Tazama chanzo cha Ugonjwa wa kupooza

{{Infobox disease
|Name           = Ugonjwa wa kupooza<br>(poliomielitisi)
|Image          = Polio lores134.jpg
|Caption        = Mtu mwenye mguu mwembamba wa kulia uliosababishwa na ugonjwa wa kupooza
|ICD10          = {{ICD10|A|80||a|80}}, {{ICD10|B|91||b|90}}
|ICD9           = {{ICD9|045}}, {{ICD9|138}}
|DiseasesDB     = 10209
|MedlinePlus    = 001402
|eMedicineSubj  = ped
|eMedicineTopic = 1843
|eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|pmr|6}}
|MeshName       = Poliomyelitis
|MeshNumber     = C02.182.600.700
}}
[[File:Polio EM PHIL 1875 lores.PNG|thumb|Mikrografu ya kielektroni ya virusi vya polio.]]
'''Ugonjwa wa kupooza''' au '''polio''' (kutoka [[Kiing.]] [[w:poliomyelitis|polio]]) ni [[ugonjwa wa kuambukiza]] wa [[mfumo wa neva|mfumo mkuu wa neva]] unaosababishwa na [[virusi]] [[virusi ya Polio|maalumu]].<!-- <ref name = PinkBook2009/> --> [[Jina]] refu la kisayansi ni '''Poliomielitisi''' na jina jingine ni '''kupooza utotoni'''.

==Maambukizo==
Msingi wa [[maambukizo]] ni uwezo wa virusi wa kuingia kwenye [[kiini cha seli]] na kuzalisha [[chembe]] ya ziada ya kuambukiza.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mueller S, Wimmer E |title=Recruitment of nectin-3 to cell-cell junctions through trans-heterophilic interaction with CD155, a vitronectin and poliovirus receptor that localizes to alpha(v)beta3 integrin-containing membrane microdomains |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/278/33/31251 |journal=J Biol Chem |volume=278 |issue=33 |pages=31251–60 |year=2003 |pmid=12759359 |doi=10.1074/jbc.M304166200 |access-date=2015-08-15 |archive-date=2009-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318012851/http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/278/33/31251 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

Virusi vya polio ni virusi vya [[tumbo]]. Maambukizo hutokea kupitia njia ya [[kinyesi]] - njia ya [[mdomo]] kwa maana mtu hula virusi ambavyo huzaliana katika njia ya mdomo.<ref name="Bodian_1965">{{cite book |author = Bodian D and Horstmann DH |title=Polioviruse |publisher=Lippincott |location=Philadelphia, Penn |year=1969 |pages=430–73}}</ref> 

Virusi humwagwa katika kinyesi cha watu walioathirika. Katika 90-95% ya kesi ya msingi tu, muda mfupi mbele ya viremia (virusi mwilini mwako) hutokea hakuna dalili.<ref name = PinkBook2009/> Asilimia nyingine 5 hadi 10 ya watu walioambukizwa wana [[dalili]] ndogo tu, kama vile: homa, [[maumivu ya kichwa]], kutapika, kuharisha, ugumu wa shingo na maumivu ya  mikono na miguu.<ref name = PinkBook2009/><ref name=WHO2014/> Watu hawa kwa kawaida hurejelea hali ya kawaida katika wiki moja au mbili.<!-- <ref name = PinkBook2009> --> Katika 0.5% ya kesi, virusi huenea na kuongezeka katika maeneo mengine kama vile [[mafuta]], retikuloendothelia tishu kahawia, na [[udhaifu wa misuli]] unaosababisha [[kupooza na kulegea kwa misuli|kushindwa kutembea]].<ref name = PinkBook2009/>. 

