Lihat sumber bagi Guatemala

{{Otheruses}}
{{Infobox_Country
|conventional_long_name = Republik Guatemala<br><big>ريڤوبليك ݢواتيمالا</big>
|common_name = Guatemala
|native_name = ''República de Guatemala''
|image_flag = Flag of Guatemala.svg
|image_coat =Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg
|image_map = LocationGuatemala.svg
|national_motto = ''El País de la Eterna Primavera ''<br /> ([[bahasa Inggeris]]: "Tanah Musim Bunga Kekal")
|national_anthem = [[Lagu Kebangsaan Guatemala|Himno Nacional de Guatemala]]
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
|56.01% [[orang Ladino]] / [[Mestizo]]
|41.66% [[orang Maya]]
|1.77% [[Xinca people|Xinca]]
|0.19% [[Afro-Guatemalan]]
|0.13% [[Garifuna]]
|0.24% lain-lain
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2018<ref name="censopoblacion.gt">https://www.censopoblacion.gt/mapas</ref>
|official_languages = [[Bahasa Sepanyol]]
|capital = [[Bandar Raya Guatemala]]
|government_type = [[Sistem kepresidenan|Republik kepresidenan]]
|leader_title1 = [[Presiden Guatemala|Presiden]]
| leader_name1 = [[Bernardo Arévalo]]
| leader_title2 = [[Naib Presiden Guatemala|Naib Presiden]]
| leader_name2 = [[Karin Herrera]]
| area_km2 = 108,889
| area_rank = ke-105
| area_sq_mi = 42,042<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]-->
| percent_water = 0.4
| population_estimate = {{increase}} 17,263,239<ref name=IMF>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=47&pr.y=10&sy=2016&ey=2020&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=258&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2018 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2018
| population_estimate_rank = ke-67
| population_density_km2 = 129
| population_density_sq_mi = 348.6
| population_density_rank = 85th
| GDP_PPP = $145.249 billion<ref name=IMF/>
| GDP_PPP_rank = 75th
| GDP_PPP_year = 2018
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,413<ref name=IMF/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ke-118
| GDP_nominal = $79.109 bilion<ref name=IMF/>
| GDP_nominal_rank = ke-68
| GDP_nominal_year = 2018
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $4,582<ref name=IMF/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ke-103
| Gini = 48.3 <!--number only-->
| Gini_year = 2014
| Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=GT |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) |publisher=[[Bank Dunia]] |website=data.worldbank.org |access-date=7 Mac 2019}}</ref>
| Gini_rank = 
| HDI = 0.663 <!--number only-->
| HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 Disember 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = ke-127
|currency = [[quetzal Guatemala|Quetzal]] AS$1= Q 7.60
|currency_code = GTQ
|country_code = 
|time_zone = 
|utc_offset = -6
|time_zone_DST = 
|utc_offset_DST = 
|cctld = [[.gt]]
|calling_code = 502
|footnotes = 
}}
'''Guatemala''' atau secara rasminya '''Republik Guatemala''' ({{lang-es|República de Guatemala|links=no}}) ialah sebuah negara di [[Amerika Tengah]] yang disempadani [[Mexico]] di barat laut, [[Lautan Pasifik]] di barat laut, [[Belize]] dan [[Laut Caribbean]] di timur laut,  [[Honduras]] dan [[El Salvador]] di tenggara. Negara ini paling banyak kependudukannya di rantau Amerika Tengah dengan jumlah penduduk melebihi 17.2 juta orang,{{UN_Population|ref}} ia berperanan utama dari segi sejarah sebagai sebuah pusat utama kebudayaan [[Pra-Columbia]], khususnya [[kebudayaan Maya]]. Banyak tapak yang mempunyai kepentingan [[arkeologi]] utama telah ditemui, termasuk puing-puing kota kuno di [[Tikal]]. Bilangan tapak yang besar ini menyebabkan [[BBC]] menamakan Guatemala sebagai sebuah destinasi kebudayaan yang teratas di dunia, dan membantunya mendapatkan arus pelancong yang sihat (1.4 juta pada tahun 2006). Selain daripada [[pelancongan]], [[ekonomi]] Guatemala bergantung terutamanya kepada [[pertanian]], dengan [[kopi]] dan [[gula]] merupakan antara [[eksport]] utamanya. 

