View source for Filipp Golikov

{{Short description|Soviet marshal (1900–1980)}}
{{family name hatnote|Ivanovich|Golikov|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Infobox military person
| name          = Filipp Ivanovich Golikov
| native_name   = Филипп Иванович Голиков
| native_name_lang = ru
| birth_date    = {{OldStyleDate|July 2|1900|July 15}}
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1980|7|29|1900|7|2}}
| birth_place   = {{ill|Borisova, Kurgan Oblast{{!}}Borisova|ru|Борисова (Курганская область)}}, [[Kamyshlovsky Uyezd]], [[Perm Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]<br />(now [[Kataysky District]], [[Kurgan Oblast]], [[Russia]])
| death_place   = [[Moscow]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| placeofburial = [[Novodevichy Cemetery]], [[Moscow]] 
| image         = Генерал-лейтенант Ф.И. Голиков.jpg
| caption       = Golikov in 1941
| nickname      = 
| allegiance    = {{flag|Soviet Union}}
| branch        = [[Soviet Army]], [[Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU)|Main Intelligence Directorate]]
| serviceyears  = 1918–1980
| rank          = [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]]<br>[[File:CCCP army Rank marshal CCCP infobox.svg|60px]]
| commands      = [[6th Army (Soviet Union)|6th Army]]<br> [[10th Army (Soviet Union)|10th Army]]<br>[[4th Shock Army]]<br>[[Bryansk Front]]<br>[[1st Guards Army (Soviet Union)|1st Guards Army]]<br>[[Voronezh Front]]
| unit          = 
| battles       = 
{{tree list}}
* [[World War II]]
** [[Battle of Lwów (1939)|Battle of Lwów]]
** [[Battle of Voronezh (1942)|Battle of Voronezh]]
** [[Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh Offensive]]
** [[Voronezh–Kastornoye operation]]
** [[Operation Star]]
** [[Third Battle of Kharkov]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards        = {{{!}} style="background: transparent"
{{!}}{{Order of Lenin}}{{!!}}{{Order of Lenin}}{{!!}}{{Order of Lenin}}{{!!}}{{Order of Lenin}}
{{!}}-
{{!}}{{Order of the October Revolution}}{{!!}}{{Order of the Red Banner}}{{!!}}{{Order of the Red Banner}}{{!!}}{{Order of the Red Banner}}
{{!}}-
{{!}}{{Order of the Red Banner}}{{!!}}{{Order of Suvorov, 1st class}}{{!!}}{{Order of Kutuzov, 1st class}}{{!!}}{{Order of the Red Banner of Labour}}
{{!}}-
{{!}}{{Order of the Red Star}}{{!!}}{{Order of the Red Star}}{{!!}}{{Order "For Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR", 3rd class}}{{!!}}{{Jubilee Medal "XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army"}}
{{!}}-
{{!}}{{Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"}}{{!!}}{{Medal "For the Defence of Moscow"}}{{!!}}{{Medal "For the Defence of Stalingrad"}}{{!!}}{{Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"}}
{{!}}-
{{!}}{{Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"}}{{!!}}{{Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"}}{{!!}}{{Medal "For the Victory over Japan"}}{{!!}}{{Medal "Veteran of the Armed Forces of the USSR"}}
{{!}}-
{{!}}{{Medal "For Strengthening of Brotherhood in Arms"}}{{!!}}{{Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"}}{{!!}}{{Jubilee Medal "40 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"}}{{!!}}{{Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"}}
{{!}}-
{{!}}{{Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"}}{{!!}}{{Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"}}
{{!}}}
''[[#Honours and awards|Several others (see below)]]''
| relations     = 
| laterwork     = 
}}
'''Filipp Ivanovich Golikov''' ({{langx|ru|Филипп Иванович Голиков}}; {{OldStyleDate|July 2|1900|July 15}} – July 29, 1980) was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] military commander. As chief of the [[Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU)|GRU]] (Main Intelligence Directorate), he is best known for failing to take seriously the abundant intelligence about Nazi Germany's [[Operation Barbarossa|plans]] for an invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, either because he did not believe them or because [[Joseph Stalin]] did not want to hear them.<ref>McCauley, Martin. ''Who's Who in Russia since 1900'' (Routledge 1997) p 94</ref> He served in subsequent campaigns and was promoted to the rank of [[Marshal of the Soviet Union]] in 1961.

