Perinatal medicine has made significant advancements in recent decades. This has improved care and outcomes for infants. As we strive to improve neurodevelopmental outcomes, we must understand the influence the maternal/placental/fetal (MPF) triad has on fetal development and postnatal health and disease. Our understanding of the MPF triad remains incomplete, however research is continuing to develop our understanding. Through further research and incorporating what is currently known into how we deliver perinatal care, we have the opportunity to improve outcomes for infants. This review focuses on what is currently known about the structure and function of the placenta and the influence of the MPF triad. Current modalities for assessment of the MPF triad and future avenues for research will also be discussed. Understanding the relationship between the MPF triad, neurodevelopment and long-term health and disease has the potential to open new avenues for disease prevention and treatment through the lifespan.