Guatemala ialah sebuah [[demokrasi perwakilan]], dengan ibu negaranya di [[Bandar Raya Guatemala]]. Sungguhpun negara ini agak stabil sejak tahun [[1996]], sejarah Guatemala baru-baru ini telah dilanda oleh [[perang saudara]] dan [[rampasan kuasa]] ketenteraan yang telah melembapkan proses pembangunan negara. Banyak kawasan dalaman Guatemala masih tidak dibangun sama sekali, termasuk banyak [[hutan hujan]] dan [[tanah lembap]]. Guatemala yang mempunyai banyak ekosistem yang unik dan penting dari segi [[biologi]] telah menyumbangkan kepada penentuan [[Mesoamerika]] sebagai sebuah [[kawasan biokepelbagaian titik panas]] yang penting. <ref>{{cite web |title= Gambaran Keseluruhan Titik Panas Biokepelbagaiaan Mesoamerika |publisher= Pemuliharaan Antarabangsa |url= http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/mesoamerica/  |accessdate= 2007-02-01 }}</ref>

== Penamaan ==
Nama "Guatemala" berasal daripada perkataan ''Cuauhtemallan'' yang membawa pengertian "tanah banyak pokok". Inilah nama yang diberikan kepada ibu kota puak [[Cakchiquel]] oleh askar-askar bertuturan [[bahasa Nahuatl]] dari [[Tlaxcalla]] yang tiba dengan orang-[[orang Sepanyol]]. Nama itu kemudian dibuat lebih umum oleh orang-orang Sepanyol untuk digunakan sebagai nama [[negara]] ini.

== Sejarah ==
{{main|Sejarah Guatemala}}
[[Fail:Elmiradortigre.jpg|320px|thumb| '' "El Tigre Complex", di El Mirador''.]]
[[Fail:Nakbe_str.JPG|right|320px|thumb| ''Nakbé, puing istana Zaman Praklasik Pertengahan, Lembangan Mirador, Petén, Guatemala'']]

=== Zaman Pra-Columbia ===
Terdapat bukti pertama yang menunjukkan bahawa peneroka di Guatemala telah wujud sejak [[Milenium ke-10 SM|10,000 SM]] lagi, walaupun sebilangan bukti yang lain, seperti mata panah [[obsidian]] yang ditemui di pelbagai tempat di negara itu, mentarikhkan peristiwa itu sebagai pada tahun 18,000 SM. Terdapat juga bukti [[arkeologi]] yang menunjukkan bahawa para peneroka Guatemala yang awal merupakan pemburu dan pengumpul, tetapi sampel-sampel [[debunga]] dari [[Petén]] dan pantai [[Lautan Pasifik|Pasifik]] menunjukkan bahawa [[penanaman]] [[Pokok Jagung|jagung]] telah dikembangkan menjelang [[abad ke-35 SM|3500 SM]]. Tapak-tapak kuno telah didokumenkan di [[Departmen Quiché|Quiché]] dan di [[Sipacate]], [[Escuintla]] yang terletak di pantai Pasifik tengah ([[Milenium ke-7 SM|6500 SM]]).

Para [[ahli arkeologi]] membahagikan sejarah [[Mesoamerika]] [[pra-Columbia]] kepada tiga zaman: 
* Zaman Pra-Klasik dari [[abad ke-20 SM|2000 SM]] hingga [[250|250 Masihi]]
* Zaman Klasik dari 250 hingga [[900|900 Masihi]]
* Zaman Pasca Klasik dari 900 hingga [[1500]].

Sehingga baru-baru ini, Zaman Pra-Klasik dianggap sebagai tempoh pembentukan, dengan petani-petani tinggal di desa-desa yang kecil yang tidak mempunyai banyak bangunan tetap. Bagaimanapun, tanggapan ini telah dicabar oleh penemuan-penemuan [[seni bina]] yang tersergam dan bersejarah baru-baru ini. Contoh-contohnya termasuk:
* mazbah di [[La Blanca]], [[San Marcos]] yang lebih kurang 3 mt. diameternya yang wujud sejak [[1000-an SM|1000 SM]]; 
* tapak-tapak istiadat di Miraflores dan El Naranjo yang wujud sejak [[800-an SM|800 SM]];
* topeng-topeng terawal yang tersergam dan bersejarah;
* kota-kota di [[Lembangan Mirador]] di [[Nakbé]], Xulnal, Tintal, Wakná, dan [[El Mirador]]. 

El Mirador merupakan kota yang mempunyai paling banyak penduduk di Amerika Pra-Columbia, dan mengandungi [[piramid]] yang terbesar di dunia, dengan isi padu sebanyak 2,800,000 meter padu (lebih kurang 200,000 lebih banyak, berbanding dengan [[Piramid Agung Kufu]] di [[Mesir]]). Mirador ialah negara pertama di Amerika yang terurus dari segi politik, dan dinamai "Kemaharajaan Kan" dalam teks-teks kuno. Adanya 26 buah kota dengan kesemuanya dikaitkan dengan Sacbeob ([[lebuh raya]]) yang banyak kilometer panjangnya, sehingga 40 meter lebarnya, dan 2 - 4 meter tingginya. Lebuh-lebuh raya itu diturap dengan simen halus yang dapat juga dilihat dengan jelas dari udara di antara hutan-[[hutan hujan]] dara tropika yang meluas di Mesoamerika.