==Early career==
Golikov was born into a peasant family of [[Russians|Russian]] ethnicity in {{ill|Borisova, Kurgan Oblast{{!}}Borisova|ru|Борисова (Курганская область)}}, in the [[Perm Governorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]].<ref>[https://marshal-golikov.ru/%d0%bc%d0%be%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b4%d1%8b%d0%b5-%d0%b3%d0%be%d0%b4%d1%8b/ Маршал Советского Союза Филипп Иванович Голиков. Молодые годы.]</ref> His father, Ivan Nikolaevich Golikov, served as a medical orderly with the garrison in [[Tobolsk]]. Father and son both joined the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]] in April 1918. A month later, Golikov enlisted in the Red Army as a volunteer. He was a [[political commissar]] through most of the [[Russian Civil War]], and for 11 years afterwards. He graduated from the [[Frunze Military Academy|M. V. Frunze Military Academy]] in 1933. He was appointed commander of a regiment in 1931, and in 1938, during the [[Great Purge]] he was suddenly promoted to membership of the Military Council of the [[Byelorussian Military District]]. He was apparently sent there to supervise a purge of Red Army commanders in the district, including the future war hero [[Georgy Zhukov]], who never forgave him. Later in 1938, he was abruptly removed, and in November 1938 was made commander of the Vinnitsa Army Group, and, in 1939, of the [[6th Combined Arms Army|6th Army]]. During the [[Soviet invasion of Poland]] in 1939, he was in charge of overrunning and occupying [[Lviv Oblast|Lvov]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murphy |first1=David E. |title=What Stalin Knew, the Enigma of Barbarossa |date=2005 |publisher=Yale U.P. |location=New Haven |isbn=0-300-10780-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/whatstalinknewen00murp/page/143 143] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/whatstalinknewen00murp/page/143 }}</ref> and in 1940 he served in the [[Winter War]] against Finland.

== Head of Military Intelligence ==
In July 1940, Golikov was appointed head of [[GRU (Soviet Union)|Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU)]], despite having no previous experience of intelligence gathering. Stalin evidently knew that he was ill-qualified: during the 18th party conference the following February, he said of Golikov "as an intelligence agent, he is inexperienced, naive: an intelligence agent ought to be like the devil, believing no one, not even himself."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dimitrov |first1=Georgi |title=The Diary of Georgi Dimitrov, 1933-1949 |date=2003 |publisher=Yale U.P. |location=New |isbn=0-300-09794-8 |page=149}}</ref> Five of Golikov's predecessors had been or were about to be shot; his immediate predecessor, [[Ivan Proskurov]] had been held responsible for the fiasco of the Finnish War, though it is more likely that he was sacked for being too outspoken about the poor state of preparedness of the Soviet military. Golikov therefore had a powerful incentive to tell Stalin only what he wanted to hear, and Stalin refused to believe that [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] would break the non-aggression pact they had negotiated in 1939. From early in 1941, Soviet intelligence was receiving multiple warnings from within Germany, and from the British and American officials of the risk of a German invasion. On 20 March, Golikov signed a widely distributed assessment of all the current intelligence, which began with the observation: "The majority of agent reports concerning the possibility of war with the USSR in the spring of 1941 come from Anglo-American sources, the goal of which at present is without a doubt to worsen relations between the USSR and Germany."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murphy |title=What Stalin Knew |page=156}}</ref> As late as May, even though he knew and had told his superiors that the number of German divisions on the USSR border had been increased from 70 to 107, Golikov forecast that Germany's next military operations would be against the UK, in [[Gibraltar]], North Africa and the Near East.

