Abstract
The tropical eastern Pacific (TEP) is a biogeographic region with a substantial set of isolated oceanic islands and mainland shoreline habitat barriers, as well as complex oceanographic dynamics due to major ocean currents, upwelling areas, eddies, and thermal instabilities. These characteristics have shaped spatial patterns of biodiversity between and within species of reef and shore fishes of the region, which has a very high rate of endemism. Scorpaenodes xyris, a small ecologically cryptic reef-dwelling scorpionfish, is widely distributed throughout the TEP, including all the mainland reef areas and all the oceanic islands. This wide distribution and its ecological characteristics make this species a good model to study the evolutionary history of this type of reef fish across the breadth of a tropical biogeographical region. Our evaluation of geographic patterns of genetic (mitochondrial and nuclear) variation shows that S. xyris comprises two highly differentiated clades (A and B), one of which contains four independent evolutionary subunits. Clade A includes four sub-clades: 1. The Cortez mainland Province; 2. The Revillagigedo Islands; 3. Clipperton Atoll; and 4. The Galapagos Islands. Clade B, in contrast, comprises a single unit that includes the Mexican and Panamic mainland provinces, plus Cocos Island. This geographical arrangement largely corresponds to previously indicated regionalization of the TEP. Oceanic distances isolating the islands have produced much of that evolutionary pattern, although oceanographic processes likely have also contributed.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Phil Hastings for providing us with samples from Islas Marias; Francisco Martínez, Edgar Acevedo, Yareli López, Omar Valencia, Paola Palmerín, and Eloísa Torres for their help in the field collections. Samples were collected under permits 013/2012 PNG (Ecuador), PPF/DGOPA-035/15, PPF/DGOPA-065/21, and PPF/DGOPA-085/22 (México), 78-Panama (Panamá), R056-2015-OT-CONAGEBIO (Costa Rica), MARN-AIMA-004-2013 (El Salvador). All procedures performed, including field sampling techniques, anesthetic usage and euthanasia techniques and laboratory protocols used in this study were reviewed and approved by a committee of Mexican Ministry of Environmental and Natural Resources (SEMARNAT). AFGA thanks to CoFAA and EDI-IPN Programs, AA and the field sampling in Costa Rica were partially supported by the Vicerrectoría de Investigación of the Universidad de Costa Rica through the project C2763. Thanks to the Mexican Navy that provided generous logistical support to work on Revillagigedo Islands (Socorro and Clarion islands). Thanks to CIPRES Cyberinfrastructure for Phylogenetic Research XSEDE for their computational support.
Funding
MEBH and RGBL were suported by posgraduate scolarship from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología 3298882 and 572928 respectively. This work was supported by the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (CIC-2013-2017), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT, Grant No. CB-2014-240875), Island Endemics Foundation, and INECOL.
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Bernal-Hernández, M.E., Beltrán-López, R.G., Robertson, D.R. et al. Cryptic Diversity in Scorpaenodes xyris (Jordan & Gilbert 1882) (Scorpaeniformes: Scorpaenidae) Throughout the Tropical Eastern Pacific. J Mol Evol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-024-10212-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-024-10212-w