Ndui
Ndui (ing. smallpox) ilikuwa ugonjwa wa kuambukiza uliosababishwa na aina mbili za virusi: Variola major na Variola minor.
Ulikuwa unaleta kifo cha waliopatwa kwa asilimia 30-35, lakini zaidi kati ya watoto.
Walionusurika wengi waliachwa na makovu ya kudumu hasa katika uso.
Historia
Inakadiriwa ulikuwepo miaka 10,000 KK hadi mwaka 1977.
Chanzo chake hakijulikani lakini kuna dalili ya kwamba ilitokea mapema sana katika Misri ya Kale[1]. Kuna dalili ya kwamba farao Ramses V alikuwa mgonjwa wa kwanza anayejulikana kutokana na utafiti wa mumia yake[2]. Labda imepelekwa Uhindini na wafanyabiashara Wamisri mnamo miaka 1500 KK. Ugonjwa uliua watu wengio huko Ulaya[3], Asia na Afrika ilikosambaa pia.
Matokeo ya ndui yalikuwa mabaya hasa huko Amerika ambako Waindio yaani wenyeji asilia waliwahi kuishi milenia nyingi bila mawasiliano na bila maambukizi kutoka sehemu nyingine za dunia hivyo walikosa kabisa kinga. Kwa mfano Wahispania waliweza kuvamia milki ya Azteki huko Mexiko kwa sababu wateteaji wa Tenochtitlan walidhoofishwa na ugionjwa uliopelekwa hapo na Wahispania.
Mwaka 1967 tu ndui iliua watu milioni mbili na katika karne ya 20 kwa jumla milioni 300 au 500.
Chanjo
Nchini China na Uhindi ilijulikana tangu kale kwamba kumdunga mtu kwa majimaji kutoka vidonda vya ndui kunasababisha homa kidogo lakini kunamkinga dhidi maambukizi makali[4] hata kama takriban asilimia 1-2 ya watu waliodungwa vile walikufa[5]. Mnamo 1796 tabibu Mwingereza Edward Jenner alitambua kwamba kumdunga mtu kwa majimaji ya vidonda vya ndui ya ng'ombe kunamkinga pia dhidi ya ndui wa kibinadamu, lakini bila matatizo yale yaliyoweza kutokea kwenye mbinu wa awali. [6] Chanjo hili liliboreshwa na kupunguza kutokea kwa ndui, Nchi nyingi duniani ziliweka taratibu za kutoa chanjo kwa watoto wote. Tangu 1967 Shirika la Afya Duniani WHO lilianzisha mradi wa kutafuta wagonjwa wa mwisho wa ndui na kuwatibu. Mgonjwa wa mwisho alipatikana nchini Somalia kwenye mwaka 1976[7].
Tangu siku zile ndui ni ugonjwa wa kwanza ambao binadamu kwa njia ya chanjo alifaulu kuukomesha.
Tanbihi
- ↑ Shchelkunov SN (December 2011). "Emergence and reemergence of smallpox: the need for development of a new generation smallpox vaccine". Vaccine. 29 Suppl 4: D49–53. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.037. PMID 22185833.
- ↑ Hopkins, Donald. "Ramses V:Earliest known victim?" (PDF). WHO imeangaliwa 30-03-2016
- ↑ J. N. Hays (2005). "Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history". ABC-CLIO. p.151. ISBN 1-85109-658-2
- ↑ Riedel, S (January 2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center). 18 (1): 21–25. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028. PMC 1200696. PMID 16200144.
- ↑ Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S, eds. (2005). "Smallpox" (PDF). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (9th ed.). Washington DC: Public Health Foundation. pp. 281–306. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2010.
- ↑ Atkinson W, Hamborsky J, McIntyre L, Wolfe S, eds. (2005). "Smallpox" (PDF). Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book) (9th ed.). Washington DC: Public Health Foundation. pp. 281–306. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2010
- ↑ Fenner, uk. 527-536
- Hopkins DR (2002). The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in history. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-35168-8
Marejeo
- Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2006). Expunging variola: the control and eradication of smallpox in India, 1947–1977. Hyderabad: Orient Longman. ISBN 81-250-3018-2.
- Fenner, Frank (1988). Smallpox and Its Eradication (History of International Public Health, No. 6) (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. ISBN 92-4-156110-6.
- Koplow, David A. (2003). Smallpox: the fight to eradicate a global scourge. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24220-3.
- Mack T (2003). "A different view of smallpox and vaccination". N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (5): 460–3. doi:10.1056/NEJMsb022994. PMID 12496354.
- McNeill, William Hardy (1977). Plagues and peoples. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-385-12122-9.
- Naono, Atsuko (2009). State of Vaccination: The Fight Against Smallpox in Colonial Burma. Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan. uk. 238. ISBN 978-81-250-3546-6.
- Preston, Richard (2002). The Demon in the Freezer: A True Story. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50856-2. (Excerpt available at http://cryptome.info/0001/smallpox-wmd.htm)
- Tucker, Jonathan B. (2001). Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-3939-6.
- Lord Wharncliffe and W. Moy Thomas, editors. The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, vol. 1, London: Henry G. Bohn, 1861.
Viungo vya nje
- Image of Amhearst letter to Colonel Henry Bouquet – give smallpox to Indians.
- Smallpox Biosafety: A Website About Destruction of Smallpox Virus Stocks
- Detailed CIDRAP Smallpox overview
- Agent Fact Sheet: Smallpox, Center for Biosecurity
- Smallpox Images and Diagnosis Synopsis
- Variola Virus Genomes database search results from the Poxvirus Bioinformatics Resource Center
- Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Poxviridae
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