View source for SS Navemar

{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=
|Ship caption=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship name=*''Frogner'' (1921–27)
*''Cabo Mayor'' (1927–32)
*''Navemar'' (1932–42)
|Ship owner=*Fearnley and Eger (1921–27)
*Ybarra y Compania (1927–32)
*Compañía Española de Navegación Marítima (1932–42)
|Ship operator=
|Ship registry=*{{flagicon|Norway}} (1921–27)
*{{flagicon|Spain}} / [[File:Flag of the Second Spanish Republic (plain).svg|25px]] Seville (1927–42)
|Ship route=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=[[Armstrong Whitworth|Armstrong, Whitworth & Co]],
[[Newcastle upon Tyne]]
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=14 April 1921
|Ship completed=October 1921
|Ship acquired=
|Ship maiden voyage=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship identification=*[[code letters]] MCGR (until 1933)
*{{ICS|Mike}}{{ICS|Charlie}}{{ICS|Golf}}{{ICS|Romeo}}
*[[Maritime call sign|call sign]] EADH (from 1934)
*{{ICS|Echo}}{{ICS|Alpha}}{{ICS|Delta}}{{ICS|Hotel}}
|Ship fate=Sunk by torpedo in the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], 23 January 1942
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type=[[Cargo ship]]
|Ship tonnage=*{{GRT|5473}}
*tonnage under deck 4,937
*{{NRT|3291}}
|Ship displacement=
|Ship length={{convert|407.1|ft|abbr=on}} [[Length between perpendiculars|p/p]]
|Ship beam={{convert|53.8|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|27.9|ft|abbr=on}}
|Ship depth={{convert|30|ft|6|in|abbr=on|2}}
|Ship decks=
|Ship power=548 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]]
|Ship propulsion=*3-cylinder [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple-expansion engine]];
*single [[Propeller|screw]]
|Ship speed=
|Ship capacity=28 passengers
|Ship crew=36
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''SS ''Navemar'''''  was a [[Cargo ship|cargo]] [[steamship]] that was built in England in 1921, was Norwegian-owned until 1927 and then Spanish-owned for the rest of her career. An [[Regia Marina#World War II|Italian]] submarine sank her in the [[Strait of Gibraltar]] in 1942.

''Navemar'' is notable for a voyage in 1941 in which she carried about 1,120 European [[Jews|Jewish]] refugees to the [[United States]] in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795476,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100903234137/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,795476,00.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= September 3, 2010 |title=National Affairs: S.S. NEVERMORE |newspaper=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=22 September 1941 }}</ref>

==Building==
[[Armstrong Whitworth|Armstrong, Whitworth & Co]] of [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[United Kingdom]] built the ship as ''Frogner'' for Fearnley and Eger of [[Oslo]], Norway, completing her in October 1921.<ref name=LR>{{cite book |url= https://plimsoll.southampton.gov.uk/shipdata/pdfs/41/41b0612.pdf |year=1941 |title=Lloyd's Register, Steamers & Motorships |location=London |publisher=[[Lloyd's Register]] |accessdate=20 May 2017}}</ref>

The ship was {{convert|407.1|ft|abbr=on}} long [[Length between perpendiculars|between perpendiculars]], had a beam of {{convert|58.3|ft|abbr=on}} and a depth moulded of {{convert|30|ft|6|in|abbr=on|2}}. She had nine corrugated furnaces with a combined grate area of {{convert|183|sqft}} heating three single-ended boilers with a combined heating surface of {{convert|8112|sqft}}. Her boilers supplied steam at 180 [[Pounds per square inch|lb<sub>f</sub>/in<sup>2</sup>]] to a three-cylinder [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|triple expansion steam engine]] of 548 [[Horsepower#Nominal horsepower|NHP]] that drove a single [[Propeller|screw]].<ref name=LR/>

==Career 1921–41==
In 1927 Ybarra y Compania of [[Seville]] bought the ship and renamed her ''Cabo Mayor''. In 1932 Compañía Española de Navegación Marítima bought her and renamed her ''Navemar''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/ybarra.htm |last1=Swiggum |first=S |last2=Kohli |first2=M |title=Ybarra Line / Ybarra y Cia., Sevilla |work=The Ships List |date=4 July 2007 }}</ref>

On 22 December 1932 ''Navemar'' collided with the French steamship ''Bernardin de St. Pierre'' at [[Marseille]], [[Bouches-du-Rhône]], France, and was beached.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=A collision near Marseilles |date=23 December 1932 |page=19 |issue=46324 |column=G }}</ref><ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Casualty reports |date=24 December 1932 |page=17 |issue=46325 |column=F }}</ref> She later was repaired and returned to service.

