"ഫലകം:Infobox carbon" എന്ന താളിന്റെ പതിപ്പുകൾ തമ്മിലുള്ള വ്യത്യാസം

Carbon, ₀₀C
	Graphite (left) and diamond (right), two allotropes of carbon
Carbon
Allotropes	graphite, diamond and more (see Allotropes of carbon)
Appearance	graphite: black; diamond: clear;
Standard atomic weight Ar°(C)
	ഫലകം:Infobox element/standard atomic weight format
Carbon in the periodic table
	boron ← carbon → nitrogen
Group	group 14 (carbon group)
Period	period 2
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[He] 2s2 2p2
Electrons per shell	2, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Sublimation point	3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3 ; graphite: 2.267 g/cm3 ; diamond: 3.515 g/cm3
Triple point	4600 K, 10,800 kPa
Heat of fusion	graphite: 117 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	graphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K) ; diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.55
Ionization energies	1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Covalent radius	sp3: 77 pm; sp2: 73 pm; sp: 69 pm
Van der Waals radius	170 pm
	Spectral lines of carbon
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	graphite: simple hexagonal ; (black)
Crystal structure	diamond: face-centered diamond-cubic ; (clear)
Speed of sound thin rod	diamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	diamond: 0.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	graphite: 119–165 W/(m⋅K) ; diamond: 900–2300 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	graphite: 7.837 µΩ⋅m
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−5.9·10−6 (graph.) cm3/mol
Young's modulus	diamond: 1050 GPa
Shear modulus	diamond: 478 GPa
Bulk modulus	diamond: 442 GPa
Poisson ratio	diamond: 0.1
Mohs hardness	graphite: 1–2 ; diamond: 10
CAS Number	graphite: 7782-42-5; diamond: 7782-40-3;
History
Discovery	Egyptians and Sumerians (3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier (1789)
Isotopes of carbon ക; തി;
	Template:infobox carbon isotopes does not exist
	വർഗ്ഗം: Carbon; view; talk; edit; \| references

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വ്യത്യാസം കാണൽവിക്കിഎഴുത്ത്

വരിക്കിടയിൽ

12:09, 30 ജനുവരി 2020-നു നിലവിലുള്ള രൂപം

C · Carbon
	^iso C E infobox E isobox	→ H ibox H
[[:Category:\|cat:C]] (0) cat:C-isotopes (0) Commons Wikidata: Wiktionary
indexes by PT (page) ക തി

Data sets read by {{Infobox element}}
Name and identifiers	view edit
Top image	view edit
image caption	view edit
image alt	view edit
Pronunciation	view edit
Category (enwiki)	view edit
Standard atomic weight	view edit
most stable isotope	view edit
Oxidation states	view edit
Spectral lines image	view edit

References

↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357–361. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
↑ Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115–1142. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ "Carbon: Binary compounds". Retrieved 2007-12-06.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
↑ "Material Properties- Misc Materials". www.nde-ed.org. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.
↑ "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
↑ Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24.

Four of these are named references. They may be cited in the containing article as

<ref name="CRC" /> for the source CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
<ref name="triple2" /> for the source by Haaland
<ref name="triple3" /> for the Savvatimskiy
<ref name="ioffe" /> for the Ioffe Institute Database

ഫലകം:വിവരണം/ഭാഗം

[CRC-1] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[triple2-2] Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357–361. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.

[triple3-3] Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115–1142. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.

[4] "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.

[5] "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.

[6] "Carbon: Binary compounds". Retrieved 2007-12-06.

[ioffe-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database

[8] "Material Properties- Misc Materials". www.nde-ed.org. Retrieved 12 November 2016.

[9] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[10] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.

[11] "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.

[12] Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24.