In April-June 1941, Golikov reported on the continued concentration of German troops near the Soviet western border, the number of divisions drawn to it, their combat strength and numbers, their locations, called the date of the attack on the USSR — June 22, 1941 (this date was indicated by about 15 reliable sources). From July 1940 to June 1941, the GRU of the General Staff of the Red Army sent 95 (only declassified) messages to the leadership of the USSR about the concentration of German troops.<ref>[https://history.ric.mil.ru/Stati/item/117540/ ГАВРИЛОВ Дмитрий Васильевич. ПРОЯВИЛ СЕБЯ КАК КРУПНЫЙ ВОЕНАЧАЛЬНИК...]</ref>

== War record ==
Despite his record, Golikov was retained as head of the GRU until October 1941. He led a mission to London on July 8–13, and to Washington on 26 July. In 1942, he commanded the [[Bryansk Front]], then at the start of the battle of Stalingrad, he was appointed deputy commander under General [[Andrey Yeryomenko]]. When it was decided to move the command headquarters to comparative safety on the East bank of the Volga, Golikov was ordered to stay behind in the city. According to [[Nikita Khrushchev]], the front's political commissar: "A look of terror came over Golikov's face...I never saw anyone, soldier or civilian, in such a state during the whole war. He was white as a sheet and begged me not to abandon him. He kept saying over and over, 'Stalingrad is doomed'.".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khrushchev |first1=Nikita |title=Khrushchev Remembers |date=1971 |publisher=Sphere |page=171}}</ref> He was recalled to Moscow, where he complained to Stalin about the way Khrushchev and Yeryomenko had treated him. Stalin accepted his version, and appointed him commander of the [[Voronezh Front]] in October 1942. He led the [[Voronezh–Kastornoye operation|counterattack that recaptured Voronezh]] on 26 January 1943, and [[Operation Star|Kharkov]] on 16 February, but after [[Third Battle of Kharkov|Kharkov was retaken by the Germans]], in March 1943, Marshal Zhukov insisted that Golikov be dismissed.

For the remainder of the war, until 1950, he was head of the Chief Personnel Directorate of the [[Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)|Soviet Ministry of Defence]]. In October 1944, he was also appointed head of the council for the repatriation of [[Nazi crimes against Soviet prisoners of war|Soviet prisoners of war]].

[[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] mentions Golikov briefly in a footnote in part one of his [[Gulag Archipelago]], accused him of the mass incarceration in the [[gulag]] system of former Soviet [[Prisoner of war|POWs]] who returned home after World War II. He writes, "One of the biggest war criminals, Colonel General Golikov, former chief of the Red Army's intelligence administration, was put in charge of coaxing the repatriates home and swallowing them up."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Solzhenitsyn |first1=Alexander |title=The Gulag Archipelago 1918-1956 |date=1974 |publisher=Collins |page=240}}</ref> The later release of Soviet archives showed that there was in fact no such mass incarceration.

== Later career ==
[[File:Маршал Советского Союза Филипп Иванович Голиков.jpg|thumb|upright|Golikov as Marshal of the Soviet Union, early 1960s]]
After the war, Golikov held a succession of mainly political posts at the [[Ministry of Defense (Soviet Union)|Soviet Ministry of Defence]]. In 1946, Stalin began to resent the praise heaped on Marshal Zhukov as the architect of victory, so Golikov presented a detailed case against the Marshal at a special session of the Military Council, in June. Zhukov was publicly humiliated and relegated to a minor military post. In 1949–50, Golikov contributed to the [[Leningrad affair]], the virulent purge of the Leningrad party leadership, by engineering the dismissal of the head of the Main Political Administration of the Armed Forces, [[Iosif Shikin]]. In 1950, he was given command of a mechanised army, and in 1956 was appointed head of the [[Malinovsky Military Armored Forces Academy|Military Academy of Armoured Troops]]. In January 1958, he benefited from the second fall of Marshal Zhukov, by being appointed head of the Main Political Administration of the Armed Forces, his job being to ensure that the military stayed under communist party control. He was abruptly dismissed in April 1962, officially for health reasons, though the real reason may be that he opposed Khrushchev's decision to ship nuclear missiles to Cuba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tatu |first1=Michel |title=Power in the Kremlin |date=1969 |publisher=Collins |location=London |pages=236–37}}</ref> Afterwards, he was appointed Inspector General of the USSR Ministry of Defence.