In 1937–38 ''Navemar'' was the subject of a court case in the United States between the Government of the [[Second Spanish Republic|Republic of Spain]] and the ship's crew, who were trying to prevent her from being requisitioned in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] ruled in favour of the Spanish Government.<ref>{{wikisource-inline|The Navemar Compania Espanola De Navegacion Maritima Sa v. The Navemar/Opinion of the Court|single=true}}</ref>

==Refugee voyage==
In 1941, the [[American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee]] (known as "The Joint") were desperate to rescue Jewish refugees from Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia escaping [[The Holocaust|Nazi persecution]]. Many held US visas that were about to expire. The Joint's agents directed them to Seville, where the ''Navemar'' had been privately chartered to make the transatlantic crossing. Tickets for the few passenger cabins sold at exorbitant prices. The captain vacated his cabin and charged $2,000 to all who could fit themselves into the small space.{{sfn|Agar|1960|p=136}} Bunks were fitted in the filthy cargo holds, which had previously carried coal.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bhamholocausteducation.org/photo-cohen.htm |last=Seitel |first=Becky |title=The Crossing |work=Jenny Fried Cohen |publisher=Birmingham Holocaust Education Center }}</ref> Although attempts were made to clean the ship, there was too little time to complete the task.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 May 2004|title=Jewish refugee ships: Troubled waters|url=http://narrow-gate.net/2019/05/02/jewish-ships-troubled-waters/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016114848/http://www.narrow-gate.net:80/jeffking/archives/002665.html|archive-date=2018-10-16|access-date=2021-06-16|work=From the Desk of Jeff King|publisher=Narrow Gate}}</ref>

''Navemar'' left Seville on 7 August 1941. She called at [[Lisbon]] in [[Portugal]], where many of the visas were extended by the US Embassy.{{sfn|Agar|1960|p=137}} After calling at [[Havana]] in [[Cuba]] she reached [[New York City|New York]] on 12 September 1941. Many of the passengers had contracted [[typhus]]<ref>[http://libguides.newcastle.edu.au/content.php?pid=71165&sid=527263 Verbannte – Rare Book and Special Collections – LibGuides at University of Newcastle Library<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820010208/http://libguides.newcastle.edu.au/content.php?pid=71165&sid=527263 |date=2011-08-20 }}</ref> and six of them died in the five-week crossing.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://digital.cjh.org/R/SHN2A5TUYJS7MY82JJTIGBD68XM84JCA5KENCMBKDJFADG1XMC-01588?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=229840&local_base=GEN01&pds_handle=GUEST |title=Ernst Scheuer and Rosi Moses-Scheuer Collection |publisher=[[Center for Jewish History]] }}</ref>

[[File:Barbarigo 1.jpg|thumb|The {{sclass|Marcello|submarine|0}} {{ship|Italian submarine|Barbarigo}}, which sank ''Navemar'' in 1942]]

==Subsequent career and fate==
After her refugee voyage ''Navemar'' returned to general trade. On 23 January 1942 the {{sclass|Marcello|submarine|0}} {{ship|Italian submarine|Barbarigo}} torpedoed and sank her in the Strait of Gibraltar.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?37319 |title=SS Navemar (+1942) |work=Wrecksite |last1=Lettens |first1=Jan |last2=Vleggert |first2=Nico }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.xmasgrupsom.com/sommergibili/barbarigo.htm |title=Regio Sommergibile Barbarigo |work=Grupsom |publisher=Gugliemo Lepre |language=it }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Agar |first=Herbert |year=1960 |title=The Saving Remnant: An Account Of Survival |place=New York |publisher=The Viking Press |page=136 |url= https://archive.org/stream/savingremnantana027136mbp/savingremnantana027136mbp_djvu.txt }}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url= http://search.archives.jdc.org/list.asp?lang=ENG&dlang=ENG&module=search&page=notebook&rsvr=NAMES@NAMES&param=%3Cdlang%3EENG%3C/%3E%3Cnob%3E3%3C/%3E%3Cstart_entry%3E0%3C/%3E%3Crsvr_id%3ENAMES%3C/%3E%3Clang_id%3EENG%3C/%3E%3Cquantity%3E10%3C/%3E%3Cvalue%3Enavemar%3C/%3E%3Cindex_name%3ESHIPNAM%3C/%3E%3Ccollector%3E0%3C/%3E%3Clif%3ESHIPNAM%3C/%3E%3Crsvr_ser%3E@@2@@4@@NAMES%3C/%3E&param2=&site=ideaalm |title=Search Results – Record View: navemar |work=Archives |publisher=American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee}} archival holdings of deposit cards of passengers on ''Navemar''
*{{cite web |url= http://digifindingaids.cjh.org/?pID=479979 |last=Lange |first=Leonora |title=Guide to the S.S. Navemar – Saul Sperling Collection |publisher=[[Leo Baeck Institute]]}} Collection contains lawyer Saul Sperling's notes and correspondence on the suit brought by passengers against the owners of ''Navemar'' after she reached New York in September 1941.

{{1932 shipwrecks}}
{{January 1942 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Navemar}}
[[Category:1921 ships]]
[[Category:Cargo ships of Norway]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by Italian submarines]]
[[Category:Jewish-American history]]
[[Category:Jewish immigrant ships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1932]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in January 1942]]
[[Category:Ships built by Armstrong Whitworth]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Tyne]]