Hali inaweza kudumu saa chache hadi siku chache.<ref name = PinkBook2009/><ref name=WHO2014/> Udhaifu huu mara nyingi huhusisha miguu lakini huenda ukajumuisha misuli ya kichwa, shingo na [[Daframu ya kifua|daframu]].<!-- <ref name = PinkBook2009/> --> Watu wengi ingawa si wote hupona kikamilifu.<!-- <ref name = PinkBook2009/> --> Kwa wale wenye udhaifu wa misuli, takriban asilimia 2 hadi 5 ya watoto na asilimia 15 hadi 30 ya watu hufariki.<ref name = PinkBook2009>{{cite book | author = Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S (eds.) | chapter = Poliomyelitis | title = Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book)  | edition = 11th | pages = 231–44 | publisher = Public Health Foundation | location =Washington DC |year = 2009 | url = http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/polio.pdf | format = PDF}}</ref> Miaka kadhaa baada ya kupona, [[sindromu ya baada ya polio]] inaweza kutokea pamoja na udhaifu wa polepole wa misuli sawia na hali aliyokuwa nayo mtu wakati wa maambukizi ya awali.<ref>{{cite web|title=Post-Polio Syndrome Fact Sheet|url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/post_polio/detail_post_polio.htm|website=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/|accessdate=4 November 2014|date=April 16, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729090555/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/post_polio/detail_post_polio.htm|archivedate=2011-07-29}}</ref>

Uzalishaji endelevu wa virusi inasababisha viremia sekondari na inaongoza kwa maendeleo ya dalili za mabadiliko madogo kama vile [[homa]], kuumwa [[kichwa]] na [[koo]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sabin A |title=Pathogenesis of poliomyelitis; reappraisal in the light of new data |journal=Science |volume=123 |issue=3209 |pages=1151–7 |year=1956 |pmid=13337331 |doi=10.1126/science.123.3209.1151}}</ref> 

Polio ya kupooza hutokea katika chini ya 1% ya maambukizi ya virusi vya polio. [[Ugonjwa wa kupooza]] hutokea wakati virusi vinaingia mfumo mkuu wa neva (mifumo mingi) na kuongezeka katika [[neuroni]] ya mwendo ndani ya [[uti wa mgongo]], [[shina la ubongo]], au [[gamba]] ya mwenda, kusababisha uharibifu wa kuchagua neurons motor inayoongoza kwa muda au wa kudumu kupooza. Katika matukio machache, kupooza kwa polio kunaletwa na shida za kupumua na kisha [[kifo]]. Katika kesi ya ugonjwa wa kupooza, [[maumivu]] ya misuli na mkazo wa mara kwa mara kabla ya kuanza kwa [[udhaifu]] na kupooza. [[Ulemavu]] huendelea kutoka siku hadi [[wiki]] kabla ya kupona. <ref> http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/306440-overview</ref> <ref> http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967950-overview</ref>

==Kisababishi na utambuzi==
Virusi vya polio kwa kawaida huenea kutoka kwa mtu mmoja hadi mwingine kupitia njia ya kinyesi-kinywani|kinyesi kilichoambukizwa kinapoingia kinywani.<ref name = PinkBook2009/> Polio pia inaweza kuenezwa kupitia chakula au maji yenye kinyesi cha binadamu na nadra kupitia [[mate]] yaliyoambukizwa.<ref name = PinkBook2009/><ref name=WHO2014/> Wale walioambukizwa wanaweza kueneza ugonjwa huu hata ikiwa hawaonyeshi dalili zozote hadi wiki sita.<!-- <ref name = PinkBook2009/> --> Ugonjwa huu unaweza kutambuliwa kwa kutambua virusi hivi katika [[kinyesi]] au kwa kutambua [[antibodi]] za kupambana na ugonjwa huu katika damu.<ref name = PinkBook2009/>

