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After [[Typhoon Molave (2020)|Typhoon Molave]] devastated the Philippines, the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (JMA) announced the formation of a new tropical depression in the [[Pacific Ocean]], west of the [[Mariana Islands]], on October&nbsp;27.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=October 27, 2020|title=Tropical Cyclone Information|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/a.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027133246/http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/a.html|archive-date=October 27, 2020|access-date=October 27, 2020|website=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]}}</ref> Given its proximity to the [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] (PAR), along with its westward forecasted track, the [[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration]] (PAGASA) also began issuing advisories on the newly formed system.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=October 27, 2020|name=|intl_name=|type=tca|no=1|category=TD|url=http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/tca/TCA%231.pdf|archive-url=https://archive.org/download/pagasa-20-22W/PAGASA_20-22W_Goni_TCA%2301.pdf}}</ref> By into the next day, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) had also followed and upgraded the system into a tropical depression.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=October 28, 2020|type=warn|category=TD|designation=22W|no=1|name=Twentytwo|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220web.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2020-10-28-0330-wp2220web.txt}}</ref> The storm had good outflow and structure as it approached the PAR.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=October 28, 2020|type=prog|category=TD|designation=22W|no=2|name=Twenty-two|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220prog.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2020-10-28-0940-wp2220prog.txt}}</ref>
After [[Typhoon Molave (2020)|Typhoon Molave]] devastated the Philippines, the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] (JMA) announced the formation of a new tropical depression in the [[Pacific Ocean]], west of the [[Mariana Islands]], on October&nbsp;27.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=October 27, 2020|title=Tropical Cyclone Information|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/a.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027133246/http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/a.html|archive-date=October 27, 2020|access-date=October 27, 2020|website=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]}}</ref> Given its proximity to the [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] (PAR), along with its westward forecasted track, the [[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration]] (PAGASA) also began issuing advisories on the newly formed system.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=October 27, 2020|name=|intl_name=|type=tca|no=1|category=TD|url=http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/tca/TCA%231.pdf|archive-url=https://archive.org/download/pagasa-20-22W/PAGASA_20-22W_Goni_TCA%2301.pdf}}</ref> By into the next day, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) had also followed and upgraded the system into a tropical depression.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=October 28, 2020|type=warn|category=TD|designation=22W|no=1|name=Twentytwo|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220web.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2020-10-28-0330-wp2220web.txt}}</ref> The storm had good outflow and structure as it approached the PAR.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=October 28, 2020|type=prog|category=TD|designation=22W|no=2|name=Twenty-two|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220prog.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2020-10-28-0940-wp2220prog.txt}}</ref>


