| PMC full text: | Curr Opin Immunol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 Sep 27. Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Immunol. 2009 Apr; 21(2): 233–240. Published online 2009 Mar 21. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.03.002 |
Table 2
Opportunities for Improving ACT for the Treatment of Human Cancer*
| Approach | Selected Examples |
|---|---|
| 1. Genetic modification of lymphocytes to introduce new recognition specificities | α-β TCR chimeric TCR |
| 2. Genetic modification of lymphocytes to alter function functions of T cells | costimulatory molecules (CD8, 41BB) cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, IL-15) homing molecules (CD62L, CCR7) prevention of apoptosis (Bcl-2) |
| 3. Modify host lymphodepletion | selective depletion of CD4+ cells or T regulatory cells |
| 4. Block inhibitory signals on reactive lymphocytes | antibodies to CTLA-4 or PD-1 |
| 5. Administer vaccines to stimulate transferred cells | recombinant virus, peptides, dendritic cells |
| 6. Administer alternative cytokines to support cell growth | IL-15, IL-21, IL-12 |
| 7. Stimulate antigen presenting cells | toll-like receptor agonists |
| 8. Generate less differentiated lymphocytes | select effector memory cells; alter growth promoting cytokines in vitro |
| 9. Overcome antigen escape variants | NK cells |
*(modified from reference 6)