[[Zaman Klasik]] bagi tamadun [[Mesoamerika]] merupakan kemuncak [[Tamadun Maya]], dan dibayangkan oleh tapak-tapak tidak terkira banyaknya di seluruh Guatemala, walaupun tumpuan yang terbesar ialah di [[Petén]]. Zaman ini dicirikan oleh pembangunan kota yang bersungguh-sungguh, perkembangan negara-negara kota yang merdeka, serta hubungan dengan kebudayaan-kebudayaan Mesoamerika yang lain. Zaman ini berlangsung sehingga sekitar 900 Masihi ketika, tanpa sebarang alasan yang dapat difahami oleh para ahli arkeologi, tamadun Maya merosot dan meninggalkan banyak daripada kota-kotanya di [[tanah pamah]] tengah. 

Zaman Pasca Klasik dibayangkan oleh kemaharajaan-kemaharajaan wilayah seperti Itzá dan Ko'woj di kawasan-kawasan tasik di Petén, Mam, Ki'ch'es, Kack'chiquel, Tz'utuh'il, Pokom'chí, Kek'chi, serta Chortí di Tanah Tinggi. Kota-kota ini memeliharakan banyak aspek kebudayaan Maya tetapi tidak pernah berupaya untuk mencapai saiz dan kuasa yang setanding dengan kota-kota klasik.

=== Zaman penjajahan ===
[[Fail:Capuchinas.jpg|thumb|320px|Biara Capuchinas di [[Antigua Guatemala]].]]

Selepas menemui [[Dunia Baru]], [[Sepanyol]] melancarkan banyak ekspedisi yang aman ke Guatemala, mulai dari tahun [[1518]]. Tidak lama kemudian, hubungan Sepanyol mengakibatkan [[wabak]] yang memusnahkan masyarakat asli (dipercayai sebagai [[penyakit Viruela]], [[cacar]] Sepanyol), berdasarkan huraian dalam buku "[[Memorial de Sololá]]". 

[[Hernán Cortés]] yang mengetuai [[penaklukan Mexico oleh Sepanyol|penaklukan Mexico]] memberikan kebenaran kepada Kapten [[Pedro de Alvarado]] untuk menaklukkan tanah ini. Alvarado pada mula-mulanya bersekutu dengan negara [[Cakchiquel]] untuk bertempur melawan negara [[Quiché]], pesaing tradisionalnya. Alvarado kemudian mengkhianati Cakchiquel, dan membawa seluruh kawasan itu di bawah penguasaan Sepanyol.

Semasa zaman penjajahan, Guatemala merupakan sebuah kawasan [[Kapten Jeneral]] (Capitanía General de Goathemala) [[Sepanyol]], dan sebahagian [[Sepanyol Baru]] (Mexico). Wilayah itu terbentang dari kawasan [[Soconusco]] - kini di Mexico selatan (negeri-negeri [[Chiapas]], dan [[Tabasco]]) - sehingga [[Costa Rica]]. Kawasan ini tidak kaya dengan [[galian]] ([[emas]] dan [[Logam perak|perak]]) berbanding dengan Mexico dan [[Peru]], dan oleh itu, tidak dianggap penting. Keluaran-keluarannya yang utama termasuk [[Pokok Tebu|tebu]], [[Pokok Koko|koko]], pewarna [[añil]] [[biru]], pewarna [[merah]] daripada serangga [[Dactylopius coccus|kokineal]], serta kayu-kayu berharga yang digunakan untuk kerja seni gereja dan istana di Sepanyol.

Ibu kotanya yang pertama, [[Tecpan]] Goatemalan, yang diasaskan pada [[25 Julai]] [[1524]] dengan nama ''Villa de Santiado de Goathemala'', terletak berdekatan [[Iximché]], ibu kota [[Kak'chik'el]]. Ia dipindah ke [[Ciudad Vieja]] pada [[22 November]] [[1527]] apabila Kak'chik'el menyerang kota itu. Pada [[11 September]] [[1541]], kota itu banjir ketika [[lagun]] di [[kawah]] [[Gunung Berapi Agua]] runtuh, akibat hujan lebat serta [[gempa bumi]], dan dipindah 4 [[Batu (ukuran)|batu]] ke [[Antigua Guatemala]] di Lembah Panchoy, kini salah satu [[Tapak Warisan Dunia]] [[UNESCO]]. Kota ini dimusnahkan oleh beberapa gempa bumi pada tahun-tahun [[1773]]-[[1774]], dan Raja Sepanyol memberikan kebenaran untuk memindahkan kawasan Kapten Jeneral itu ke kawasan kini di Virgen de El Carmen yang terletak di Lembah Ermita (dinamai sempena nama sebuah Gereja Katolik). Kawasan yang baru ini diasaskan pada [[2 Januari]] [[1776]].