[[File:Molave, Goni, 90W.png|thumb|right|300px|Three tropical cyclones occurred in the [[western Pacific Ocean]] simultaneously on October&nbsp;28. From left to right: [[Typhoon Molave (2020)|Molave]], Goni, and a [[low-pressure area]] which later became Atsani (at bottom-right).]]
[[File:Molave, Goni, 90W.png|thumb|right|300px|Three tropical cyclones present in the [[western Pacific Ocean]] simultaneously on October&nbsp;28. From left to right: [[Typhoon Molave (2020)|Molave]], Goni, and a [[low-pressure area]] which later became Atsani (at bottom-right).]]
As the system continued tracking westward under favorable conditions in the Pacific Ocean, the JMA and JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical storm, with the JMA assigning the name ''Goni'' to the intensifying system.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=October 28, 2020|type=warn|category=TS|designation=22W|no=3|name=Twentytwo|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220web.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2020-10-28-1350-wp2220web.txt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=October 28, 2020|type=warn|category=TS|designation=22W|no=3|name=Twenty-two|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220prog.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2020-10-28-1400-wp2220prog.txt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=October 28, 2020|title=Tropical Cyclone Information|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029011511/http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/2019.html|archive-date=October 29, 2020|access-date=October 28, 2020|website=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]}}</ref> The [[PAGASA]] followed with an upgrade to a severe tropical storm a few hours later.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=October 29, 2020|name=|intl_name=Goni|type=tca|no=3|category=STS|url=http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/tca/TCA%233.pdf|archive-url=https://archive.org/download/pagasa-20-22W/PAGASA_20-22W_Rolly_TCA%2303.pdf}}</ref> Due to the warm waters surrounding the storm, the system underwent [[rapid intensification]] and became a typhoon on October&nbsp;29.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=October 29, 2020|type=prog|category=TY|designation=22W|no=6|name=Goni|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220prog.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2020-10-29-0900-wp2220prog.txt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=October 29, 2020|title=Tropical Cyclone Information|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029155336/http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/2019.html|archive-date=October 29, 2020|access-date=October 29, 2020|website=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]}}</ref> On October 29, at 09:30 UTC, Goni entered the PAR and was named ''Rolly'' by the PAGASA.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=October 29, 2020|name=Rolly|intl_name=Goni|type=swb|no=1|category=TY|url=http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029152506/http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin.pdf}}</ref> Early on the following day, the system was declared a super typhoon by the JTWC a few hours later, the second super typhoon of the season, before further intensifying into the first Category 5-equivalent super typhoon of the season by 06:00&nbsp;UTC on October&nbsp;30.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=October 30, 2020|type=warn|category=TY|designation=22W|no=10|name=Goni|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220web.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2020-10-30-0830-wp2220web.txt|accessdate=October 31, 2020}}</ref> After undergoing a brief [[eyewall replacement cycle]] on October&nbsp;31, which is a typical process for a storm of such high intensity,<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=October 30, 2020|type=prog|category=TY|designation=22W|no=10|name=Goni|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220prog.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2020-10-30-0920-wp2220prog.txt|accessdate=October 31, 2020}}</ref> it resumed intensifying, with the JTWC, JMA, and [[Satellite Analysis Branch]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kibler |date=October 31, 2020 |title=Typhoon 22W (Goni) October 31, 2020 1730z Satellite Bulletin |url=https://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/TROP/DATA/2020/bulletins/wpac/20201031173022W.html |access-date=November 1, 2020 |website=Satellite Products and Services Division |publisher=[[Satellite Analysis Branch]]}}</ref> all assessing [[Dvorak technique]] T-numbers of 8.0, the highest on the scale. On this basis, the JTWC estimated 1-minute sustained winds of 315&nbsp;km/h (195&nbsp;mph), tying with [[Typhoon Haiyan|Haiyan]] in [[2013 Pacific typhoon season|2013]] and [[Typhoon Meranti|Meranti]] in [[2016 Pacific typhoon season|2016]] as the highest reliably estimated in the [[Eastern Hemisphere]]. Meanwhile, the JMA estimated a central barometric pressure of 905&nbsp;hPa (mbar; 26.72&nbsp;inHg) for the storm.<ref name=":3">{{Cite JTWC|date=October 31, 2020|type=warn|category=STY|designation=22W|no=16|name=Goni|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220web.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031214651/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220web.txt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=November 1, 2020|title=Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System|url=https://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/TROP/DATA/ATCF/JTWC/awp222020.dat|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101083952/https://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/TROP/DATA/ATCF/JTWC/awp222020.dat|archive-date=November 1, 2020|access-date=November 1, 2020|website=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref><ref name="slams">{{cite web|url=https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2020/11/super-typhoon-goni-slams-into-philippines-as-strongest-landfalling-tropical-cyclone-on-record/|title=Super Typhoon Goni slams into Philippines as strongest landfalling tropical cyclone on record|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Yale Climate Connections|date=November 1, 2020|access-date=November 1, 2020}}</ref> At 18:00&nbsp;UTC (2:00&nbsp;PHT November&nbsp;1), hours before Goni's first landfall, PAGASA upgraded Goni into a super typhoon. This was the second time that the PAGASA declared a system as a super typhoon since its introduction of the revised [[Tropical cyclone warnings and watches#Philippines|Public Storm Warning Signals]] <!-- Haiyan was declared a super typhoon post-impact, and is actually referred to as "Typhoon Haiyan" in official documents. Signal #5 and "Super Typhoon" were only officially recognized by the PAGASA in response to Haiyan's aftermath, and as such, it does not count as the first official super typhoon of PAGASA. -->, the first being [[Typhoon Haima|Haima]] in 2016. This is also the second time that the highest tropical cyclone wind signal, Signal #5, was raised in the Philippines.
