancy.[7] Tompkins was appointed that spring as principal of the school, which around 1866 the Board of Education renamed Colored School No. 4.[8] She taught many prominent students, including musician Walter F. Craig.[9]
Garnet retired from active school service in 1900 having served as teacher and principal for 37 years.[10]
Suffrage
[edit]Garnet was the founder of the Brooklyn suffrage organization the Equal Suffrage League in the late 1880s. She was also the superintendent of suffrage for the National Association of Colored Women.[3]
Later life and death
[edit]On December 28, 1875, Sarah Tompkins (appearing in some records as Thompkins) wed noted abolitionist Henry Highland Garnet, and thereafter was usually identified as Sarah Garnet. Their Brooklyn marriage ceremony was performed by Amos Noë Freeman,[11] a minister associated with the legendary escape from slavery in 1855 of Anna Maria Weems on the Underground Railroad.
In 1881 President James A. Garfield appointed Henry Garnet as ambassador in Liberia, although Sarah Garnet did not accompany him on the trip. Henry Garnet became ill soon after arriving abroad, and he died on February 13, 1882, in Monrovia.[12]
Sarah Garnet owned a seamstress shop in Brooklyn from 1883 to 1911.[3]
In 1911 Garnet traveled with her sister Susan McKinney Steward to London, England, for the inaugural Universal Races Congress, where Steward presented the paper "Colored American Women". The conference was also attended by W. E. B. Du Bois. Soon after they returned from Europe, Garnet died at home on September 17, 1911.[3] She is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn.
Legacy
[edit]Two public schools in New York City are named for Garnet: PS 9 Brooklyn was renamed Sarah Smith Garnet Public School 9 in 2019 and PS 11 in Manhattan was renamed the Sarah J. Garnet School in 2022. PS 9 Brooklyn was formerly named for Teunis G. Bergen; following a movement to remove the slaveholding Bergen Family name from a school whose students are 40% African-American,[13] on March 28, 2022, the school unveiled a sign with the new name.[14] PS 11, formerly named for William T. Harris, is located in Chelsea, just a few blocks away from the former Colored School No. 4, where Garnet was principal.[15]
Middleton Playground in Brooklyn was renamed in 2021 to Sarah J.S. Tompkins Garnet Playground as a part of an NYC Parks initiative to rename parks in honor of prominent Black Americans.[16]
References
[edit]- ^ Pollak, Michael (September 12, 2009). "FYI: Pioneering Principals". The New York Times. New York, New York. p. MB10. Archived from the original on November 12, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
- ^ "Who Were the Women who made up the Suffrage Movement?". University of Louisville Women's Center website. Louisville, Kentucky: University of Louisville. 2008. Archived from the original on May 10, 2010. Retrieved March 1, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f MacDonald, Meg Meneghel (2007–2009). "Garnet, Sarah J. Smith Tompkins (1831–1911)". BlackPast.org. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
- ^ Logan, Rayford W.; Winston, Michael R., eds. (1982). Dictionary of American Negro Biography. W. W. Norton & Company.
- ^ Certificate and Record of Death, State of New York
- ^ Smith, Jessie Carney, ed. (1996). Notable Black American Women. Vol. 2. Detroit Michigan: Gale Research Inc. p. 308. ISBN 0-316-10617-8. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
- ^ Journal of the Board of Education of the City of New York, 1863
- ^ New York Daily Herald, public notice, “Exhibition of Colored Grammar School No. 4 (formerly No. 7)…,” May 29, 1866
- ^ "Musician who Made his Mark" Archived 2017-02-14 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Age, February 11, 1933, p. 4. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
- ^ Fuller, H. S. (May 31, 1900). "Personal". School: Devoted to the Public Schools and Educational Interests. 11. New York, New York: The School News Company: 319. Retrieved March 1, 2010.
- ^ Certificate of Marriage, State of New York
- ^ Polcino, Christine Ann (Fall 2004). "Biography: Garnet, Henry Highland". Literary and Cultural Heritage Map of Pennsylvania Writers. University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved March 1, 2010.
- ^ Aponte, Claudia Irizarry (April 8, 2019). "Bye-Bye Bergen: Brooklyn School Sheds Slave-Owner Family Name". THE CITY. Archived from the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
- ^ "Brooklyn School Unveils Sign Honoring Suffragist, Displacing Name Synonymous With Slavery". The City. March 28, 2022. Archived from the original on March 28, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
- ^ Gill, John Freeman (2022-10-07). "The Push to Landmark the Last-Known 'Colored' School in Manhattan". The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
- ^ "New York City Naming 16 Parks After Prominent Black Americans". CBS New York. June 16, 2021. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
- Activists for African-American civil rights
- African-American suffragists
- Suffragists from New York (state)
- Activists from Brooklyn
- 1831 births
- 1911 deaths
- African-American women educators
- Educators from New York City
- American women educators
- American women civil rights activists
- 20th-century African-American people
- 20th-century African-American women
- 19th-century African-American women
- 19th-century African-American educators
- 19th-century American educators