=== Kemerdekaan ===
Pada [[15 September]] [[1821]], Guatemala mengisytiharkan [[kemerdekaan]] daripada [[Sepanyol]]. Republik Guatemala yang baru ini merangkumi kawasan Soconusco, kebanyakan [[Belize]], serta apa yang kini merupakan negara-negara [[El Salvador]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], dan [[Costa Rica]]. Penduduk-penduduknya sebanyak 1.5 juta orang tertumpu di pusat-pusat bandar.

Pada [[3 Oktober]] [[1821]], kawasan Kapten Jeneral Guatemala, (terdiri daripada Chiapas, Guatemala, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, dan Honduras) mengisytiharkan kemerdekaan daripada Sepanyol dan penggabungannya ke dalam [[Empayar Mexico]]. Kawasan tersebut telah ditaklukkan oleh Sepanyol Baru pada sepanjang zaman penjajahan tetapi dari segi praktik, ditadbirkan secara berasingan. Kesemua kawasan ini kecuali Chiapas tidak lama kemudian berpisah daripada Mexico selepas Agustín I dari Mexico dipaksa turun takhta.

Kesemua provinsi Guatemala membentuk [[Provinsi-provinsi Bersatu Amerika Tengah]] yang juga dikenali sebagai Persekutuan Amerika Tengah (Federacion de Estados Centroamericanos). Ibu negaranya dikekalkan di [[Bandar Raya Guatemala]] yang masih merupakan bandar raya yang mempunyai paling banyak penduduk di [[Amerika Tengah]] pada hari ini.

Sebuah tempoh politik yang tidak stabil menyusul, diburukkan oleh kejatuhan pasaran dunia untuk pewarna añil ([[nila]]), keluaran eksport Guatemala yang utama ke [[Eropah]], disebabkan oleh rekaan pewarna tiruan. Ini mengakibatkan setiap provinsi meninggalkan Persekutuan antara tahun-tahun [[1838]] dan [[1840]], mulai dengan Costa Rica. Oleh itu, Guatemala menjadi sebuah negara merdeka.

Guatemala telah lama menuntut seluruh atau sebahagian kawasan [[Belize]] yang berjiran, dahulu sebahagian tanah jajahan Sepanyol dan kemudian diduduki oleh [[United Kingdom]] secara haram. Guatemala mengakui kemerdekaan Belize pada tahun [[1991]], tetapi pertikaian wilayah mereka tidak dapat diatasi. Perundingan-perundingan kini masih diadakan di bawah naungan [[Pertubuhan Negara-negara Amerika]] untuk menyelesaikannya. Sila lihat [http://www.asil.org/insights/insigh59.htm laman-laman web Asil] dan [http://www.oas.org/main/main.asp?sLang=E&sLink=http://www.oas.org/oaspage/searchform.asp OAS.] (Sumber utama: ''Historia General de Guatemala''. ISBN 84-88622-07-4)

== Politik ==
{{morepolitics|country=Guatemala}}

[[Politik]] Guatemala berlaku di dalam rangka [[republik]] [[demokrasi perwakilan]] [[sistem kepresidenan]], dengan [[Presiden Guatemala|presidennya]] merupakan kedua-dua [[ketua negara]] serta [[ketua kerajaan]], dan dalam rangka sistem berbilang parti politik. [[Kuasa eksekutif]] dipegang oleh kerajaan, manakala [[kuasa perundangan]] dipegang oleh kedua-dua [[kerajaan]] dan [[Kongres Republik Guatemala|Kongres Republik]]. [[Badan kehakiman]] adalah bebas daripada badan eksekutif dan perundangan.

== Bahagian pentadbiran ==
{{main|Departmen-departmen Guatemala}}

[[Fail:GuatemalaProvs.PNG|right|250px|thumb|''Departmen-departmen Guatemala'']]
Guatemala dibahagikan kepada 22 buah [[Departmen (entiti subnasional)|departmen]] (''departamentos'') yang dibahagikan pula kepada lebih kurang 332 buah kawasan perbandaran (''municipios'').