As the system continued tracking westward under favorable conditions in the Pacific Ocean, the JMA and JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical storm, with the JMA assigning the name ''Goni'' to the intensifying system.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=October 28, 2020|type=warn|category=TS|designation=22W|no=3|name=Twentytwo|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220web.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2020-10-28-1350-wp2220web.txt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=October 28, 2020|type=warn|category=TS|designation=22W|no=3|name=Twenty-two|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220prog.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2020-10-28-1400-wp2220prog.txt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=October 28, 2020|title=Tropical Cyclone Information|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029011511/http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/2019.html|archive-date=October 29, 2020|access-date=October 28, 2020|website=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]}}</ref> The [[PAGASA]] followed with an upgrade to a severe tropical storm a few hours later.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=October 29, 2020|name=|intl_name=Goni|type=tca|no=3|category=STS|url=http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/tca/TCA%233.pdf|archive-url=https://archive.org/download/pagasa-20-22W/PAGASA_20-22W_Rolly_TCA%2303.pdf}}</ref> Due to the warm waters surrounding the storm, the system underwent [[rapid intensification]] and became a typhoon on October&nbsp;29.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=October 29, 2020|type=prog|category=TY|designation=22W|no=6|name=Goni|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220prog.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2020-10-29-0900-wp2220prog.txt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=October 29, 2020|title=Tropical Cyclone Information|url=http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/2019.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029155336/http://www.jma.go.jp/en/typh/2019.html|archive-date=October 29, 2020|access-date=October 29, 2020|website=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]}}</ref> On October 29, at 09:30 UTC, Goni entered the PAR and was named ''Rolly'' by the PAGASA.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=October 29, 2020|name=Rolly|intl_name=Goni|type=swb|no=1|category=TY|url=http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029152506/http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin.pdf}}</ref> Early on the following day, the system was declared a super typhoon by the JTWC a few hours later, the second super typhoon of the season, before further intensifying into the first Category 5-equivalent super typhoon of the season by 06:00&nbsp;UTC on October&nbsp;30.<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=October 30, 2020|type=warn|category=TY|designation=22W|no=10|name=Goni|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220web.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2020-10-30-0830-wp2220web.txt|accessdate=October 31, 2020}}</ref> After undergoing a brief [[eyewall replacement cycle]] on October&nbsp;31, which is a typical process for a storm of such high intensity,<ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=October 30, 2020|type=prog|category=TY|designation=22W|no=10|name=Goni|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220prog.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/prog/2020-10-30-0920-wp2220prog.txt|accessdate=October 31, 2020}}</ref> it resumed intensifying, with the JTWC, JMA, and [[Satellite Analysis Branch]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kibler |date=October 31, 2020 |title=Typhoon 22W (Goni) October 31, 2020 1730z Satellite Bulletin |url=https://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/TROP/DATA/2020/bulletins/wpac/20201031173022W.html |access-date=November 1, 2020 |website=Satellite Products and Services Division |publisher=[[Satellite Analysis Branch]]}}</ref> all assessing [[Dvorak technique]] T-numbers of 8.0, the highest on the scale. On this basis, the JTWC estimated 1-minute sustained winds of 315&nbsp;km/h (195&nbsp;mph), tying with [[Typhoon Haiyan|Haiyan]] in [[2013 Pacific typhoon season|2013]] and [[Typhoon Meranti|Meranti]] in [[2016 Pacific typhoon season|2016]] as the highest reliably estimated in the [[Eastern Hemisphere]]. Meanwhile, the JMA estimated a central barometric pressure of 905&nbsp;hPa (mbar; 26.72&nbsp;inHg) for the storm.<ref name=":3">{{Cite JTWC|date=October 31, 2020|type=warn|category=STY|designation=22W|no=16|name=Goni|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220web.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031214651/https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220web.txt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=November 1, 2020|title=Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecasting System|url=https://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/TROP/DATA/ATCF/JTWC/awp222020.dat|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101083952/https://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/TROP/DATA/ATCF/JTWC/awp222020.dat|archive-date=November 1, 2020|access-date=November 1, 2020|website=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]}}</ref><ref name="slams">{{cite web|url=https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2020/11/super-typhoon-goni-slams-into-philippines-as-strongest-landfalling-tropical-cyclone-on-record/|title=Super Typhoon Goni slams into Philippines as strongest landfalling tropical cyclone on record|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Yale Climate Connections|date=November 1, 2020|access-date=November 1, 2020}}</ref>[[File:Goni 2020-10-30 0135Z.jpg|thumb|right|Typhoon Goni near its peak intensity and over the [[Philippine Sea]] on October 30, 2020, showing a very clear [[pinhole eye]].|left]]At 18:00&nbsp;UTC (2:00&nbsp;PHT November&nbsp;1), hours before Goni's first landfall, PAGASA upgraded Goni into a super typhoon. This was the second time that the PAGASA declared a system as a super typhoon since its introduction of the revised [[Tropical cyclone warnings and watches#Philippines|Public Storm Warning Signals]] <!-- Haiyan was declared a super typhoon post-impact, and is actually referred to as "Typhoon Haiyan" in official documents. Signal #5 and "Super Typhoon" were only officially recognized by the PAGASA in response to Haiyan's aftermath, and as such, it does not count as the first official super typhoon of PAGASA. -->, the first being [[Typhoon Haima|Haima]] in 2016. This is also the second time that the highest tropical cyclone wind signal, Signal #5, was raised in the Philippines.


