View source for Help:IPA/Sanskrit

{{IPA key|H:IPA-SA}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Vedic Sanskrit|Vedic]] and [[Sanskrit|Classical Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see [[Template:IPA]], and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See [[shiksha]] for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Sanskrit.

==Key==
{| style="background: none;"
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | [[Consonant]]s
|-
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<ref name="inherentv" >[[Devanagari]] consonant letters such as {{lang|sa|क}} have the [[inherent vowel]] {{lang|sa|अ}} ''a''. Thus, {{lang|sa|क}} is pronounced ''ka'', even without any vowel sign added. But the IPA and IAST shown here have the consonant ''k'' only and do not include the vowel 'a'. </ref> !! [[Devanagari|Nagari]]<ref name="inherentv" /> !! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<ref name="inherentv" /> <ref name="comp"> [[ISO_15919#Comparison_with_UNRSGN_and_IAST| Comparison of IAST with ISO 15919]] transliteration.</ref> !! English approximation
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|b}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ब}} || b || style="text-align: left;" | a'''b'''out
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|bʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|भ}} || bh || style="text-align: left;" | clu'''bh'''ouse
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɕ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|श}} || ś || style="text-align: left;" | '''sh'''eep, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|d̪|d}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|द}} || d || style="text-align: left;" | wi'''d'''th 
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ध}} || dh || style="text-align: left;" | re'''dh'''ead (but [[Dental consonant|dental]])
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʑ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ज}} || j || style="text-align: left;" | '''j'''uice, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|dʑʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|झ}} || jh || style="text-align: left;" | he'''dgeh'''og
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ड}} || ḍ || style="text-align: left;" | [[American English|American]] bir'''d'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ढ}} || ḍh || style="text-align: left;" | American bir'''dh'''ouse
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ग}} || g || style="text-align: left;" | a'''g'''ain
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|घ}} || gh || style="text-align: left;" | lo'''gh'''ouse
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɦ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ह}} || h || style="text-align: left;" | a'''h'''ead
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|j}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|य}} || y || style="text-align: left;" | '''y'''ak
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|k}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|क}} || k || style="text-align: left;" | s'''k'''in
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|kʰ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ख}} || kh || style="text-align: left;" | '''k'''in
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|l}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ल}} || l || style="text-align: left;" | '''l'''eaf
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|m}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|म}} || m || style="text-align: left;" | '''m'''uch
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|n}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|न}} || n || style="text-align: left;" | te'''n'''th
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɲ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ञ}} || ñ || style="text-align: left;" | ca'''n'''yon<ref name="nasal"/>
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ɳ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ण}} || ṇ || style="text-align: left;" | American bur'''n'''<ref name="nasal"/>
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ŋ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ङ}} || ṅ || style="text-align: left;" | sti'''ng'''<ref name="nasal"/>
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|p}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|प}} || p || style="text-align: left;" | s'''p'''an
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|pʰ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|फ}} || ph || style="text-align: left;" | '''p'''an
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|r}}</big><ref>/r/ may be phonetically realised as [ɽ], [ɾ] or [ɾ̪] in Classical Sanskrit.</ref>
| {{lang|sa|र}} || r || style="text-align: left;" | [[Indian English|Indian]] '''r'''oti
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|s}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|स}} || s || style="text-align: left;" | '''s'''oup
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʂ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ष}} || ṣ || style="text-align: left;" | American wor'''sh'''ip
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|t̪|t}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|त}} || t || style="text-align: left;" | s'''t'''able