[[Departmen-departmen Guatemala]] termasuk:
<table><td><ol>
<li>[[Alta Verapaz]]
<li>[[Baja Verapaz]]
<li>[[Departmen Chimaltenango|Chimaltenango]]
<li>[[Departmen Chiquimula|Chiquimula]]
<li>[[Petén (departmen)|Petén]]
<li>[[Departmen El Progreso|El Progreso]]
<li>[[Quiché (departmen)|El Quiché]]
<li>[[Departmen Escuintla|Escuintla]]
<li>[[Departmen Guatemala|Guatemala]]
<li>[[Departmen Huehuetenango|Huehuetenango]]
<li>[[Departmen Izabal|Izabal]]
</td></ol><td><ol start=12>
<li>[[Departmen Jalapa|Jalapa]]
<li>[[Departmen Jutiapa|Jutiapa]]
<li>[[Departmen Quetzaltenango|Quetzaltenango]]
<li>[[Departmen Retalhuleu|Retalhuleu]]
<li>[[Sacatepéquez (departmen)|Sacatepéquez]]
<li>[[Departmen San Marcos|San Marcos]]
<li>[[Departmen Santa Rosa, Guatemala|Santa Rosa]]
<li>[[Departmen Sololá|Sololá]]
<li>[[Departmen Suchitepéquez|Suchitepéquez]]
<li>[[Departmen Totonicapán|Totonicapán]]
<li>[[Departmen Zacapa|Zacapa]]
</td></ol></table>

Guatemala amat terpusat. [[Pengangkutan]], [[komunikasi]], [[perniagaan]], [[politik]], serta kebanyakan kegiatan bandar yang relevan berlaku di [[Bandar Raya Guatemala]], bandar raya yang terbesar di Amerika Tengah. 

Bandar Raya Guatemala mempunyai lebih kurang 2 juta orang penduduk di dalam had kawasan bandar rayanya dan melebihi 5 juta orang di kawasan bandar. Ini merupakan peratusan penduduk negara yang agak besar (12 juta orang).

== Geografi ==
Terletak paling utara di antara negara-negara Amerika Tengah. Luas daratannya sedikit lebih kecil dari Provinsi Kalimantan Barat ini, berjiran dengan Mexico di utara, barat dan timur, Belize, Honduras, dan El Salvador di timur.
Kecuali daerah pesisir selatan dan dataran rendah Petern yang luas di utara, daerah Guatemala kebanyakan bergunung, dengan iklim tropika panas - lebih mesra di dataran tinggi, dan lebih kering di jabatan yang paling timur. Seluruh bandar besar terletak di setengah bahagian selatan dari negara tersebut; bandar besarnya adalah ibu kota Guatemala City, Quetzaltenango dan Escuintla.
Tasik besar Lago de Izabal terletak di berhampiran pesisir Caribbean.

== Ekonomi ==
Guatemala mempunyai KDNK per kapita sebanyak US $ 5.000, namun negara-negara membangun ini masih menghadapi masalah - masalah sosial dan termasuk dalam 10 negara termiskin di Amerika Latin.Angka endapatan per kapita dan jurang sosial menunjukkan bahawa hampir separuh daripada populasi penduduk berada di dalam angka kemiskinan dan lebih dari 400.000 penduduk berada dalam pengangguran. CIA World Fact Book menganggarkan sekitar 56.2% daripada penduduk Guatemala berada dalam kemiskinan.Hasil eksport Guatemala berupa buah - buahan, sayur mayur, bunga, kerajinan tangan, pakaian.
Sektor pertanian membentuk 1 / 4 dari KDNK Guatemala, 2 / 3 eksport, dan 1 / 2 dari tenaga kerja. Kopi, gula, dan pisang adalah produk utama. Pengeluaran dan pembinaan membentuk 1 / 5 KDNK.
Menandatangani perjanjian perdamaian pada Disember 1996, yang menamatkan 36 tahun perang saudara, menyingkirkan rintangan utama bagi pelaburan asing. Pada 1998, Hurikan Mitch menyebabkan sedikit kerosakan bagi Guatemala berbanding dengan negara-negara jirannya.
Cabaran yang masih perlu dihadapi adalah meningkatkan pendapatan kerajaan, meningkatkan bantuan dari penderma antarabangsa, dan meningkatkan kecekapan dan keterbukaan baik kerajaan dan operasi peribadi sektor kewangan.

== Demografi ==

''Untuk rencana lanjutan, lihat [[Demografi Guatemala]]''

== Budaya ==

''Untuk rencana lanjutan, lihat [[Budaya Guatemala]]''

== Lihat juga ==

* [[Daftar negara]]

<!---
== Geografi ==
{{main|Geography of Guatemala}}
[[Image:Gt-map.jpg|framed|Map of Guatemala]]

