View source for USS Pigeon (ASR-6)

{{short description|Minesweeper of the United States Navy}}
{{other ships|USS Pigeon}}
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|Ship image=[[File:USS Pigeon (ASR-6) in Cam Ranh Bay in 1939.jpg|300px|USS Pigeon in Cam Ranh Bay, Indochina, July 1939.]]
|Ship caption=USS ''Pigeon'' (ASR-6) anchored in {{nowrap|[[Cam Ranh Bay]]}} on the coast of {{nowrap|[[French Indochina]]}} in July&nbsp;1939.
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|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{USN flag|1942}}
|Ship name=USS ''Pigeon''
|Ship namesake=[[Pigeon]]
|Ship owner=
|Ship operator=[[United States Navy]]
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|Ship laid down=15 June 1918
|Ship launched=29 January 1919
|Ship sponsor=Mrs. Joseph B. Provance
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|Ship commissioned=15 July 1919
|Ship reclassified=AM-47 on 17 July 1920
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|Ship decommissioned=25 April 1922
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{{Infobox ship career
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|Ship recommissioned=13 October 1923
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|Ship reclassified=ASR-6 on 12 September 1929
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|Ship fate=Sunk 4 May 1942
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{{Infobox ship characteristics
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|Ship class=[[Lapwing class minesweeper|''Lapwing''-class minesweeper]]
|Ship displacement={{convert|950|LT|t|0|abbr=on}}
|Ship length={{convert|187|ft|10|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|35|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft={{convert|9|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship power={{convert|1400|ihp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=*1 × Harlan and Hollingsworth, vertical triple-expansion steam engine
*1 × screw
|Ship speed={{convert|14|kn|mph km/h|lk=in|abbr=on}}
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|Ship complement=72
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|Ship armament=*'''As built:'''
*1 × 11-pounder gun
*2 × [[machine gun]]s
*'''World War II:'''
*2 × [[3"/50 caliber gun|{{convert|3|in|mm|abbr=on}}]]/50 cal guns
*2 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm]] [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] [[autocannon]]s
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The first '''USS ''Pigeon'' (AM-47/ASR-6)''' was a [[Lapwing class minesweeper|''Lapwing''-class]] [[minesweeper (ship)|minesweeper]] of the [[United States Navy]]. She was later converted to a submarine rescue ship. She was named for the avian ambassador, the [[pigeon]].

==Construction and commissioning==

''Pigeon'' was [[Keel-laying|laid down]] by the [[Bethlehem Key Highway Shipyard|Baltimore Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company]] at [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]]. She was [[Ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 29 January 1919, sponsored by Mrs. Joseph B. Provance, and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] at the [[Norfolk Navy Yard]] in [[Portsmouth, Virginia|Portsmouth]], [[Virginia]], on 15 July 1919. When the U.S. Navy assigned [[hull classification symbol]]s to ships on 17 July 1920, ''Pigeon'' was designated '''AM-47'''.

==Service history==

===Inter-war period===
''Pigeon'' departed Norfolk to serve the Pacific Mine Force at [[Naval Station San Diego]] in [[San Diego]], [[California]], transited the [[Panama Canal]] on 7 December 1919, and reached San Diego on 25 December 1919. [[Pearl Harbor]], Hawaii, became her new base of operations on 18 June 1920, and she [[Ship decommissioning|decommissioned]] there on 25 April 1922. Converted to a [[gunboat]], she recommissioned at Pearl Harbor on 13 October 1923.
[[Image:USS Pigeon (AM-47) in Chinese waters, circa the later 1920s.jpg|thumb|left|300px|''Pigeon'' in Chinese waters, c. the later 1920s, showing modifications made to fit her as a gunboat for use on the Yangtze River.]]