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|tʰ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|थ}} || th || style="text-align: left;" | '''t'''able (but dental)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʈ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ट}} || ṭ || style="text-align: left;" | s'''t'''able
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ठ}} || ṭh || style="text-align: left;" | '''t'''able
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|tɕ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|च}} || c || style="text-align: left;" | ri'''ch'''es, pronounced more forward, toward the teeth (palatalized)
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|tɕʰ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|छ}} || ch || style="text-align: left;" | '''ch'''ew
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ʋ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|व}} || v || style="text-align: left;" | between '''w'''ine and '''v'''ine
|}
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | [[Vowel]]s<ref name="nasal">Vowels may occur [[nasal vowel|nasalised]] as an [[allophone]] of the [[nasal consonant]]s in certain positions: see [[anusvara]] and [[chandrabindu]].</ref><ref>Sanskrit distinguishes between [[Vowel length|long and short vowels]]. Each [[monophthong]] has a long and short phoneme. The [[diphthong]]s, historically {{IPA|/əi, aːi, əu, aːu/}}, also have a difference in [[vowel quality|quality]]: {{IPA|[e, ei, o, ou]}}. Rarely, vowels may be [[pluti|extra-long]].</ref>
|-
! [[Sanskrit_grammar#Phonology|IPA]] !! [[Devanagari|Nagari]] !! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<ref name="comp"/> !! English approximation
|-
| <big>{{IPAlink|ɐ}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|अ}}, {{lang|sa|प}} || a || style="text-align: left;" | comm'''a'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|aː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|आ}}, {{lang|sa|पा}} || ā || style="text-align: left;" | br'''a'''
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|i}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|इ}}, {{lang|sa|पि}} || i || style="text-align: left;" | s'''i'''t
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|iː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ई}}, {{lang|sa|पी}} || ī || style="text-align: left;" | f'''ee'''t
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|u}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|उ}}, {{lang|sa|पु}} || u || style="text-align: left;" | f'''u'''ll
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|uː}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ऊ}}, {{lang|sa|पू}} || ū || style="text-align: left;" | f'''oo'''l
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|eː}}</big>
|{{lang|sa|ए}}, {{lang|sa|पे}}|| e || style="text-align: left;" | [[Scottish English|Scottish]] w'''ai'''t
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ɐːi̯}}</big><ref>[ai], [ɐi] or [ɛi] in Classical Sanskrit.</ref>
|{{lang|sa|ऐ}}, {{lang|sa|पै}}|| ai || style="text-align: left;" | h'''i'''
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|oː}}</big>
|{{lang|sa|ओ}}, {{lang|sa|पो}}|| o || style="text-align: left;" | st'''o'''ry
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ɐːu̯}}</big><ref>[au], [ɐu] or [ɔu] in Classical Sanskrit.</ref>
|{{lang|sa|औ}}, {{lang|sa|पौ}}|| au || style="text-align: left;" | h'''ow'''
|-
! colspan="4" |Syllabic Consonants
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|r̩|r̩}}</big><ref>[ɻĭ] or [ɾɪ] for most modern speakers. [rŭ] for southern speakers.</ref>
| {{lang|sa|ऋ}}, {{lang|sa|पृ}} || ṛ || style="text-align: left;" |Possibly like b'''ir'''d
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|r̩ː|r̩ː}}</big><ref>[ri] or [ɽiː] for most modern speakers. [ru] for southern speakers.</ref>
| {{lang|sa|ॠ}}, {{lang|sa|पॄ}} || ṝ || style="text-align: left;" | longer ṛ
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|l̩|l̩}}</big><ref>[lrĭ] for most modern speakers. [lĭ] in Bengali and Maithili regions.</ref>
|ऌ, पॢ
|ḷ
| style="text-align: left;" |bott'''le'''
|-
! colspan="4" |Vowel Diacritics
|-
|<big>{{IPA|◌̃}}</big>
| {{lang|sa|ँ}} || ◌̃/m̐ || style="text-align: left;" | [[nasal vowel]] {{IPA|[ɐ̃]}}, {{IPA|[ãː]}}, {{IPA|[õː]}}, etc.)<ref name="nasal"/>
|-
|<big>{{IPA link|h}}</big>
|ः<ref>Visarga, added after a vowel. </ref>
|ḥ
| style="text-align: left;" |'''h'''ead
|}
<br>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | [[Suprasegmental]]s
|-
! IPA !! [[Devanagari|Nagari]] !! [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]<ref name="comp"/> !! English equivalent
|-
| <big>{{IPA link|ˈ|ˈ◌}}</big>
|
|
| style="text-align: left;" | [[stress (linguistics)|stress]]<ref>In [[Classical Sanskrit]], stress was predictable by [[syllable weight]]: counting from the end of a word, the second-last was stressed if ''heavy'' (having a long vowel or a coda consonant); if it was light, the third-last was stressed if heavy; otherwise, stress fell on the fourth-last syllable. [[Vedic Sanskrit]], in contrast, possessed an [[Vedic accent|unpredictable pitch accent]].</ref> <br>(placed before stressed syllable)
|}
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite web | publisher=Ulrich Stiehl | first1=Maciej | last1=Zieba | first2=Ulrich | last2=Stiehl | title=The Original Pronunciation of Sanskrit | url=http://www.sanskritweb.net/deutsch/ipa_sans.pdf | accessdate=27 September 2011 | date=June 9, 2002}}

==See also==
*{{clc|Pages with Sanskrit IPA|pages}}
*{{clc|Pages with Pali IPA|pages}}

{{IPA keys}}