Guatemala is mountainous, except for the south coastal area and the northern vast lowlands of [[Petén (department)|Petén]] department. Two mountain chains enter Guatemala from west to east, dividing the country into three major regions: the highlands, where the mountains are located; the Pacific coast, south of the mountains; and the Petén region, north of the mountains. All major cities are located in the highlands and Pacific coast regions; by comparison, Petén is sparsely populated. These three regions vary in climate, elevation, and landscape, providing dramatic contrasts between hot and humid tropical lowlands and colder and drier highland peaks. [[Volcán Tajumulco]], at 4,220 meters, is the highest point in Central America.
[[Image:Semuc-Champey.jpg|thumb|left| Semuc Champey pools in the Cahanón River, [[Alta Verapaz]], Guatemala]]
[[Image:Guatemalahighlands.jpg‎ |left|250px|thumb|''Guatemala Highlands'']]
The rivers are short and shallow in the Pacific vertient, larger and deeper, such as the Polochic which drains in Lake Izabal [[Río Dulce]],([[Motagua]]) and Sartún that forms the boundary with [[Belize]] in the [[Caribbean]] and the [[Gulf of Mexico]] vertient ([[Usumacinta]], which forms the boundary between [[Chiapas]], [[Mexico]] and Petén and its tributaries such as [[La Pasión]] and [[San Pedro]]. 

===Bencana semula jadi===

Guatemala's location on the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean makes it a target for [[hurricane]]s, including [[Hurricane Mitch]] in 1998 and [[Hurricane Stan]] in October of 2005, which killed more than 1,500 people. The damage was not wind related, but rather due to significant flooding.

Guatemala's highlands lie atop the boundary between the [[Caribbean Plate|Caribbean]] and [[North American Plate|North American]] [[tectonic plates]], and thus are subject to frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity. Guatemala has 37 volcanoes, four of them active: [[Pacaya]], [[Santiaguito]], [[Fuego]] and [[Tacaná]]. The last major earthquake was on February 4, 1976, and killed more than 25,000 in the Central Highlands.

== Ekonomi ==
{{main|Economy of Guatemala}}

Guatemala is the largest and most populous country in [[Central America]]. The agricultural sector accounts for about one-fourth of GDP, two-fifths of exports, and half of the labor force. [[Coffee]], [[sugar]], [[textiles]], fresh [[vegetables]], and [[banana]]s are the country's main exports. Also economically important are [[remittances]] from Guatemalans working abroad. The rate of [[inflation]] was 5.7% in [[2006]].

Miscellaneous data: 
*Electricity  consumption: 6.649 billion kWh (2004)  
*Electricity  exports: 464 million kWh (2004)  
*Electricity imports: 41 million kWh (2004)
*Oil production: 22,300 bbl/day (2005 est.)  
*Oil  consumption: 67,000 bbl/day (2004 est.)
*Telephones - main lines in use: 1,132,100 (2004)  
*Telephones - mobile cellular: 3,168,300 (2004)
*Natural gas  proved reserves: 3.087 billion cu m (1 January 2005 est.Radio broadcast stations: AM 130, FM 487, shortwave 15 (2000)  
*Radios: 835,000 (1997)
*Television broadcast stations: 26 (plus 27 repeaters) (1997), Televisions: 1.323 million (1997)
*Airports: 450 (2006).
*Airports with paved runways: total: 11, 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3, 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2, 914 to 1,523 m: 4, under 914 m: 2 (2006).  
*Airports  with unpaved runways: total: 439, 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1, 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8, 914 to 1,523 m: 111, under 914 m: 319, (2006)  
*Pipelines: Oil 480 km (2006).  Railways: total: 886 km narrow gauge: 886 km 0.914-m gauge (2005)  
*Roadways: total: 14,095 km paved: 4,863 km (including 75 km of expressways), unpaved: 9,232 km (1999). 
*Waterways: 990 km note: 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable during high-water season (2004)  
*Ports and terminals: Puerto Quetzal, Santo Tomas de Castilla.  

The [[1996]] peace accords that ended the decades-long [[Guatemalan Civil War|Civil War]] removed a major obstacle to foreign investment. 

In [[March]] [[2005]], despite massive street protests, Guatemala's congress ratified the [[Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement|Dominican Republic - Central American Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA)]] between several Central American nations and the [[United States]].<ref>[http://web.amnesty.org/report2006/gtm-summary-eng "Guatemala Report 2006: Summary Review"] ''Amnesty International'', 2006, retrieved January 26, 2007.</ref> Guatemala also has free trade agreements with [[Taiwan]] and [[Colombia]].