Golikov died on July 29, 1980, in Moscow and was buried at [[Novodevichy Cemetery]].

==Honours and awards==
;USSR
{|
|-
|{{Order of Lenin}}
|[[Order of Lenin]], four times (1941, 1945, 1950, 1960)
|-
|{{Order of the October Revolution}}
|[[Order of the October Revolution]] (1968)
|-
|{{Order of the Red Banner}}
|[[Order of the Red Banner]], four times (1933, 1942, 1944, 1949)
|-
|{{Order of Suvorov, 1st class}}
|[[Order of Suvorov]], 1st сlass (1943)
|-
|{{Order of Kutuzov, 1st class}}
|[[Order of Kutuzov]], 1st class (1944)
|-
|{{Order of the Red Banner of Labour}}		
|[[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]] (1980)
|-
|{{Order of the Red Star}}
|[[Order of the Red Star]], twice (1936, 1970)
|-
|{{Order "For Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR", 3rd class}}
|[[Order for Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR]], 3rd class (1975)
|-
|{{Jubilee Medal "XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army"}}
|[[Jubilee Medal "XX Years of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army"]] (1938)
|-
|{{Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"}}
|[[Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"]] (1969)
|-
|{{Medal "For the Defence of Moscow"}}
|[[Medal "For the Defence of Moscow"]] (1944)
|-
|{{Medal "For the Defence of Stalingrad"}}
|[[Medal "For the Defence of Stalingrad"]] (1942)
|-
|{{Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"}}
|[[Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]] (1945)
|-
|{{Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"}}
|[[Jubilee Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"]] (1965)
|-
|{{Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"}}
|[[Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]] (1975)
|-
|{{Medal "For the Victory over Japan"}}
|[[Medal "For the Victory over Japan"]] (1945)
|-
|{{Medal "Veteran of the Armed Forces of the USSR"}}
|[[Medal "Veteran of the Armed Forces of the USSR"]] (1976)
|-
|{{Medal "For Strengthening of Brotherhood in Arms"}}
|[[Medal "For Strengthening of Brotherhood in Arms"]] (1980)
|-
|{{Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"}}
|[[Jubilee Medal "30 Years of the Soviet Army and Navy"]] (1948)
|-
|{{Jubilee Medal "40 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"}}
|[[Jubilee Medal "40 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"]] (1958)
|-
|{{Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"}}
|[[Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"]] (1968)
|-
|{{Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"}}
|[[Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"]] (1978)
|-
|{{Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"}}
|[[Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow"]] (1947)
|- 
|[[File:Почётное оружие с золотым изображением Государственного герба СССР 4.JPG|40px]]
|{{ill|Honorary weapon – shashka inscribed with golden national emblem of the Soviet Union|ru|Почётное оружие с золотым изображением Государственного герба СССР}} (1968)
|-
|}