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@@ വരി 1: / വരി 1: @@
 {{infobox element
+|engvar={{{engvar|}}}
 |name=carbon
 |number=6
 |symbol=C
+|abundance=
-|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑr|b|ən}}
+|abundance in earth's crust=
-|pronounce 2={{respell|KAR|bən}}
+|abundance in oceans=
+|abundance in solar system=
 |left=[[boron]]
 |right=[[nitrogen]]
 |above=–
 |below=[[Silicon|Si]]
+|category comment=sometimes considered a [[metalloid]]
-|series=polyatomic nonmetal
-|series comment=sometimes considered a [[metalloid]]
 |group=14
 |period=2
 |block=p
-|allotropes=diamond, graphite
+|allotropes=[[graphite]], [[diamond]], [[Allotropes of carbon|others]]
-|appearance=diamond: clear<br/>graphite: black
+|appearance={{ubl|graphite: black|diamond: clear}}
-|image name=Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg
+|image name=Graphite-and-diamond-with-scale.jpg
-|image name comment=Diamond (left) and graphite (right), the two most well-known allotropes of carbon
-|image name 2=Carbon Spectra.jpg
-|image name 2 comment=Spectral lines of carbon
-|atomic mass=12.011
-|atomic mass 2=1
-|electron configuration=&#91;[[Helium|He]]&#93; 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>2</sup>
 |electrons per shell=2, 4
-|phase=solid
+|phase=
 |density gpcm3nrt=amorphous: 1.8–2.1
 |density gpcm3nrt ref=<ref name="CRC">{{RubberBible86th}}</ref>
-|density gpcm3nrt 2=diamond: 3.515
+|density gpcm3nrt 2=graphite: 2.267
-|density gpcm3nrt 3=graphite: 2.267
+|density gpcm3nrt 3=diamond: 3.515
 |sublimation point K=3915
 |sublimation point C=3642
 |sublimation point F=6588
 |triple point K=4600
-|triple point kPa=10800
+|triple point kPa=10,800
-|triple point ref=<ref name=triple2>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5|title=Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon|year=1976|author=Haaland, D|journal=Carbon|volume=14|pages=357|issue=6}}</ref><ref name=triple3>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027|title=Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)|year=2005|author=Savvatimskiy, A|journal=Carbon|volume=43|pages=1115|issue=6}}</ref>
+|triple point ref=<ref name=triple2>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5|title=Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon|year=1976|author=Haaland, D|journal=Carbon|volume=14|pages=357–361|issue=6}}</ref><ref name=triple3>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027|title=Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)|year=2005|author=Savvatimskiy, A|journal=Carbon|volume=43|pages=1115–1142|issue=6}}</ref>
 |heat fusion=graphite: 117
-|heat capacity=diamond: 6.155
+|heat capacity=graphite: 8.517
-|heat capacity 2=graphite: 8.517
+|heat capacity 2=diamond: 6.155
 |electronegativity=2.55
 |number of ionization energies=6
@@ വരി 47: / വരി 43: @@
 |covalent radius=sp<sup>3</sup>: 77 pm<br/>sp<sup>2</sup>: 73 pm<br/>sp: 69
 |Van der Waals radius=170
-|crystal structure=diamond cubic
+|crystal structure=simple hexagonal
-|crystal structure prefix=diamond:
+|crystal structure prefix=graphite:
-|crystal structure comment=(clear)
+|crystal structure comment=(black)
-|crystal structure 2=simple hexagonal
+|crystal structure 2=diamond cubic
-|crystal structure 2 prefix=graphite
+|crystal structure 2 prefix =diamond:
-|crystal structure 2 comment=(black)
+|crystal structure 2 comment=(clear)
-|oxidation states='''4''', 3,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/36.pdf|title=Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP|accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref> 2, 1,<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/42.pdf|title=Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical|accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref> [[Formaldehyde|0]], [[Carbide|−1]], [[Methanol|−2]], [[Ethane|−3]], '''−4'''<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/comp.html|title=Carbon: Binary compounds|accessdate=2007-12-06}}</ref>
-|oxidation states comment=(a&nbsp;mildly acidic oxide)
