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'''Понгал''' или ''' |
'''Понгал''', '''понгаль''' или '''тай-понгал''' ({{lang-ta|தைப்பொங்கல்}}) — индуистский праздник урожая, традиционно посвящённый [[Дэва (индуизм)|богу]] [[Солнце|Солнца]] [[Сурья|Сурье]] и празднуемый [[Тамильцы|тамильцами]] в [[Административное деление Индии|индийском штате]] [[Тамилнад]] и на [[Шри-Ланка|Шри-Ланке]]. В других регионах этот фестиваль называется [[Макара-санкранти]]. Целью Понгала является выражение благодарности богу Солнца за собранный урожай и предложение ему первых собранных зёрен. ''Понгал'' на тамильском языке означает «перекипать» или «переливаться через край». Для тамильцев, перекипающее молоко символизирует материальное процветание. |
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Праздник отмечается в период с 13 |
Праздник отмечается в период с 13 по 15 января по [[Григорианский календарь|григорианскому календарю]], что в [[Тамильский календарь|тамильском календаре]] соответствует периоду от последнего дня месяца Маргажи до третьего дня месяца тай. Таким образом, Понгал также символизирует начало нового месяца тай. |
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Понгал также отмечает день зимнего солнцестояния и начала движения Солнца на север, которое в [[Джьотиша|индийской астрологии]] называется '''[[Уттараяна]]'''. |
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Pongal is traditionally dedicated to the Sun God [[Surya]]. Tamils thank the solar deity for the good harvest and consecrate the first grain to him on this 'Surya Mangalya'. |
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The holiday denotes the start of the Tamil month of Thai (தை). It marks the day when the Sun purportedly shifts northwards. It signifies the commencement of '''[[Uttarayana]],''' which represents the northward journey of Sun. The days get longer in the Tamil lands. Thai Pongal falls on [[Makara Sankranthi]] celebrated throughout India as the winter harvest. This also represents the Indic solstice when the sun purportedly enters the 10th house of the Indian zodiac i.e. Makara or Capricorn. |
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== History == |
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The holiday may well be 1000 years old although some are of the view that the festival is older. [[Epigraphic]] evidence suggests the celebration of the ''Puthiyeedu'' during the [[Medieval Cholas|Medieval Chola]] [[empire]] days. It is thought that ''Puthiyeedu'' meant the first harvest of the year. |
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<ref>[http://www.sangam.org/CULTURE/pongal.htm Thai Pongal]</ref>. The Sangam era literary work, the Paripaadal, refers to a fast by unmarried girls in honor of the God Vishnu in the month of Thai, known as the Thai Nonpu. The link between that fast and today’s harvest festival needs to be further researched. Makara Sankranti in turn is referred to in the Surya Siddhanta. |
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== Bhogi == |
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'''Bhogi Pandigai / Bhogi Pallu / Lohri / Indra Vizha''' போகிப்பண்டிகை / போகிப் பள்ளு / லோஹ்ரி / இந்திர விழா |
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The day preceding Pongal in Tamil Nadu is called '''Bhogi''' when people discard old things and focus on new belongings (பழையன கழிதலும் புதியன புகுதலும்). The disposal of derelict things is similar to Holika in North India. The people assemble at dawn in Tamil Nadu and light a bonfire to discard old used possessions. The house is cleaned, painted and decorated to give a festive look. |
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This tradition in observed on the same day in Andhra Pradesh as '''Bhogi Pallu''', in Punjab as '''Lohri''' and in Assam as '''Bhogali Bihu.''' It was known as the '''Indra Vizha''' or the festival of Indra in the Sangam era. The God Indra heads the Devas in the Indic pantheon. |
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== Thai Pongal == |
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'''Pongal Pandigai''' பொங்கல் பண்டிகை |
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''Pongal'' itself falls on the first day of the Tamil month of ''Thai'' ([[January 14]] or [[January 15|15]]). It is celebrated by boiling rice with fresh [[milk]] and [[jaggery]] in new pots. The rice is later topped with brown sugar, [[cashew]] nuts and raisins. This tradition gives Pongal its name.<ref name=DM/>[[Файл:RangoliPongal.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kolam]] decorations in front of house during Thai Pongal]] The rice is traditionally cooked at sun rise. |
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The moment the milk boils over and bubbles out of the vessel, the tradition is to shout of «Ponggalo Ponggal!», introduce freshly harvested rice grains in the pot and blow the ''[[sangu]]'' (a [[conch]]). Tamils consider it a good sign to watch the milk boil over as it connotes good luck and prosperity. The newly cooked rice is traditionally offered to the Sun God at sunrise to demonstrate gratitude for the harvest. It is later served to the people present in the house for the ceremony. People prepare savories and sweets such as [[vadai]], [[murukku]], [[payasam]], visit each other and exchange greetings. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka — celebrated as '''Pongal''' |
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Andhra Pradesh, Bengal, Bihar, Goa, Karnataka, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Uttar Pradesh — celebrated as [[Makara Sankranthi]] or '''Sankranthi''' |