At 20:50&nbsp;UTC on October&nbsp;31, Goni made landfall in [[Bato, Catanduanes]], [[Philippines]], at peak intensity, as a Category&nbsp;5-equivalent super typhoon.<ref name=":5">{{Cite PAGASA|date=2020-10-31|name=Rolly|intl_name=Goni|type=swb|no=13|category=STY|url=http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin.pdf|archive-url=https://archive.org/download/pagasa-20-22W/PAGASA_20-22W_Rolly_SWB%2313.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The JMA and PAGASA both reported 10-minute sustained winds of 220&nbsp;km/h (140&nbsp;mph)<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=November 1, 2020|title=Typhoon 202019 (GONI) Detailed Wind Information (Japan Meteorological Agency Best Track Data)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/summary/wnp/k/202019.html.en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031203730/http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/summary/wnp/k/202019.html.en|archive-date=November 1, 2020|access-date=|website=Digital Typhoon|publisher=[[National Institute of Informatics]]}}</ref> and {{convert|225|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}}, respectively.<ref name=":5" /> By 1-minute sustained winds, this made Goni the strongest recorded tropical cyclone to ever make landfall anywhere in the world.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Super Typhoon Goni">{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2020-10-31-super-typhoon-goni-philippines-vietnam-haiyan|title=Super Typhoon Goni Now The Strongest Cyclone To Make Landfall Since 2013's Haiyan|author=Johnathan Belles|website=weather.com|publisher=[[The Weather Company]]|date=October 31, 2020|access-date=October 31, 2020}}</ref> Goni made additional landfalls in [[Tiwi, Albay]] at 23:20&nbsp;UTC and [[San Narciso, Quezon]] at 04:00&nbsp;UTC, on November&nbsp;1.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=2020-11-01|name=Rolly|intl_name=Goni|type=swb|no=14|category=TY|url=http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin.pdf|archive-url=https://archive.org/download/pagasa-20-22W/PAGASA_20-22W_Rolly_SWB%2314.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=2020-11-01|name=Rolly|intl_name=Goni|type=swb|no=16|category=TY|url=http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin.pdf|archive-url=https://archive.org/download/pagasa-20-22W/PAGASA_20-22W_Rolly_SWB%2316.pdf}}</ref> Goni then made its fourth and final landfall in the Philippines in [[Lobo, Batangas]] at 09:30&nbsp;UTC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Esguerra|first=Darryl John|date=2020-11-01|title=Typhoon Rolly makes 4th landfall in Lobo, Batangas|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1355114/rolly-makes-4th-landfall-in-lobo-batangas|access-date=2020-11-02|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en}}</ref> Interaction with land, plus an increase in wind shear caused Goni to rapidly weakened and it emerged over the [[West Philippine Sea]] as a minimial tropical storm.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=2020-11-01|name=Rolly|intl_name=Goni|type=swb|no=19|category=TY|url=http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin.pdf|archive-url=https://archive.org/download/pagasa-20-22W/PAGASA_20-22W_Rolly_SWB%2319.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=2020-11-01|type=warn|category=TS|designation=22W|no=19|name=Goni|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220web.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2020-11-01-1450-wp2220web.txt}}</ref>
At 20:50&nbsp;UTC on October&nbsp;31, Goni made landfall in [[Bato, Catanduanes]], [[Philippines]], at peak intensity, as a Category&nbsp;5-equivalent super typhoon.<ref name=":5">{{Cite PAGASA|date=2020-10-31|name=Rolly|intl_name=Goni|type=swb|no=13|category=STY|url=http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin.pdf|archive-url=https://archive.org/download/pagasa-20-22W/PAGASA_20-22W_Rolly_SWB%2313.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The JMA and PAGASA both reported 10-minute sustained winds of 220&nbsp;km/h (140&nbsp;mph)<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=November 1, 2020|title=Typhoon 202019 (GONI) Detailed Wind Information (Japan Meteorological Agency Best Track Data)|url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/summary/wnp/k/202019.html.en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031203730/http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/summary/wnp/k/202019.html.en|archive-date=November 1, 2020|access-date=|website=Digital Typhoon|publisher=[[National Institute of Informatics]]}}</ref> and {{convert|225|km/h|mph|round=5|abbr=on}}, respectively.<ref name=":5" /> By 1-minute sustained winds, this made Goni the strongest recorded tropical cyclone to ever make landfall anywhere in the world.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Super Typhoon Goni">{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2020-10-31-super-typhoon-goni-philippines-vietnam-haiyan|title=Super Typhoon Goni Now The Strongest Cyclone To Make Landfall Since 2013's Haiyan|author=Johnathan Belles|website=weather.com|publisher=[[The Weather Company]]|date=October 31, 2020|access-date=October 31, 2020}}</ref> Goni made additional landfalls in [[Tiwi, Albay]] at 23:20&nbsp;UTC and [[San Narciso, Quezon]] at 04:00&nbsp;UTC, on November&nbsp;1.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=2020-11-01|name=Rolly|intl_name=Goni|type=swb|no=14|category=TY|url=http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin.pdf|archive-url=https://archive.org/download/pagasa-20-22W/PAGASA_20-22W_Rolly_SWB%2314.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=2020-11-01|name=Rolly|intl_name=Goni|type=swb|no=16|category=TY|url=http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin.pdf|archive-url=https://archive.org/download/pagasa-20-22W/PAGASA_20-22W_Rolly_SWB%2316.pdf}}</ref> Goni then made its fourth and final landfall in the Philippines in [[Lobo, Batangas]] at 09:30&nbsp;UTC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Esguerra|first=Darryl John|date=2020-11-01|title=Typhoon Rolly makes 4th landfall in Lobo, Batangas|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1355114/rolly-makes-4th-landfall-in-lobo-batangas|access-date=2020-11-02|website=INQUIRER.net|language=en}}</ref> Interaction with land, plus an increase in wind shear caused Goni to rapidly weakened and it emerged over the [[West Philippine Sea]] as a minimial tropical storm.<ref>{{Cite PAGASA|date=2020-11-01|name=Rolly|intl_name=Goni|type=swb|no=19|category=TY|url=http://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin.pdf|archive-url=https://archive.org/download/pagasa-20-22W/PAGASA_20-22W_Rolly_SWB%2319.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite JTWC|date=2020-11-01|type=warn|category=TS|designation=22W|no=19|name=Goni|url=https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/products/wp2220web.txt|archive-url=https://wiki.chlod.net/jtwc/text/2020-11-01-1450-wp2220web.txt}}</ref>