Still classified a minesweeper, ''Pigeon'' departed Pearl Harbor on 7 November 1923 and joined the [[Yangtze River Patrol Force]] at [[Shanghai]], [[China]], on 26 November 1923. For five years, she served in the patrol, protecting American citizens and commerce during the [[Chinese Civil War]]. She began serving Submarine [[Division (naval)|Division]] 16 (SubDiv&nbsp;16) in the [[United States Asiatic Fleet]] in September 1928. After ranging from the [[Philippines]] to the China coast, she [[Fitting-out|fitted out]] as a “submarine [[Marine salvage|salvage]] vessel” at the [[U.S. Naval Station Sangley Point|Cavite Naval Station]] on [[Luzon]] in the Philippines from April to July 1929. She departed [[Manila Bay]] on 13 July 1929 to cruise with Asiatic Fleet [[submarine]]s along the China coast until returning to Manila on 11 September 1929. The following day, she was reclassified a [[submarine rescue vessel]]  and redesignated '''ASR-6'''.

As a submarine rescue vessel, ''Pigeon''{{'}}s primary mission was to aid and salvage  submarines in distress. She had a complement of [[Underwater diving|diver]]s and was equipped with deep-sea diving equipment. She had a [[McCann Rescue Chamber]] for rescuing men from sunken submarines. ''Pigeon'' also had a [[helium]]-mixing tank for aiding divers in making deep dives. Her [[recompression chamber]] was a complete “divers hospital” to prevent [[decompression sickness]] — the "bends" — in divers subjected to sudden ascents from deep depths.

The [[French Navy]] submarine {{ship|French submarine|Phénix|Q157|2}} failed to resurface after a mock attack on the [[light cruiser]] {{ship|French cruiser|Lamotte-Picquet||2}} during training maneuvers in the [[South China Sea]] off [[Cam Ranh]], [[French Indochina]], on 15 June 1939,<ref>Picard, p. 26.</ref> and after her wreck was located {{convert|12|nmi}} northeast of the island of [[Hon Chut]] on 16 June 1939 with its [[stern]] resting on the [[seabed]] at a depth of {{convert|105|m|0}} and its [[Bow (ship)|bow]] floating at a depth of {{convert|40|m|0}},<ref>Picard, p. 27.</ref> ''Pigeon'' was dispatched to render assistance. French salvage efforts to place a chain around ''Phénix''′s [[Hull (ship)|hull]] so that it could be [[Towing|towed]] into shallower water succeeded only in dragging her into waters with a depth of {{convert|95|m|0}} and, although ''Pigeon'' arrived on the scene on 28 June 1939, ''Phénix'' still lay too deep for ''Pigeon''′s divers to reach her.<ref>Picard, p. 28.</ref> ''Phénix'' was lost with all hands.

[[Image:USS Pigeon (ASR-6) aground at Tsingtao in September 1939.jpg|left|thumb|300px|[[USS Pigeon (ARS-6)|USS Pigeon]] grounded on the coast of China after a [[1939 Pacific typhoon season#September|September 1939 typhoon]]]]
''Pigeon'' ran aground on the coast of China during a [[typhoon]] on [[1939 Pacific typhoon season#September|2 September 1939]], but was salvaged. She continued duty with the Submarine Force of the Asiatic Fleet in waters ranging from the Philippines to the coast of China. She departed [[Shanghai]], China, for [[Manila]] in the Philippines on 19 August 1940, arriving on 24 August 1940, and remained in the Philippines as the Japanese gained control of the coastal ports of China during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]].

===World War II===

====1941====
In November 1941, the [[U.S. 4th Marine Regiment|4th Marines]] evacuated Shanghai and ships of the Yangtze River Patrol were withdrawn from China. ''Pigeon'' was one of the ships ordered to escort the American gunboats from Chinese waters. She departed Cavite for [[Formosa Straits]] 28–29 November 1941.

''Pigeon'' rendezvoused near midnight of 30 November-1 December 1941 with the gunboats {{USS|Luzon|PR-7|2}} and {{USS|Oahu|PR-6|2}} ([[flagship]]) and minesweeper {{USS|Finch|AM-9|2}}. A Japanese [[seaplane]] circled the formation on the morning of 1 December 1941. For about eight hours, beginning at noon, seven [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Japanese]] [[warship]]s encircled the American gunboats. One [[Transport (ship)|transport]]—loaded with troops (apparently bound for the [[British Malaya|Malayan]] expedition)—held gunnery exercises on the gunboat formation. The episode ended about 19:00 when a Japanese transport hoisted an International signal translated: "Enemy escaping on course 180." On 4 December, ''Pigeon'' sighted [[Corregidor Light]] and the convoy entered Manila Bay.

