Jump to content

Campylobacter concisus: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
MrNiceGuy1113 (talk | contribs)
22,205 edits
Added tags to the page using Page Curation (stub, uncategorised)
Citation bot (talk | contribs)
Bots
5,307,249 edits
Add: doi-access. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | #UCB_CommandLine
 
(46 intermediate revisions by 29 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| color = lightblue
| name = ''Campylobacter''
|genus=Campylobacter
|species=concisus
| image = Campylobacter.jpg
|authority = Tanner et al., 1981
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = ''Campylobacter'' bacteria
| regnum = [[Bacteria]]
| phylum = [[Proteobacteria]]
| classis = [[Epsilonproteobacteria]]
| ordo = [[Campylobacterales]]
| familia = [[Campylobacteraceae]]
| genus = '''''Campylobacter'''''
| genus_authority = Sebald and Véron 1963
}}
}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Campylobacter''''' (meaning 'twisted bacteria') is a [[genus]] of [[bacteria]] that are [[Gram-negative]], spiral, and [[microaerophilic]]. [[Motile]], with either unipolar or bipolar [[flagella]], the organisms have a characteristic spiral/[[corkscrew]] appearance (see photo) and are [[oxidase]]-positive.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 378&ndash;80 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref>''


'''''Campylobacter concisus''''' is a [[Gram-negative]], highly [[Fastidious organism|fastidious]], [[Mesophile|mesophilic]] bacterium that grows under both anaerobic and [[microaerophile|microaerobic]] conditions with the presence of hydrogen significantly aiding growth.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Examination of the Anaerobic Growth of Campylobacter concisus Strains|last=Lee|first=Hoyul|journal=International Journal of Microbiology|volume=2014|pages=476047|pmid=25214843|year=2014|doi=10.1155/2014/476047|pmc=4158115|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Motility|Motile]], with either unipolar or bipolar [[flagella]], the organisms have a characteristic spiral/[[corkscrew]] appearance and are [[oxidase]]-positive.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tanner|first1=A. C. R.|last2=Badger|first2=S.|last3=Lai|first3=C.-H|last4=Listgarten|first4=M. A.|last5=Visconti|first5=R. A.|last6=Socransky|first6=S. S.|title=Wolinella gen. nov., Wolinella succinogenes (Vibrio succinogenes Wolin et al.) comb. nov., and Description of Bacteroides gracilis sp. nov., Wolinella recta sp. nov., Campylobacter concisus sp. nov., and Eikenella corrodens from Humans with Periodontal Disease|journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology|date=1981|volume=31|issue=4|pages=432–45|doi=10.1099/00207713-31-4-432|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=P. Vandamme|author2=F. E. Dewhirst|author3=B. J. Paster|author4=S. L. W. On|editor1-last=Garrity|editor1-first=G.|editor2-last=Krieg|editor2-first=N. R.|editor3-last=Staley|editor3-first=J. T.|editor4-last=Brenner|editor4-first=D. J.|title=Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology|date=2005|publisher=Springer-Verlag New York|location=NY, USA|isbn=978-0-387-29298-4|pages=1147–1160|edition=2nd|chapter=Genus I. Campylobacter}}</ref><ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | editor = Ryan KJ | editor2 = Ray CG | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 378&ndash;80 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-0-8385-8529-0 }}</ref> Although the human oral cavity is the natural colonization site of the bacterium, ''C. concisus'' may also colonize the intestinal tract of some individuals.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Li|last2=Budiman|first2=Vanna|last3=Day|first3=Andrew S.|last4=Mitchell|first4=Hazel|last5=Lemberg|first5=Daniel A.|last6=Riordan|first6=Stephen M.|last7=Grimm|first7=Michael|last8=Leach|first8=Steven T.|last9=Ismail|first9=Yazan|date=2010-08-01|title=Isolation and detection of Campylobacter concisus from saliva of healthy individuals and patients with inflammatory bowel disease|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=48|issue=8|pages=2965–2967|doi=10.1128/JCM.02391-09|issn=1098-660X|pmc=2916630|pmid=20519479}}</ref> In particular, several studies have reported higher intestinal prevalence of ''C. concisus'' in patients with IBD compared to healthy controls,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mahendran|first1=Vikneswari|last2=Riordan|first2=Stephen M.|last3=Grimm|first3=Michael C.|last4=Tran|first4=Thi Anh Tuyet|last5=Major|first5=Joelene|last6=Kaakoush|first6=Nadeem O.|last7=Mitchell|first7=Hazel|last8=Zhang|first8=Li|date=2011-09-23|title=Prevalence of Campylobacter Species in Adult Crohn's Disease and the Preferential Colonization Sites of Campylobacter Species in the Human Intestine|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=6|issue=9|pages=e25417|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025417|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3179513|pmid=21966525|bibcode=2011PLoSO...625417M|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Li|last2=Man|first2=Si Ming|last3=Day|first3=Andrew S.|last4=Leach|first4=Steven T.|last5=Lemberg|first5=Daniel A.|last6=Dutt|first6=Shoma|last7=Stormon|first7=Michael|last8=Otley|first8=Anthony|last9=O'Loughlin|first9=Edward V.|date=2009-02-01|title=Detection and Isolation of Campylobacter Species Other than C. jejuni from Children with Crohn's Disease|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|language=en|volume=47|issue=2|pages=453–455|doi=10.1128/jcm.01949-08|issn=0095-1137|pmid=19052183|pmc=2643684}}</ref> which has led to current speculation of the bacterium's implication in the induction of Crohn's disease.
''C. concicus'' has been implicated in the induction of [[Crohn's disease]].<ref>N. O. Kaakoush, A. S. Day, K. D. Huinao, S. T. Leach, D. A. Lemberg, S. E. Dowd, H. M. Mitchell. Microbial Dysbiosis in Pediatric Patients with Crohn's Disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2012; 50 (10): 3258 DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01396-12</ref>