Revision as of 07:41, 6 November 2020

For other typhoons named Goni, see List of storms named Goni.

Typhoon Goni (Rolly)
Violent typhoon (JMA scale)
Category 5 super typhoon (SSHWS)
Typhoon Goni at peak intensity, shortly before landfall, on October 31.
FormedOctober 26, 2020
DissipatedCurrently Active
Highest winds10-minute sustained: 220 km/h (140 mph)
1-minute sustained: 315 km/h (195 mph)
Lowest pressure905 hPa (mbar); 26.72 inHg
Fatalities24 deaths, 3 missing,
Damage$236.7 million (2020 USD)
Areas affectedPhilippines , Vietnam
Part of the 2020 Pacific typhoon season

Typhoon Goni, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Rolly, was an extremely powerful tropical cyclone that made landfall as a Category 5–equivalent super typhoon on Catanduanes in the Philippines and became the strongest landfalling tropical cyclone on record. The nineteenth named storm, ninth typhoon, and second super typhoon of the 2020 Pacific typhoon season, Goni originated as a tropical depression south of Guam on October 26. It was then named as Tropical Storm Goni on October 27. On the next day, Goni explosively intensified over the Philippine Sea, becoming a Category 5–equivalent super typhoon on October 30. Goni maintained Category 5 strength for over a day, before making landfall on Catanduanes as an extremely powerful typhoon, with 10-minute sustained winds of 220 km/h (140 mph),[1] and 1-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h (195 mph), with a minimum central pressure of 905 hPa (mbar; 26.72 inHg). It was the strongest tropical cyclone observed worldwide thus far in 2020 and one of the most intense tropical cyclones on record.[2]

Following its first landfall, Goni rapidly weakened while it moved over the Philippines. The storm brought severe flash flooding to Legazpi, as well as lahar flow from the nearby Mayon Volcano. There were widespread power outages as well as damaged power and transmission lines in the Bicol Region. Crops were also heavily damaged. Over 390,000 out of 1 million evacuated individuals have been displaced in the region. Due to the extreme wind speed of the typhoon, two evacuation shelters had their roofing lost. Debris and lahars had also blocked various roads, as well as rendering the Basud Bridge impassible. At least 14 died in Albay, while 6 more died in Catanduanes. At least 4 are reported missing. In all, the typhoon killed at least 24 people and caused at least ₱11.4 billion (US$119.2 million) worth of damage.[3]

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a concern for people in evacuation centers.[4] After it moved into the West Philippine Sea, it subsequently weakened into a tropical storm. It started to move primarily westward, towards Vietnam, eventually reaching the country late November 5th as a tropical depression. International relief from the United Nations as well as several other countries followed soon after the typhoon moved away from the Philippines.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

After Typhoon Molave devastated the Philippines, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) announced the formation of a new tropical depression in the Pacific Ocean, west of the Mariana Islands, on October 27.[5] Given its proximity to the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), along with its westward forecasted track, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) also began issuing advisories on the newly formed system.[6] By into the next day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) had also followed and upgraded the system into a tropical depression.[7] The storm had good outflow and structure as it approached the PAR.[8]

Three tropical cyclones present in the western Pacific Ocean simultaneously on October 28. From left to right: Molave, Goni, and a low-pressure area which later became Atsani (at bottom-right).