On receiving word of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Lt. Comdr. [[Richard E. Hawes]] immediately prepared to get ''Pigeon'' underway and stood by to evacuate the [[Cavite Navy Yard]]. While waiting for the enemy to appear, he crammed the ship with stores and salvage and repair supplies and equipment.

"Spittin’ Dick" Hawes had already become a legend among submariners. He had a reputation of superb loyalty to subordinates and was known for his ingenuity with men and the materials at hand. A special act of [[United States Congress|Congress]] elevated him to officer rank on 18 February 1929 in recognition of his salvage feats on submarines {{USS|S-51|SS-162|2}} and {{USS|S-4|SS-109|2}}. He had entered the Navy as a [[Firefighter|Fireman]] in 1917 and had earned the [[Navy Cross (United States)|Navy Cross]] for distinguished service in salvaging ''S-51'' in 1925–1926. He later served in several "[[United States S class submarine|S-boats]]", at the [[Naval Submarine Base New London|New London Submarine Base]], became a [[Master Diver (United States Navy)|Master Diver]], then joined the staff of SubDiv&nbsp;4. He commanded submarine salvage ship {{USS|Falcon|ASR-2|2}} from 1935–1938, served as Officer in Command of the Submarine Escape Training Tank at the Submarine Base in Hawaii, then took command of ''Pigeon'' on 12 February 1940.

''Pigeon'' was moored in a five-ship nest at the Cavite Navy Yard on 10 December 1941 when Japanese bombers launched massive raids. But Commander Hawes had [[relieving tackle]]s rigged, steam at throttle, and men ready for action. His foresight saved ''Pigeon'' and submarine {{USS|Seadragon|SS-194|2}}.

''Pigeon''{{'}}s four machine guns—two {{convert|.50|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} and two {{convert|.30|in|mm|2|abbr=on}}—were no match for Japan’s high-altitude [[bomber]]s, but she could outsmart them. She cleared the dock lashed to {{USS|Quail|AM-15|2}} then cut loose and both ships maneuvered clear of bombs which fell close astern.

Soon Cavite Navy Yard was engulfed in explosions and flames. In the nest which ''Pigeon'' had occupied lay submarine {{USS|Sealion|SS-195|2}}—her [[pressure hull]] pierced by bomb hits and beyond salvage—and ''Seadragon'', damaged and without power to get underway. With them were the minesweeper {{USS|Bittern|AM-36|2}} with a [[gasoline]] [[Lighter (barge)|lighter]] as well as another lighter moored astern.

While ''Pigeon'' maneuvered to save ''Seadragon'', Machinist Rollin M. Reed and Watertender Wayne E. Taylor jumped in a [[surf boat]] to haul the burning lighter clear, got the gasoline lighter out of reach of flames, then assisted another small boat in hauling ''Bittern'' off from the dock and to safety.

Soon, the flames and explosions reached the [[torpedo]] overhaul shop exploding torpedo warheads which hurled fiery missiles over ''Pigeon''. Nevertheless, ''Pigeon'' calmly placed her stern across the end piling and ran a line some {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on}} to ''Seadragon'' and hauled the submarine clear of the dock.

''Seadragon''{{'}}s hull was already scorched from flames that swept the wharf. Just as ''Pigeon'' pulled the submarine backward to the channel, a big fuel tank exploded and spewed a horizontal wave of fire that blistered the hulls of both ships. Once ''Seadragon'' reached the channel, her skillful crew worked her out into the Bay. Her leaks were plugged and her pressure hull was patched by [[submarine tender]] {{USS|Canopus|AS-9|2}} when she departed for [[Soerabaja]], [[Java]] on 16 December. ''Pigeon'' received the first [[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation]] awarded a ship of the United States Navy for her heroism in saving ''Seadragon''.