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Gujarat and Rajasthan celebrated as '''Uttarayana''' |
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Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab — celebrated as '''Lohri''' |
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Nepal celebrated as '''Maghe Sankranthi''' |
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|} |
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Tamils wear new clothes, draw kolams/rangolis on the door step, consume sugar cane, prepare sweetened rice, milk and jaggery in new earthen pots and dedicate it to Sun God. The family elders present gifts to the young. Elsewhere in India, there is kite flying in Gujarat, the Jahangir Dance in Punjab and the Ganga Sagar Mela in Bengal. Millions of people immerse themselves in rivers in North India and offer prayers to the Sun God — Surya. People offer thousands of their colorful oblations to the Sun in the form of beautiful kites. |
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The Sun stands for «Pratyaksha Brahman» — the manifest God, who symbolizes the one, non-dual, self-effulgent, glorious divinity blessing one and all tirelessly. The Sun is the one who transcends time and also the one who rotates the proverbial wheel of time. |
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== Maattu Pongal == |
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'''Mattu Pongal / Kanu Pongal''' |
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மாட்டுப்பொங்கல் / கனுப்பொங்கல் |
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Cattle play in important role in the traditional Indian farmstead be it with regards to the provision of dairy products, its use for ploughing and transport and its provision of fertilizer. This explains the Vedic reference to cattle as wealth. On the day after Pongal, cattle are felicitated. In rural Tamil Nadu, adventurous games such as the Jallikkattu or taming the wild bull are features of the day. Mattu Pongal is intended to demonstrate our recognition and affection to cattle and decorate them with garlands, apply kungumam ([[kumkum]]) on their foreheads and feed them good food. |
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Mattu pongal & the famous Alanganallur [[Jallikattu]] |
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Mattu pongal is intended to honor the cattle that worked hard throughout the year. The farm bulls are given a bath, their horns painted and adorned with new sarees in some places. In Alanganallur, bulls are set free in a ground where youth who hold on its hump until the victory line are considered victorious. The bulls (and public) suffered injury during this game which led to animal activists taking the matter to the Supreme Court of India which imposed a ban on the tradition[59]. After an undertaking was given from the Government of Tamil Nadu to ensure that animals were not harmed, the apex court lifted its ban with certain conditions. In Alanganallur which is located 17 kms North west of Madurai Jallikattu is conducted with enthusiasm. |
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'''Kanu pidi'''……….. |
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Kanu Pidi (கனுப்பொங்கல்) is a tradition that the ladies and young girls of the house follow. Women feed birds and pray for the well being of their brothers. Women of the family place different kinds of coloured rice, cooked vegetables, banana and sweet pongal on a ginger or turmeric leaf and invite the crows, which descend in hordes to share and enjoy the «Kaka pidi, Kanu pidi» feast. Women offer prayers in the hope that the brother-sister ties may remain forever strong like the family of crows. |
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«Kakka-p-pidi Vaithen, Kanu-p-pidi vaithen, Kakkaiykkum Kurivikkum Kalyanam». |
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«Kakka-p-pidi vaithen, kanu-p-pidi vaithen, kakka-k-kootam pole enga koottamum kalayaama |
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irukkanum.» |
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காக்கா பிடி வைத்தேன், கனு பிடி வைத்தேன், காக்காய்க்கும் குருவிக்கும் கல்யாணம் |
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காக்கா பிடி வைத்தேன், கனு பிடி வைத்தேன், காக்காய்க்கூட்டம் போல எங்கள் |
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கூட்டம் கலயாமல் இருக்கனும். |
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== Kaanum Pongal == |
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'''Kaanum Pongal'''காணும் பொங்கல் |
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This is a time for family reunions. Brothers pay special tribute to their married sisters by giving gifts as affirmation of their filial love. Landlords present gifts of food, clothes and money to their workforce. During ''Kaanum Pongal'' (the word ''kaanum'' means «to view»), people visit relatives and friends to enjoy the festive season. In the cities this day is synonymous with people flocking to beaches and theme parks to have a day out with their families. They also chew [[sugar cane]] and decorate their houses with [[kolam]]. This day is a day to thank relatives and friends for their support in the harvest. Although it started as a farmers festival, today it has become a national festival for all Tamils irrespective of their origins, caste or even religion. It is as popular in [[urban area|urban]] areas as is in [[rural]] areas. |
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In [[Andhra Pradesh]], Mukkanuma, the final day of Sankranthi festival, is celebrated to |