As the system continued tracking westward under favorable conditions in the Pacific Ocean, the JMA and JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical storm, with the JMA assigning the name Goni to the intensifying system.[9][10][11] The PAGASA followed with an upgrade to a severe tropical storm a few hours later.[12] Due to the warm waters surrounding the storm, the system underwent rapid intensification and became a typhoon on October 29.[13][14] On October 29, at 09:30 UTC, Goni entered the PAR and was named Rolly by the PAGASA.[15] Early on the following day, the system was declared a super typhoon by the JTWC a few hours later, the second super typhoon of the season, before further intensifying into the first Category 5-equivalent super typhoon of the season by 06:00 UTC on October 30.[16] After undergoing a brief eyewall replacement cycle on October 31, which is a typical process for a storm of such high intensity,[17] it resumed intensifying, with the JTWC, JMA, and Satellite Analysis Branch[18] all assessing Dvorak technique T-numbers of 8.0, the highest on the scale. On this basis, the JTWC estimated 1-minute sustained winds of 315 km/h (195 mph), tying with Haiyan in 2013 and Meranti in 2016 as the highest reliably estimated in the Eastern Hemisphere. Meanwhile, the JMA estimated a central barometric pressure of 905 hPa (mbar; 26.72 inHg) for the storm.[19][20][21]

Typhoon Goni near its peak intensity and over the Philippine Sea on October 30, 2020, showing a very clear pinhole eye.

At 18:00 UTC (2:00 PHT November 1), hours before Goni's first landfall, PAGASA upgraded Goni into a super typhoon. This was the second time that the PAGASA declared a system as a super typhoon since its introduction of the revised Public Storm Warning Signals , the first being Haima in 2016. This is also the second time that the highest tropical cyclone wind signal, Signal #5, was raised in the Philippines.

At 20:50 UTC on October 31, Goni made landfall in Bato, Catanduanes, Philippines, at peak intensity, as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon.[22][23] The JMA and PAGASA both reported 10-minute sustained winds of 220 km/h (140 mph)[24] and 225 km/h (140 mph), respectively.[22] By 1-minute sustained winds, this made Goni the strongest recorded tropical cyclone to ever make landfall anywhere in the world.[19][25] Goni made additional landfalls in Tiwi, Albay at 23:20 UTC and San Narciso, Quezon at 04:00 UTC, on November 1.[26][27] Goni then made its fourth and final landfall in the Philippines in Lobo, Batangas at 09:30 UTC.[28] Interaction with land, plus an increase in wind shear caused Goni to rapidly weakened and it emerged over the West Philippine Sea as a minimial tropical storm.[29][30]

Before exiting the PAR, Goni slightly intensified, but further development was hampered by unfavorable conditions.[31][32] The system left the PAR at 12:00 UTC (8:00 PHT) on November 3.[33]

Goni then lingered over the South China Sea, with its intensity ranging from 40 - 45 mph before briefly weakening again into a 40 mph tropical storm. Goni's convection decoupled from its low-level circulation as a result of anticyclonic shear generated by the nearby Tropical Storm Atsani (Siony) from Northern Luzon. Goni's trough then brought rain and more flooding to an already rain-stricken Vietnam from previous Linfa, Nangka, Ofel and Molave which had all struck a few days earlier.[citation needed]

Preparations

Philippines

Highest PSWS raised by PAGASA across the Philippines in advance of Typhoon Goni

The Bicol Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (RDRRMC) issued a no-sail policy that was put in place on October 29.[34] The Philippine Coast Guard stopped giving travel permits to sea vessels bound for the Polillo Island.[35] On October 30 at 8:00 PHT (0:00 UTC), authorities of Quezon placed the province in red alert in preparation for the storm, which requires operation and monitoring teams to be available at all times as the typhoon worsens. At the same time, the Camarines Norte Incident Management Team began evacuating 35,000 families, around 159,000 people, from high-risk areas, including coastal villages inside the province's bayside capital, Daet.[36] On the same day, the NDRRMC raised a nationwide red alert in preparation for the storm's impact.[37]

The Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, one of the largest COVID-19 sample testing laboratories in the country, announced a temporary suspension of operations on November 1 and 2 in order to mitigate damage to their building and equipment.[36] As the typhoon neared the country, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology had issued advisories warning of possible lahar contamination of nearby rivers and drainage areas near Mount Pinatubo, the Mayon Volcano, and the Taal Volcano.[38][39]

Satellite animation of Typhoon Goni making landfall on Catanduanes Island on October 31

On the morning of the October 31, less than 24 hours before the typhoon made landfall, PAGASA raised a Signal #3 tropical cyclone warning signal for Catanduanes, with the same signal being raised for the northeastern portions of both Albay and Camarines Sur a few hours later.[40][41] Local governments across Camarines Sur began forced evacuations, with the province's Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council expecting the evacuation of 20,000 families before noon.[42] By noon, the Camarines Norte government had evacuated 6,645 individuals from 75 villages out of a planned 159,000.[43] Food packs worth 8.3 million, non-food items worth 26.42 million, and 3 million in stand-by funds were prepared in the Bicol Region by the Department of Social Welfare and Development, together with local disaster response agencies. Evacuation centers in Aurora were also prepared, with some school buildings designated for use as shelters.[44][45] In Metro Manila, mayors of the constituent cities have begun their own preparations for the upcoming typhoon, such as halting construction and ordering the dismantling of tents and other outdoor structures. The Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office of Manila has prepared rescue boats for potential rescue operations.[46]