But ''Pigeon'' had "not yet begun to fight". By the end of the month, her sailors had earned a second Presidential Unit Citation for fighting ability not expected of men in a little support craft.

Lt. Comdr. Hawes reported: "The courage, spirit, and efficiency of the ''Pigeon'' crew is believed unsurpassed by past, present, or any future crews of any vessel of any nation." While the Navy Yard was still in flames, her crew was attempting to secure heavier armament for their ship. She armed herself with a {{convert|3|in|mm|abbr=on}} gun from fire-damaged ''Bittern'' and another from ''Sealion''. Sheets of boiler plate were fashioned into gun and splinter shields for six {{convert|.50|in|mm|1|abbr=on}} machine guns which circled the bridge. "The ''Pigeon'' is well armed," wrote Hawes, "and is believed to be the best equipped vessel of her type and tonnage in existence."

Not content to fend for herself, ''Pigeon'' worked tirelessly to help her [[sister ship]]s and the other defenders of the Philippines. She replaced the {{convert|3|in|mm|abbr=on}} gun on minesweeper {{USS|Tanager|AM-5|2}}. She fed an average of 125 men daily, and salvaged valuable equipment from submarine ''Sealion''. She also salvaged and transported deck loads of torpedoes to "Old Lady" ''Canopus'' to keep the Asiatic Fleet submarines armed. When Manila was declared an "open city", she towed ''Bittern'' to Mariveles. She made underwater repairs to submarine {{USS|Porpoise|SS-172|2}}, supplied submarine {{USS|S-33|SS-138|2}} with both fresh and battery water; and, towed all manner of supply-laden barges and small craft between [[Manila]], [[Corregidor]], [[Bataan]], and [[Mariveles, Bataan|Mariveles]]. She even charged air flasks for the torpedoes of [[PT boat]]s.

During a bombing attack on Corregidor, her gunners blasted away at three twin-engined aircraft winging over the eastern end of the island. One exploded between [[Manja Island]] light and Corregidor, and the other two crashed just beyond the [[minefield]]. ''Pigeon'' scored again the following day when an enemy [[observation plane]] made the mistake of passing overhead, then turned back for a closer look. Shells from ''Pigeon'' ripped into the enemy aircraft which sideslipped, lost altitude, and headed out to sea.

By the end of December, Manila Bay was no longer a suitable area for submarines. Only those just back from patrol remained. These evacuated highly trained submariners to new Pacific bases in Java and Australia where they formed the nucleus maintenance crews that kept the American submarine forces on patrol.

====1942====
On 5 January 1942, Lt. Comdr. Hawes turned over command of ''Pigeon'' to Lt. Comdr. Frank Alfred Davis, USNR, and became first lieutenant of submarine tender {{USS|Holland|AS-3|2}}.

Since Japanese warships outside Manila Bay made it impossible for her to escape, ''Pigeon'' remained behind with ''Canopus'', a few old gunboats, and small craft to fight with the Army of Bataan.

She again fought off enemy aircraft, towed between Mariveles and Corregidor; conducted diving operations for salvage, scuttled equipment and destroyed munitions that might fall to the enemy; and established a lookout station at [[Gorda Point]], Bataan. On the night of 5 January, she slipped off Japanese-occupied [[Sangley Point]], Cavite, and snatched a barge of submarine [[Naval mine|mine]]s from under the nose of the enemy. Men armed to the teeth stepped quickly and quietly from a [[whaleboat]], made a towline fast, and returned to ''Pigeon''. As an added act of defiance the landing party ignited several barrels of aviation gasoline.