== Demografi ==
{{main|Demographics of Guatemala}}
According to the CIA [[World Fact Book]], [[Mestizo]]s, known as [[Ladino people|Ladinos]] in Central America, (mixed [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]]-Spanish, or pure Amerindian but Spanish-speaking) and people of European descent (primarily of [[Spanish people|Spanish]], but also those of [[Germans|German]], [[English people|English]], [[Italian people|Italian]], and [[Scandinavia|Scandinavian]] descent) comprise 60% of the population while Amerindians comprise approximately 40% ([[Quiché|K'iche]] 9.1%, [[Cakchiquel|Kaqchikel]] 8.4%, [[Mam]] 7.9%, [[Q'eqchi]] 6.3%, other Mayan 8.6% of the population [http://www.cyborlink.com/besite/guatemala.htm]. There is also a growing [[Koreans|Korean]] community in Guatemala City and in nearby [[Mixco]], currently numbering about 50,000. 

Though most of Guatemala's population is rural, [[urbanization]] is accelerating. [[Guatemala City]] (approx. 3 million residents) is expanding at a rapid rate, and [[Quetzaltenango]], the second largest city (approx. 300 thousand residents), is growing as well. Rural-to-urban migration is fuelled by a combination of government neglect of the countryside, low farm gate prices, oppressive labor conditions on rural plantations, the high concentration of arable land in the hands of a few wealthy families, and the (often unrealistic) perception of higher wages in the city. 

The predominant religion is [[Roman Catholicism]]. [[Protestantism]] and traditional [[Maya civilization|Mayan]] religions are practiced by an estimated 33% and 1% of the population, respectively. It is common for traditional Mayan practices to be incorporated into Christian ceremonies and worship, a phenomenon known as [[syncretism]].

In 1900, Guatemala had a population of 885,000 [http://www.library.uu.nl/wesp/populstat/Americas/guatemac.htm]. Over the course of the twentieth century the population of the country grew by a factor of fourteen, the fastest growth rate in the Western Hemisphere. The ever-increasing pattern of emigration to the [[United States]] has led to the growth of Guatemalan communities in [[California]], [[Florida]], [[Illinois]], [[New York]],[[Texas]] and elsewhere since the 1970s.

==Bahasa==
[[Image:Idiomasmap.jpg|thumb|right| Language Map of Guatemala, according to the ''Comisión de Oficialización de los Idiomas Indígenas de Guatemala'']]
Although [[Spanish language|Spanish]] is the official language, it is not universally spoken among the indigenous population, nor is it often spoken as a second language. Twenty-one distinct [[Mayan language]]s are  spoken, especially in rural areas, as well as several non-Mayan [[Amerindian]] languages, such as the indigenous [[Xinca language|Xinca]], and [[Garifuna]], an [[Arawakan]] language spoken on the Caribbean coast. Twenty-three languages are recognized as National Languages according to DECRETO NÚMERO 19-2003.

The Peace Accords signed in December [[1996]] provide for the translation of some official documents and voting materials into several indigenous languages (see summary of main substantive accords) and mandate the provision of interpreters in legal cases for non-Spanish speakers. The accord also sanctioned bilingual education in Spanish and indigenous languages. It is common for indigenous Guatemalans to learn or speak between two to five of the nation's other languages, including Spanish. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}

==Agama==

[[Roman Catholic]]ism was the only religion during the colonial era, and remains the dominant faith with about two-thirds of the population as adherents. However, [[Protestant]] denominations have increased markedly in recent decades, especially under the reign of dictator and evangelical pastor General [[Efraín Ríos Montt]]. Around one third of Guatemalans are Protestant, chiefly [[Evangelicalism|Evangelicals]] and [[Pentecostal]]s.

The practice of traditional [[Maya mythology|Mayan]] religion is increasing as a result of the cultural protections established under the peace accords. The government has instituted a policy of providing altars at every Mayan ruin found in the country so that traditional ceremonies may be performed there.

There are also small communities of [[Jews in Guatemala|Jews]] (about 1200), [[Islam in Guatemala|Muslims]] (1200), and members of other faiths.

Guatemala was visited by [[Pope John Paul II]] three times, the last being in 2002, when the [[pope|pontiff]] canonized [[Pedro de Betancourt]], the first Guatemalan [[saint]], as well as the first saint from Central America. <ref>http://www.latinamericapress.org/article.asp?IssCode=&artCode=2973&lanCode=1</ref>
The current Roman Catholic leader of Guatemala is Cardinal Rodolfo Quezada Toruno, Archbishop of the Guatemala dioceses, and Mons. Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri is head of the Episcopal Conference.