By evening, PAGASA raised the first Signal #4 tropical cyclone warning of the year in Catanduanes and the eastern portion of Camarines Sur, and in the northern portion of Albay a few hours later.[47][48] By the end of the day, almost a million individuals were evacuated: 749,000 from Albay and 200,000 from Camarines Sur; this exceeded the number of people evacuated ahead of Typhoon Haiyan in 2013.[49][50][25] The Manila International Airport Authority announced that the Ninoy Aquino International Airport would be temporarily closed for 24 hours, beginning 10:00 am the following day.[51] Closures in ports left 1,300 passengers stranded in Bicol and Eastern Visayas.[52] Many existing evacuation centers, usually basketball courts and multi-purpose halls, were already being used by victims of the COVID-19 pandemic, which complicated evacuation for those affected by the typhoon.[53]

Avatar of PAGASA-DOST
Avatar of PAGASA-DOST
 PAGASA-DOST
@dost_pagasa
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

At 2:00 AM today, Typhoon #RollyPH intensified into a Super Typhoon. TCWS #5 will be raised over Catanduanes, Eastern Camarines Sur, and Albay. Catastrophic wind damage is expected.

31 Oct 2020[54]

By the early morning of November 1, hours prior to Goni's landfall, the PAGASA raised Signal #5, the highest tropical cyclone warning signal, in Catanduanes, Albay, and the eastern portion, and eventually the whole, of Camarines Sur.[23] On the morning of Goni's first landfall, the PAGASA raised Signal #4 for the country's capital, Metro Manila.[55] All rail lines, including the Manila Light Rail Transit System and the Manila Metro Rail Transit System suspended operations, along with the EDSA Busway and the PNR Metro Commuter Line.[56]

A total of 480,174 individuals were preemptively evacuated in 8 regions.[57]

Vietnam

According to the National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting, the storm would hit Da Nang and Phu Yen provinces on November 5. On November 3, just two days before the expected landfall, the only preparations done were to institute a no-sail policy within the storm's path which affected about 50,000 fishing boats.[58] The following day, Quang Ngai People's Committee Chairman Dang Van Minh asked those living in landslide-prone areas to evacuate, while the National Committee for Disaster Prevention and Search and Rescue mobilized more than 64,500 people and 1,718 vehicles for rescue operations.[59]

Impact

Philippines

At 20:50 UTC on October 31 (4:50 PHT November 1), Goni made its first landfall in Catanduanes Island at peak intensity, bringing violent, catastrophic winds to areas near the eye of the storm.[60] At least 24 people have died from the typhoon.[3] Around 125 cities and towns were left without electricity after the storms passing.[61] 1,612,893 individuals over 6 regions were affected by the typhoon.[57] Around 16,900 hectares of cropland were damaged, affecting some 18,000 farmers. It is estimated that 66,000 metric tons of rice, corn, and other high value crops were damaged.[62] In its update, the NDRRMC said a total of P8.47 billion (US$175.44 million) worth of roads, bridges, flood control systems, schools and government buildings were damaged in the Cordillera Administrative Region, National Capital Region, Ilocos, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon, Calabarzon (Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon), Mimaropa (Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan), Bicol and Eastern Visayas.[63]

Bicol

By 8:00 PHT (0:00 UTC), power outages were widespread in the Bicol Region, as 10 electric cooperatives reported a loss of power caused by toppled electric posts and damaged transmission lines.[64][65] Two evacuation centers lost their roofs from the force of the wind. In Legazpi, flash floods overwhelmed the local villages, and roads were blocked by debris from the mountains and lahar flow from Mayon Volcano.[66] The lahar submerged at least 180 houses, as well as vehicles and livestock, in the locality of Guinobatan, as well as in Tabaco, Santo Domingo, and Camalig.[67][57] The nearby Basud Bridge, which connects the first and second districts of the province, was also destroyed and rendered impassable due to the lahar,[68] while the famous Cagsawa Ruins were heavily flooded.[69] The Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines reported significant damage to Naga Airport and moderate damage to Legazpi Airport,[70] along with the loss of contact with Virac Airport, the only airport serving the island of Catanduanes.[71]

In Albay, at least 14 people were killed by the storm, one of which was a 5-year-old child that was reportedly washed away by the flood.[72] In Catanduanes, at least 6 were killed.[73] Three were reported missing.[74] In Marinduque, 1 person was reported missing while another was injured after the typhoon triggered flash floods in the province.[75] In Pandan, 222 partially damaged houses had been recorded.[76]

Calabarzon

Laguna de Bay overflowed by 6 ft (1.8 m) due to the rains brought by the typhoon, and nearly 3,000 families were forced to evacuate.[77] Floods in Batangas City reached the roofs of houses,[78] trapping at least 300 families. The Batangas Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council chief requested for more volunteers from regional government agencies to assist with emergency response.[79] The floods subsided by 21:00 PHT on November 2, with 110 individuals having been rescued by the local disaster management team.[57]

