Abstract

Introduction

The common functional gastrointestinal disorder, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), has a wide variety of presentations (^{Camilleri and Choi 1997}). The etiology is unclear and the syndrome is classified as “functional” due to absence of any organic causes for symptoms. There is a growing body of evidence that it is influenced by psychosocial stressors. The high rates of psychiatric comorbidity in IBS patients indicate that affective symptoms may be a specific and integral part of the syndrome, rather than a specific syndrome related to a chronic intestinal disease (^{Walker et al 1992}).

The incidents of mood and anxiety disorders have been practically well studied in the IBS patient using up-to-date procedures and has resulted in recommendations on how to best detect and integrate their treatment to achieve a better outcome (^{Drossman et al 1999}) and have led to significant improvements in treatment. Psychotherapeutic intervention for patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders is valuable. Underlying personality structure was mislaid in recognizing IBS may be due to the poor quality and doubtful results of early researches (^{Olden 2003}). Personality, as an almost constant characteristic, is a matter of interest influencing pain duration, severity, and functional impairment in different diseases but very little is known about personality in IBS.

The NEO five-factor personality inventory is a widely accepted model because the structure of traits in it is consistent among highly diverse cultures with distinct languages and between men and women, and older and younger adults (^{Costa and McCrae 1997}). This model of personality defines personality traits in terms of five basic dimensions. These dimensions are: extraversion (talkativeness, assertiveness, activity; vs silence, passivity and reserve); agreeableness (kindness, trust, and warmth vs selfishness and distrust); conscientiousness (organization, thoroughness, and reliability vs carelessness, negligence and unreliability); neuroticism (nervousness, moodiness, temperamentality vs emotional stability); and openness to experience (imagination, curiosity, and creativity vs shallowness and imperceptiveness).

There is a serious lack of information on the psychiatric characteristics of IBS patients in the Iranian population. We wished to assess the distribution of personality traits in IBS patients of our community and compare them to Iranian general population and hypothesize significant differences between them.

Methods

Continuous patients attended to university out-patient clinics with a diagnosis of IBS were included. Patients of the current report are part of a large study evaluating nonpsychiatric IBS patients. The diagnosis was established after a stool exam, clinical evaluation, and endoscopy (in some cases) by a gastroenterologist using ROME II criteria for IBS. All patients were clinically investigated to identify the presence of “alarm factors.” Patients were excluded if an organic cause of the condition was possible, or if there was a history of serious somatic disease. All patients gave a written consent. Demographic information, severity and course of illness, and abdominal pain severity over the past week were obtained.

The patients were referred to the first author for psychiatric and psychosomatic assessments, blinded to characteristics of IBS. A history or current symptom of any DSM-IV psychiatric diagnosis on Axis I or seizure disorders also led to exclusion from the study.

Personality dimensions in nonpsychiatric IBS patients were evaluated by the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), a 60-item questionnaire which usually requires 10 to 15 minutes to complete. This questionnaire is rated on a five-point scale to yield scores in five major domains of personality and requires a sixth-grade reading level. Scores of five personality factors measured by NEO are previously described in the Iranian population (^{Garousi et al 2001}). This large scale study determined personality factors in 2000 randomly selected individuals (without established psychiatric disorders) from different provinces of Iran by NEO-FFI.

Data analysis was performed using SPSS^® version 13 statistical package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). The χ² test and student’s t were used to determine the significance of associations between different variables. One sample t test was used to compare our sample with Iranian general population. The overall significance was set at 0.05.

Results

One hundred and sixty six patients with irritable bowel syndrome were enrolled in this study. The mean age (±SD) of them was 33.6(±11.4) years (60.8% female). Our study population had their symptoms for a mean interval of 47.3 month. The bowel problems were provoked by distress in more than 80% of patients. Such symptoms interrupt their daily activities like patients’ job (18.1%), education (7.2%), family (25.3%), and social communications (5.4%) or a combination of these (13.9%).

Forty-six percent of patients experienced abdominal pain less than 3 times a day, 29.4% 3 to 6 times, and 24.5% more than 6 times a day. Pain in female patients was reported to be more frequent (p = 0.004), but both gender described the positive association between emotional stressors and their symptoms (p = 0.179). Mean age or mean duration of the symptoms were not significantly different between male and females.

NEO-FFIshowed a significantly higher level of neuroticism and conscientiousness and lower level of openness and agreeableness in nonpsychiatric IBS patients. Table 1 shows the mean scores of five personality factors in our patients compared to Iranian general population (by NEO FFI) (^{Garousi et al 2001}). Women with IBS had significantly higher levels of openness (27.18 vs 25.67 in male, p = 0.042), conscientiousness (32.93 vs 31.57 in male, p = 0.022), and extraversion (26.51 vs 25.65 in male, p = 0.014) compared to men (shown in Figure 1).

Open in a separate window

Figure 1

Scores of personality factors in irritable bowel syndrome patients defined by gender

Abbreviations: O, openness to experience; C, conscientiousness; E, extraversion; A, agreeableness; N, Neuroticism.

Discussion

The present manuscript, as a part of a larger study was designed to investigate the personality characteristics of nonpsychiatric IBS patients. Emotional states and personality traits may affect the physiology of the gut (^{Guthrie et al 1991}), play a part in how symptoms are experienced and interpreted and can influence treatment (^{Bennet et al 1998; Wooda 1999}). This can be obliging while considering the management strategy to achieve a better outcome in IBS patients which the prevalence has been reported to be 18.4% in our population (^{Drossman et al 1999}).

The five-factor model provides a dimensional account of the structure of normal personality traits, dividing personality into the five broad dimensions. Neuroticism and aggression are reported to be higher in patients with functional gastrointestinal disease without psychiatric comorbidity and personality traits are believed to influence pain reports (^{Tanum and Malt 2001}). A low level of neuroticism and little concealed aggressiveness is reported to predict treatment outcome with the antidepressants in nonpsychiatrics, which was most prominent in women. These personality dimensions were better predictors of outcome compared to serotonergic sensitivity (^{Fock et al 2001}).

Differences between male and female patients with IBS were noticed elsewhere. Significant differences found in the trait neuroticism, extraversion, and conscientiousness was consistent with other studies that suggest women consistently score higher than men on self-reported trait anxiety (^{Talley et al 1990; Tran et al 2006}).

The data for nonpsychiatric individuals drawn from a pool prepared for standardization of the Iranian version of NEO PI-R are among limitations of the present study.

In the current study IBS patients scored higher in neuroticism and conscientiousness and scored lower in agreeableness and openness. Neuroticism is a personality trait characterized by overstated reactivity to physiological changes and unstable emotions. It is also related to emotional regulation, motivation, and interpersonal skills. Centrally targeted medications, such as anxiolytics and low-dose tricyclic antidepressants, which involve inhibitory effects on the sensitivity of the emotional motor system (^{Drossman et al 2002}), are widely used in IBS patients and can balance the neuroticism dimension of such patients.

IBS patients with high self-consciousness may benefit from selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors which increase the extracellular level of the neurotransmitter serotonin. A systematic review on the effectiveness of psychological treatments in IBS is currently being undertaken (^{Creed and Guthrie 1989}), a procedure which may help balance the agreeableness and openness dimensions of personality.

The present study gives added evidence of differences between IBS patients and the general population. This may help to focus the management plan to obtain a better outcome. There are evidences of differences of personality dimensions according to symptom-based subtypes of IBS (^{Tanum and Malt 2000}), which will be considered in our later studies.

Footnotes

References