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worship cattle. Mukkanuma is famous among the non-vegetarians of the society. People do not eat any non-vegetarian during the first three days of the festival and eat it only on the day of Mukkanuma. |
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== See also == |
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* [[List of Harvest Festivals]] |
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== Примечания == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== Литература == |
== Литература == |
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* {{ |
* {{книга |
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|заглавие=Jaffna The Land of the Lute |
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| last = Saveri |
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|издательство=Thirumarai Kalamanram Publications |
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| first = Nicholapillai Maria |
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|год=1996 |
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| title = Jaffna The Land of the Lute |
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|страницы=125 |
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| publisher = Thirumarai Kalamanram Publications |
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|isbn=09681597-0-2 |
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| year = 1996 |
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|ref=Saveri |
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| pages =125 |
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|язык=und |
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| isbn =09681597-0-2 }} |
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|автор=Saveri, Nicholapillai Maria |
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}} |
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== Ссылки == |
== Ссылки == |
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* [http://www.ikolam.com/festival/pongal Pongal Kolams] |
* [http://www.ikolam.com/festival/pongal Pongal Kolams] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150419012904/http://www.geo.ru/puteshestviya/pongala-pongala «Понгала, понгала!», GEO] |
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{{перевести|en|Pongal (festival)}} |
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{{Фестивали индуизма}} |
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{{Внешние ссылки}} |
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{{Праздники индуизма}} |
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[[Категория:Праздники Индии]] |
[[Категория:Праздники Индии]] |
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[[Категория:Культура Тамил-Наду]] |
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[[Категория:Индуистские праздники]] |
[[Категория:Индуистские праздники]] |
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[[Категория: |
[[Категория:Зимние праздники]] |
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[[Категория:Тамильская культура]] |
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[[af:Pongal]] |
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[[da:Pongal]] |
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[[de:Pongal]] |
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[[en:Thai Pongal]] |
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[[fr:Pongal]] |
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[[hi:पोंगल]] |
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[[kn:ಮಕರ ಸಂಕ್ರಾಂತಿ]] |
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[[ml:പൊങ്കൽ]] |
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[[ms:Hari Thaiponggal]] |
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[[nn:Pongal]] |
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[[pl:Pongal]] |
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[[si:තෛපොංගල්]] |
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[[sv:Sankranthi]] |
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[[ta:தைப்பொங்கல்]] |
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[[te:సంక్రాంతి]] |
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Текущая версия от 08:49, 10 февраля 2020
Понгал, понгаль или тай-понгал (там. தைப்பொங்கல்) — индуистский праздник урожая, традиционно посвящённый богу Солнца Сурье и празднуемый тамильцами в индийском штате Тамилнад и на Шри-Ланке. В других регионах этот фестиваль называется Макара-санкранти. Целью Понгала является выражение благодарности богу Солнца за собранный урожай и предложение ему первых собранных зёрен. Понгал на тамильском языке означает «перекипать» или «переливаться через край». Для тамильцев, перекипающее молоко символизирует материальное процветание.
Праздник отмечается в период с 13 по 15 января по григорианскому календарю, что в тамильском календаре соответствует периоду от последнего дня месяца Маргажи до третьего дня месяца тай. Таким образом, Понгал также символизирует начало нового месяца тай.
Понгал также отмечает день зимнего солнцестояния и начала движения Солнца на север, которое в индийской астрологии называется Уттараяна.
Литература
[править | править код]- Saveri, Nicholapillai Maria. Jaffna The Land of the Lute (неопр.). — Thirumarai Kalamanram Publications, 1996. — С. 125. — ISBN 09681597-0-2.
Ссылки
[править | править код] | В другом языковом разделе есть более полная статья Pongal (festival) (англ.). |
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