Mimaropa

In Marinduque, three municipalities experienced flooding, with Santa Cruz experiencing over 6 feet flood waters.[57] In Oriental Mindoro, one person died, while another was reported missing.[80]

Aftermath

Philippines

Flights and train operations resumed a day after the typhoon's landfall.[81] As of November 5, 2020, the NDRRMC has reported ₱11.2 billion  ($233 million) of infrastructure damages, along with ₱2.92 billion ($60.6 million) of agricultural damage with a combined total of ₱14.2 billion ($293 million) affected areas.[82][83][84]

On October 31, Cavite officials declared the province under a state of calamity from the effects of the typhoon.[85] In Catanduanes, 90% of infrastructure was damaged as reported by the Philippine National Police,[86] with 10,000 or about 65% of houses made of light materials destroyed, and 3,000 or 20% of larger houses either destroyed or damaged.[87] Communication to the island was limited as about 80% of power posts and communication towers were severely damaged,[88] but communication with the island was quickly reestablished on November 2. Damage to the abaca crop on the island caused by the typhoon is estimated to cost ₱400 million, with other crops' totalling ₱200 million.[87]

Costliest Philippine typhoons
Rank Storm Season Damage Ref.
PHP USD
1 Yolanda (Haiyan) 2013 ₱95.5 billion $2.2 billion [89]
2 Odette (Rai) 2021 ₱51.8 billion $1.02 billion [90]
3 Pablo (Bopha) 2012 ₱43.2 billion $1.06 billion [91]
4 Glenda (Rammasun) 2014 ₱38.6 billion $771 million [92]
5 Ompong (Mangkhut) 2018 ₱33.9 billion $627 million [93]
6 Pepeng (Parma) 2009 ₱27.3 billion $581 million [94]
7 Ulysses (Vamco) 2020 ₱20.2 billion $418 million [95]
8 Rolly (Goni) 2020 ₱20 billion $369 million [96]
9
Kristine (Trami) 2024 ₱16 billion $323 million [97]
10 Pedring (Nesat) 2011 ₱15.6 billion $356 million [91]

In the Bicol Region alone, over 96,000 families or about 346,000 individuals were in evacuation centers. 390,028 individuals were displaced from their homes, and 1,103 passengers remain stranded in the ports.[70][98] In Aurora, 9,747 individuals were displaced from their homes.[99] About 226 schools have been damaged by the typhoon, including 7,169 learning materials and 194 computer sets; the majority of which were within Bicol but some were in Mimaropa and Calabarzon.[100] In total, 68.6 million people have been affected by Typhoon Goni in some way, including 724,000 children in the most affected areas.[101]

The NDDRMC had already recommended to not fill evacuation centers completely to comply with social distancing regulations to prevent the spread of COVID-19 before the typhoon struck the country.[102] The Department of Health recommended the usage of modular tents and immediate symptoms screening in evacuation centers,[103][104] while Secretary of Health Francisco Duque III asked local government to deploy safety officers to prevent the spread of the disease.[105] Nevertheless, many health facilities were damaged by the typhoon, and health workers struggled to get to evacuation centers due to floods.[103] In Manila, which had been battling numerous COVID-19 outbreaks, Mayor Francisco Domagoso said that the city struggled to strictly follow health protocols in evacuation centers.[69] Due to the complications encountered when assigning evacuation centers, Congress has since revived talks on the construction of dedicated evacuation centers.[53][103]

On November 2, Camarines Sur officials placed the province under a state of calamity, [106] with Catanduanes doing the same on November 4.[107]

International aid

In addition, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) deployed teams across the Bicol Region and Region IV to assess the needs of those displaced by the Typhoon. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the IOM has also sent personal protective equipment, such as 200,000 face masks, 20,000 bottles of sanitizer, 2,000 face shields, and 500 tents.[62]

Retirement

The name Rolly will be removed from the PAGASA naming lists after the typhoons caused more than ₱14 billion in damage on its onslaught in the country, with a replacement name to be chosen in 2021.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Typhoon 202019 (GONI) – Detailed Wind Information (Japan Meteorological Agency Best Track Data)". Digital Typhoon. National Institute of Informatics. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020.
  2. ^ Samenow, Jason. "Super Typhoon Goni explodes into 2020s strongest storm on Earth, moves toward Philippines". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  3. ^ a b Charm, Neil. "Typhoon Rolly death toll climbs to 24; infra damage at P5.76B | BusinessWorld". Retrieved November 3, 2020.
  4. ^ Ratcliffe, Rebecca (November 2, 2020). "Typhoon Goni: thousands of homes in Philippines feared destroyed". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  5. ^ "Tropical Cyclone Information". Japan Meteorological Agency. October 27, 2020. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2020.
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