== Education ==
The government runs a number of public elementary and secondary-level schools. These schools are free, though the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, and transportation makes them less accessible to the poorer segments of society. Many middle and upper-class children go to private schools. The country also has one public university ([[Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala]]), and 9 private ones (see [[List of universities in Guatemala]]). Only 69.1% of the population aged 15 and over are literate, the lowest literacy rate in Central America.<ref>[http://www.uis.unesco.org/ev.php?ID=6705_201&ID2=DO_TOPIC "LA Literacy Rates"] ''UNESCO Institute for Statistics'', September 2006, retrieved January 15, 2007.</ref>

==Kebudayaan==
The [[Guatemala National Prize in Literature]] is a one-time only award that recognizes an individual writer's body of work. It has been given annually since 1988 by the Ministry of Culture and Sports. Guatemala City is home to many of the nation’s libraries and museums, including the National Archives, the National Library, and the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, which has an extensive collection of Maya artifacts. There are private museums, such as the Ixchel, which focuses on textiles, and the Popol Vuh, which focuses on Mayan archeology. Both museums are housed inside the [[Universidad Francisco Marroquín]] campus. The Colonial Museum, in Antigua Guatemala, has large exhibits of colonial artwork. Almost each of the 329 municipalities in the country has an small museum. Tikal National Park has fine local museums, as well as the Dolores, [[Petén]], "South Petén Regional Maya Museum". Two theaters in the country are the most famous, the "Teatro Nacional de Guatemala", a 1970s architectural structure, in [[Guatemala City]], and the [[Quetzaltenango]] National Theater, a Neo-Colonial style building.  [[Miguel Angel Asturias]], won the [[Literature]] [[Nobel Prize]] in 1966. The [[Rabinal Achí]], a Maya Kek'chi' play was declared in 2005 a '''Materpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of the Humanity''', by the [[UNESCO]]

==Biokepelbagaian dan Ekologi==
[[Image:Maglar.jpg|thumb|left| Manglar and blue hegret in the Pacific Lowlands, Guatemala]]
According to Parkswatch and the [[IUCN]][1], Guatemala is considered the fifth Biodiversity Hot Spot in the world[2]. The country has 14 ecoregions ranging from Mangrove forest (4 species), in both ocean littorals with 5 different ecosystems, Dry forest and [[Thorn bushes]] in the Eastern Highlands, [[Subtropical]] and [[Tropical rain forest]], [[Wetlands]], Cloud Humid forest in the Verapaz region, Mix and [[Pine forest]] in the Highlands. 36.3% or about 3,938,000 hectares of Guatemala is forested (2005). Of this, 49.7% or roughly 1,957,000 hectares is classified as [[primary forest]], the most [[biodiverse]] form of forest. including 17 Conifer ([[Pines]], [[Cupressaceae|Cypress]] and the endemic [[Abies Guatemalensis]]) species, the most in any [[Tropical]] region of the world. Guatemala has listed 252 wetlands, including 5 lakes, 61 lagoons. 100 rivers, 3 swamps[http://www.iucn.org/en/news/archive/2001_2005/press/guatemalahumedales.pdf], 6 of those [[wetlands]] are of international importance or [[RAMSAR]] sites[3]. [[Tikal]] National Park, with 11 micro climes in it, was the first mix [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], in the world. Guatemala has some 1246 known species of [[amphibians]], [[birds]], [[mammals]] and [[reptiles]] according to figures from the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Of these, 6.7% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other country, and 8.1% are threatened species. Guatemala is home to at least 8681 species of vascular plants, of which 13.5% are endemic. 5.4% of Guatemala is protected under IUCN categories I-V. Guatemala has the largest percentage of Protected areas in [[Central America]], with a total of 91 protected areas and more than 28% of the territory as a protected area. [4].

== Topik-topik yang lain ==
* [[Communications in Guatemala]]
* [[Transport in Guatemala]]
* [[List of Guatemalans]]
* [[Quetzal]] (national symbol of Guatemala)

==Rujukan==
*Historia General de Guatemala, 1999, several authors ISBN 84-88522-07-4.

==Nota==
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== Pautan luar ==
* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Guatemala Ensiklopedia Britannica: Guatemala - Halaman Fakta Negara]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030731063442/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1020262398293 Kementerian Luar Negeri United Kingdom: Profil Negara untuk Guatemala]

=== Kerajaan ===
* {{es icon}} [http://www.congreso.gob.gt/ Congreso de la República] – Kongres Republik Guatemala 
* {{es icon}} [http://www.oj.gob.gt Organismo Judicial de Guatemala] – Cabang kehakiman Guatemala 
* {{es icon}} [http://www.guatemala.gob.gt/ Gobierno de Guatemala] – Halaman Kerajaan Guatemala

=== Tamadun Pra-Columbia ===
* [http://www.miradorbasin.com Projek Lembangan Mirador]
* [http://www.authenticmaya.com Guatemala, tempat bermulanya Tamadun Maya]

=== Lain-lain ===
* [http://www.authenticmaya.com/nature.htm Galeri Biokepelbagaian, Ekologi dan Pandangan Darat]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070208022731/http://web.amnesty.org/report2006/gtm-summary-eng Laporan Tahunan Amnesti Anatarabangsa 2006 – Guatemala]


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