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Figure 3.

Figures 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D are forest plots indicating the odds ratio with 95 percent confidence intervals and percentage weight for the maternal smoking during pregnancy and overall risk of rhinoconjunctivitis-crude models (Overall, I-squared = 0.0 percent, p equals 0.591), maternal smoking during pregnancy and overall risk of rhinoconjunctivitis-adjusted models (Overall, I-squared = 0.0 percent, p equals 0.450), secondhand smoke exposure during infancy C asthma rhinoconjunctivitis-crude models (Overall, I-squared = 0.0 percent, p equals 0.510), and secondhand smoke exposure during infancy and overall risk of rhinoconjunctivitis-adjusted models (Overall, I-squared = 0.0 percent, p equals 0.437), respectively, observed in five cohorts, namely, BAMSE, GINIplus, LISAplus, MAS, and PIAMA.
Figures 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D are forest plots indicating the odds ratio with 95 percent confidence intervals and percentage weight for the maternal smoking during pregnancy and overall risk of rhinoconjunctivitis-crude models (Overall, I-squared = 0.0 percent, p equals 0.591), maternal smoking during pregnancy and overall risk of rhinoconjunctivitis-adjusted models (Overall, I-squared = 0.0 percent, p equals 0.450), secondhand smoke exposure during infancy C asthma rhinoconjunctivitis-crude models (Overall, I-squared = 0.0 percent, p equals 0.510), and secondhand smoke exposure during infancy and overall risk of rhinoconjunctivitis-adjusted models (Overall, I-squared = 0.0 percent, p equals 0.437), respectively, observed in five cohorts, namely, BAMSE, GINIplus, LISAplus, MAS, and PIAMA.

Associations between maternal smoking during pregnancy (N=9,016) or any secondhand smoke (SHS) during infancy (N=7,932) and prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis up to 14 y of age in five European birth cohorts. Cohort-specific odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained by generalized estimating equation models. Adjusted for sex, parental education level, parental allergy, older siblings, breastfeeding, study center, intervention arm, and early day-care attendance. Combined OR and 95% CI were derived from cohort-specific OR and 95% CI using a random effects model. Note: BAMSE, Children, Allergy, Milieu, Stockholm, Epidemiology; GINIplus, German Infant Nutritional Intervention; LISA, Influences of Lifestyle-Related Factors on the Immune System and the Development of Allergies in Childhood; MAS, Multicentre Allergy Study; PIAMA, Prevention and Incidence of Asthma and Mite Allergy.

Images in this article

  • Bar graph plotting percentage (y-axis) of asthma across prevalence of asthma in those aged 4 to 6 years, 8 to 10 years, and 14 to 16 years, and prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis in those aged 4 to 6 years, 8 to 10 years, and 14 to 16 years (x-axis) in five cohorts, namely, BAMSE, GINIplus, LISAplus, MAS, and PIAMA.
  • Figures 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D are forest plots indicating the odds ratio with 95 percent confidence intervals and percentage weight for the maternal smoking during pregnancy and overall risk of asthma-crude models (Overall, I-squared = 34.7 percent, p equals 0.190), maternal smoking during pregnancy and overall risk of asthma-adjusted models (Overall, I-squared = 8.1 percent, p equals 0.361), secondhand smoke exposure during infancy and overall risk of asthma-crude models (Overall, I-squared = 0.0 percent, p equals 0.816), and secondhand smoke exposure during infancy and overall risk of asthma-adjusted models (Overall, I-squared = 0.0 percent, p equals 0.877), respectively, observed in five cohorts, namely, BAMSE, GINIplus, LISAplus, MAS, and PIAMA.
  • Figures 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D are forest plots indicating the odds ratio with 95 percent confidence intervals and percentage weight for the maternal smoking during pregnancy and overall risk of rhinoconjunctivitis-crude models (Overall, I-squared = 0.0 percent, p equals 0.591), maternal smoking during pregnancy and overall risk of rhinoconjunctivitis-adjusted models (Overall, I-squared = 0.0 percent, p equals 0.450), secondhand smoke exposure during infancy C asthma rhinoconjunctivitis-crude models (Overall, I-squared = 0.0 percent, p equals 0.510), and secondhand smoke exposure during infancy and overall risk of rhinoconjunctivitis-adjusted models (Overall, I-squared = 0.0 percent, p equals 0.437), respectively, observed in five cohorts, namely, BAMSE, GINIplus, LISAplus, MAS, and PIAMA.
  • Graph plotting odds ratio with 95 percent confidence intervals (y-axis) across early transient, persistent, and adolescent-onset phenotypes (x-axis) for asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis.
  • Graph plotting odds ratio with 95 percent confidence intervals (y-axis) obtained for children aged 1 to 2 years, 4 to 6 years, 8 to 10 years, and 14 to 16 years (x-axis) to examine the association of SHS exposure with asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis.
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