;Foreign
{|			
|[[File:Orde van de negende september 1944 2 klass.png|40px]]
|[[Order of 9 September 1944]], 2nd class ([[People's Republic of Bulgaria]], 1971)
|-
|[[File:CZE Rad Bileho Lva 3 tridy BAR.svg|40px]]
|[[Order of the White Lion]], 1st class ([[Czechoslovakia]], 1947)
|-
|[[File:Czechoslovak_War_Cross_1939-1945_Ribbon.png|40px]]
|[[Czechoslovak War Cross 1939–1945|War Cross 1939–1945]] ([[Czechoslovakia]], 1943)
|-
|[[File:CS_Dukielski_Medal_Pamiatkowy.jpg|40px]]
|{{ill|Medal "In Commemoration of the Battle of Dukla Pass"|cs|Dukelská pamětní medaile}} ([[Czechoslovakia]])
|-
|[[File:GDR Brotherhood in Arms Medal - Gold BAR.png|40px]]
|Gold [[Medal Brotherhood in Arms]] ([[East Germany]])
|-
|[[File:PRK Order of the National Flag - 1st Class BAR.png|40px]]
|[[Order of the National Flag]], 1st class ([[North Korea]])
|-
|[[File:Ribbon Medal For The Liberation Of Korea.png|40px]]
|[[Medal for the Liberation of Korea]] ([[North Korea]])
|-
|[[File:OrdenPolStar.png|40px]]
|[[Order of the Polar Star (Mongolia)|Order of the Polar Star]] ([[Mongolian People's Republic]], 1947)
|-
|[[File:OrdenZnam.png|40px]]
|[[Order of the Red Banner (Mongolia)|Order of the Red Banner]] ([[Mongolian People's Republic]], 1945, 1971)
|-
|[[File:Medal for victory over japan rib.PNG|40px]]
|[[Medal "For the Victory over Japan" (Mongolia)|Medal "For the Victory over Japan"]] ([[Mongolian People's Republic]])
|-
|[[File:Med XXXth anniversary of chalkin gol victory rib.PNG|40px]]
|[[Medal "30 years of the Victory in Khalkhin-Gol"]] ([[Mongolian People's Republic]])
|-
|[[File:Med 30th anniversary of victory over japan.PNG|40px]]
|{{ill|Medal "30 years of Victory over militaristic Japan"|ru|Медаль «30 лет Победы над милитаристской Японией»}} ([[Mongolian People's Republic]])
|-
|[[File:50 Years Anniversary of the Mongolian Revolution rib.PNG|40px]]
|[[Medal "50 Years of the Mongolian People's Revolution"]] ([[Mongolian People's Republic]])
|-
|[[File:Med 50th anniversary of mongolian people's army rib.PNG|40px]]
|{{ill|Medal "50 years of the Mongolian People's Army"|ru|Медаль «50 лет Монгольской Народной Армии»}} ([[Mongolian People's Republic]])
|-
|[[File:POL Order Krzyża Grunwaldu 1 Klasy BAR.svg|40px]]
|[[Cross of Grunwald]], 1st class ([[Polish People's Republic|Poland]], 1946)
|-
|[[File:ROM Ordinul Steaua Republicii Populare Române clasa I BAR.svg|40px]]
|[[Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic]], 1st class ([[Romania]], 1947)
|-
|[[File:Medal For the Liberation From the Fascist Yoke ribbon.png|40px]]
|{{ill|Medal "liberation from the fascist yoke"|rо|Medalia „Eliberarea de sub jugul fascist”}} ([[Romania]])
|-
|[[File:Order_of_the_partisan_star_with_golden_wreath_Rib.png|40px]]
|[[Order of the Partisan Star (Yugoslavia)|Order of the Partisan Star]], 1st class ([[Yugoslavia]], 1946)
|-
|[[File:Order of merits for the people with golden star Rib.png|40px]]
|{{ill|Order of Merits for the People|sr|Орден заслуга за народ}}, 1st class ([[Yugoslavia]], 1946)
|-
|}

==Further reading==
*  McCauley, Martin. ''Who's Who in Russia since 1900'' (Routledge 1997) p 94
{{wikiquote}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.generals.dk/general/Golikov/Filipp_Ivanovich/Soviet_Union.html Biography of Marshal of Soviet Union Filipp Ivanovich Golikov]

{{Marshals of the Soviet Union}}
{{Battle of Stalingrad |People}}
{{Heads of GRU}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Golikov, Filipp}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kamyshlovsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:People from Kurgan Oblast]]
[[Category:Bolsheviks]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Auditing Commission of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:First convocation members of the Soviet of the Union]]
[[Category:Fourth convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities]]
[[Category:Fifth convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities]]
[[Category:Sixth convocation members of the Soviet of Nationalities]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Byelorussia]]
[[Category:Marshals of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:GRU officers]]
[[Category:Frunze Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:People of the Soviet invasion of Poland]]
[[Category:Soviet military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Soviet Navy]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the October Revolution]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Suvorov, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Kutuzov, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Star]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order "For Service to the Homeland in the Armed Forces of the USSR", 3rd class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Medal "For Strengthening of Brotherhood in Arms"]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Grunwald, 1st class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Czechoslovak War Cross]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the White Lion]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Polar Star (Mongolia)]]
[[Category:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery]]