 |magnetic ordering=[[diamagnetic]]<ref>[http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds], in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press. </ref>
-|electrical resistivity=
+|electrical resistivity=graphite: 7.837
+|electrical resistivity unit prefix=µ
+|electrical resistivity ref=<ref>{{cite web|title=Material Properties- Misc Materials|url=https://www.nde-ed.org/GeneralResources/MaterialProperties/ET/ET_matlprop_Misc_Matls.htm|website=www.nde-ed.org|accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>
 |electrical resistivity at 0=
 |electrical resistivity at 20=
-|thermal conductivity=diamond: 900-2300
+|thermal conductivity=graphite: 119–165
-|thermal conductivity 2=graphite: 119-165
+|thermal conductivity 2=diamond: 900–2300
 |thermal diffusivity=
 |thermal expansion=
@@ വരി 66: / വരി 62: @@
 |thermal expansion at 25 ref=<ref name=ioffe>[http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/Diamond Properties of diamond], Ioffe Institute Database</ref>
 |speed of sound=
-|speed of sound rod at 20=diamond:&nbsp;18350
+|speed of sound rod at 20=diamond:&nbsp;18,350
 |speed of sound rod at r.t.=
+|magnetic susceptibility= &minus;5.9·10<sup>−6</sup> (graph.)
+|magnetic susceptibility ref= <ref>{{Cite book|title=CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|last=Weast|first=Robert|publisher=Chemical Rubber Company Publishing|year=1984|isbn=978-0-8493-0464-4|location=Boca Raton, Florida|pages=E110|quote=|via=}}</ref>
 |tensile strength=
 |Young's modulus=diamond: 1050
@@ വരി 77: / വരി 75: @@
 |Poisson ratio=diamond: 0.1
 |Poisson ratio ref=<ref name=ioffe/>
-|Mohs hardness=diamond: 10
+|Mohs hardness=graphite: 1&ndash;2
-|Mohs hardness 2=graphite: 1&ndash;2
+|Mohs hardness 2=diamond: 10
-|CAS number=7440-44-0
+|CAS number={{ubl|graphite: 7782-42-5|diamond: 7782-40-3}}<!-- 7440-44-0='carbon' NIST-->
 |isotopes=
-{{infobox element/isotopes decay | link=carbon-11 | mn=11 | sym=C | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=20 [[minute|min]] | dm= [[Beta emission|β<sup>+</sup>]] | de=0.96
+{{infobox element/isotopes decay | link=carbon-11 | mn=11 | sym=C | na=[[synthetic radioisotope|syn]] | hl=20&nbsp;min | dm= [[Beta emission|β<sup>+</sup>]] | de=0.96
- | link1=boron-11 | pn=11 | ps=B}}
+|link1=boron-11 | pn=11 | ps=B}}
 {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | link=carbon-12 | mn=12 | sym=C | na=98.9% | n=6 |firstlinks=yes}}
 {{Infobox element/isotopes stable | link=carbon-13 | mn=13 | sym=C | na=1.1% | n=7 |firstlinks=no}}
-{{infobox element/isotopes decay | link=carbon-14 | mn=14 | sym=C | na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=5730 [[year|y]] | dm=[[Beta emission|β<sup>−</sup>]] | de=0.15 0
+{{infobox element/isotopes decay | link=carbon-14 | mn=14 | sym=C | na=[[trace radioisotope|trace]] | hl=5730&nbsp;y | dm=[[Beta emission|β<sup>−</sup>]] | de=0.156
 |link1=nitrogen-14 | pn=14 | ps=N}}
 |predicted by=
@@ വരി 95: / വരി 93: @@
 |history comment label=Recognized as an element by
 |history comment=[[Antoine Lavoisier]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Senese, Fred|date=2000-09-09|url=http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/inorganic/faq/discovery-of-carbon.shtml|title=Who discovered carbon?|publisher=Frostburg State University|accessdate=2007-11-24}}</ref> (1789)
+|QID=Q623
-}}<noinclude>
+}}<!--
+--><noinclude>
+{{Infobox element/element navigation|symbol=C}}
 {{Template reference list}}
+Four of these are [[WP:REFNAME|named references]]. They may be cited in the containing article as
+* <nowiki><ref name="CRC" /></nowiki> for the source ''CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics''
+* <nowiki><ref name="triple2" /></nowiki> for the source by Haaland
+* <nowiki><ref name="triple3" /></nowiki> for the Savvatimskiy
+* <nowiki><ref name="ioffe" /></nowiki> for the Ioffe Institute Database
 {{documentation|1=Template:Infobox element/doc}}
+[[Category:Templates that generate named references]]
 </noinclude>