''Pigeon'' kept up her energetic pace of support in the Philippines defense. In February 1942, she deprived the enemy of two ammunition lighters and salvaged some 160,000 gallons (605,600&nbsp;L) of [[fuel oil]] from merchantman S.S. ''Don Jose'' enabling gunboats to stay on patrol. She also repelled six enemy [[dive bomber]]s, knocking down one and crippling another which later crashed on Bataan. She set up a repair base at [[Saseaman]] Dock, using a submarine repair barge to tend small craft of the inshore patrol and for Philippine "[[Q-ship|Q boats]]". She also fueled a submarine at South Dock, Corregidor.

In March 1942, ''Pigeon'' salvaged and concealed gasoline drums ashore in [[Saseaman Cove]], fueled a submarine and gunboats, and towed several lighters between Corregidor and Bataan. She also salvaged and repaired S.S. ''Floricita'' and towed her from the beach at Corregidor to Mariveles. In April she dueled with enemy [[artillery]] at [[Cab Cabin]] and again fought off enemy aircraft.

Bataan fell on 9 April, and—rather than surrender to the enemy—''Canopus'' backed away from the dock and sank at the hands of her own crew. That night, ''Pigeon'' made rendezvous with fleet submarine {{USS|Snapper|SS-185|2}} under the enemy guns in the south channel off Corregidor. ''Snapper'' had brought {{convert|46|ST|t|abbr=on}} of food and stores for beleaguered Corregidor and ''Pigeon'' hurried to load the cargo before the start of night bombing raids.

===Fate===
After the fall of Bataan, ''Pigeon''{{'}}s crew spent the days on shore and returned to their ship for night operations that included dumping Philippine currency in the channel south of Corregidor. She continued to serve until the afternoon of 4 May, when a bomb from a dive bomber exploded on her starboard quarter. She sank in eight minutes but her crew was on shore.

The Japanese later captured the sailors but many survived the war.

Lt. Comdr. Frank Alfred Davis carried on the fighting tradition and valor of his command while interned at the infamous [[prisoner-of-war camp]] at [[Cabanatuan]], [[Philippine Islands]]. He built a powerful underground organization to obtain food, medicines and communications of all kinds. He volunteered for command of a firewood detail, and despite the constant surveillance of Japanese guards, succeeded in smuggling into camp tremendous amounts of food and other necessities to his fellow prisoners. His great personal valor and grave concern for others at a great risk to his own life contributed to the welfare and morale of all prisoners on Luzon and saved countless lives before he died on 14 December 1944. Lt. Comdr. Davis received the [[Navy Cross (United States)|Navy Cross]] for his intrepid fight on ''Canopus'' and ''Pigeon'' and was posthumously awarded the [[Legion of Merit]] for his courageous and dedicated service to fellow prisoners.

==Awards==
*[[Presidential Unit Citation (US)|Presidential Unit Citation]] - two awards
*[[China Service Medal]]
*[[American Defense Service Medal]]
*[[Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal]] with one battle star
*[[World War Two Victory Medal]]

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{DANFS}}
* {{cite book|last1=Picard|first1=Claude|title=Les Sous-marins de 1 500 tonnes|date=2006|publisher= Marines Éditions |isbn=2-915379-55-6|location=Rennes|language=fr}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|USS Pigeon (ASR-6)}}
*[https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/p/pigeon-i.html history.navy.mil: USS ''Pigeon'']
*[http://www.navsource.org/archives/11/02047.htm navsource.org: USS ''Pigeon'']
*[http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/mine/am47.htm hazegray.org: USS ''Pigeon'']
*[http://www.oneternalpatrol.com/uss-pigeon-asr-6.htm OnEternalPatrol.com: USS ''Pigeon'']

{{Lapwing class minesweeper}}
{{September 1939 shipwrecks}}
{{May 1942 shipwrecks}}
{{coord missing|Pacific Ocean}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pigeon (ASR-1)}}
[[Category:Lapwing-class minesweepers]]
[[Category:Ships built in Baltimore]]
[[Category:1919 ships]]
[[Category:World War II auxiliary ships of the United States]]
[[Category:World War II shipwrecks in the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Ships sunk by Japanese aircraft]]
[[Category:Lapwing-class minesweepers converted to submarine rescue ships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in September 1939]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in May 1942]]