==Historia, jamii na utamaduni==
Ugonjwa wa poliomelitisi umekuwepo kwa maelfu ya miaka huku kuwepo kwake kukionyeshwa katika kazi za sanaa za kale.<ref name = PinkBook2009/> Ugonjwa huu ulitambuliwa mara ya kwanza kama hali maalum na [[Michael Underwood (daktari)|Michael Underwood]]  mwaka wa 1789<ref name = PinkBook2009/> navyo virusi vinavyousababisha kutambuliwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1908 na [[Karl Landsteiner]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Daniel|first1=edited by Thomas M.|last2=Robbins|first2=Frederick C.|title=Polio|date=1999|publisher=University of Rochester Press|location=Rochester, N.Y.|isbn=9781580460668|page=11|edition=1st ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=BTQKnkpN6qQC&pg=PA11}}</ref>  [[Mizuko|mikurupuko]] mikuu ilianza kutokea katika karne ya 19 barani Uropa na Marekani.<ref name = PinkBook2009/> Katika karne ya 20, ugonjwa huu ulikuwa mojawapo ya [[Orodha ya magonjwa ya utotoni|magonjwa ya utotoni]] makuu katika maeneo haya.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wheeler|first1=Derek S.|last2=Wong,|first2=Hector R.|last3=(eds.)|first3=Thomas P. Shanley,|title=Science and practice of pediatric critical care medicine|date=2009|publisher=Springer|location=London|isbn=9781848009219|pages=10–11|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=3p7jezlQ0zgC&pg=PA11}}</ref> Chanjo ya kwanza ya polio ilitengenezwa katika miaka ya 1950 na [[Jonas Salk]].<ref name=Aylward_2006>{{cite journal |author=Aylward R |title=Eradicating polio: today's challenges and tomorrow's legacy |journal=Ann Trop Med Parasitol |volume=100 |issue=5–6 |pages=401–13 |year=2006 |pmid=16899145 | doi = 10.1179/136485906X97354}}</ref> Inatarajiwa kuwa juhudi za [[chanjo]] na utambuzi wa mapema wa visa utafanikisha [[Kuangamiza magonjwa ya kuambukiza|kuangamiza]] ugonjwa huu kufikia mwaka wa 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global leaders support new six-year plan to deliver a polio-free world by 2018|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2013/polio_six_year_plan_20130425/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=4 November 2014|date=25 April 2013}}</ref> Hata hivyo, kulikuwa na ripoti za visa vipya nchini [[Syria]] mwaka wa 2013 <ref>{{cite web|title=Polio in the Syrian Arab Republic - update|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2013_11_26polio/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=4 November 2014|date=26 November 2013}}</ref> na mnamo Mei  2014,  [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] lilitangaza [[hali ya dharura ya kimataifa ya afya ya umma]] kutokana na mikurupuko ya ugonjwa huu barani Asia, Afrika na Mashariki ya Kati.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee concerning the international spread of wild poliovirus|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/polio-20140505/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=4 November 2014|date=5 May 2014|archivedate=2014-06-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602225538/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/polio-20140505/en/}}</ref> Ugonjwa huu hautokei katika wanyama wengine wowote.<ref name = PinkBook2009/>

==Kinga, matibabu na epidemiolojia==
Ugonjwa huu unaweza kukingwa kwa [[chanjo ya polio]]; hata hivyo, vipimo  kadhaa vya dawa vinahitajika ili kuifanikisha.<ref name=WHO2014/>  [[Kituo cha Udhibiti wa Magonjwa nchini Marekani]] kinapendekeza nyongeza za chanjo ya polio kwa wanaosafiri na wanaoishi katika nchi zilizo na ugonjwa huu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guidance to US Clinicians Regarding New WHO Polio Vaccination Requirements for Travel by Residents of and Long-term Visitors to Countries with Active Polio Transmission|url=http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00362.asp|website=CDC|accessdate=4 June 2014|date=June 2, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604000158/http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00362.asp|archivedate=2014-06-04}}</ref> Mtu anapoambukizwa polio, hakuna matibabu maalum.<ref name=WHO2014/> Mwaka wa 2013, polio iliwaathiri watu 416 ikilinganishwa na visa 350,000 katika mwaka wa 1988.<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Poliomyelitis Fact sheet N°114|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=3 November 2014|date=October 2014}}</ref> 

[[Chanjo]] dhidi ya ugonjwa huo kufikia mwaka [[2015]] zimefaulu kufuta ugonjwa katika nchi zote duniani isipokuwa [[Pakistan]] na [[Afghanistan]]. Hivyo unaelekea kutokomezwa na binadamu, kama ilivyotokea kwa [[ndui]].

==Tanbihi==
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[[Jamii:Maradhi ya kuambukiza]]
[[Jamii:Tiba]]