A number of studies have defined ''C. concisus'' to be composed of two phenotypically identical, yet genomically distinct genomospecies by analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), housekeeping genes and a PCR method targeting the polymorphisms of ''C. concisus'' 23S rRNA gene.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aabenhus|first1=Rune|last2=On|first2=Stephen L. W.|last3=Siemer|first3=Berit L.|last4=Permin|first4=Henrik|last5=Andersen|first5=Leif P.|date=2005-10-01|title=Delineation of Campylobacter concisus Genomospecies by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis and Correlation of Results with Clinical Data|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|language=en|volume=43|issue=10|pages=5091–5096|doi=10.1128/JCM.43.10.5091-5096.2005|issn=0095-1137|pmc=1248439|pmid=16207968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kalischuk|first1=Lisa D.|last2=Inglis|first2=G. Douglas|date=2011-01-01|title=Comparative genotypic and pathogenic examination of Campylobacter concisusisolates from diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans|journal=BMC Microbiology|volume=11|pages=53|doi=10.1186/1471-2180-11-53|issn=1471-2180|pmc=3068073|pmid=21406111 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=William G.|last2=Chapman|first2=Mary H.|last3=Yee|first3=Emma|last4=On|first4=Stephen L. W.|last5=McNulty|first5=Desmond K.|last6=Lastovica|first6=Albert J.|last7=Carroll|first7=Anne M.|last8=McNamara|first8=Eleanor B.|last9=Duffy|first9=Geraldine|date=2012-01-01|title=Multilocus Sequence Typing Methods for the Emerging Campylobacter Species C. hyointestinalis, C. lanienae, C. sputorum, C. concisus, and C. curvus|journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology|language=English|volume=2|pages=45|doi=10.3389/fcimb.2012.00045|issn=2235-2988|pmc=3417633|pmid=22919636|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mahendran|first1=Vikneswari|last2=Octavia|first2=Sophie|last3=Demirbas|first3=Omer Faruk|last4=Sabrina|first4=Sheryl|last5=Ma|first5=Rena|last6=Lan|first6=Ruiting|last7=Riordan|first7=Stephen M.|last8=Grimm|first8=Michael C.|last9=Zhang|first9=Li|date=2015-01-01|title=Delineation of genetic relatedness and population structure of oral and enteric Campylobacter concisus strains by analysis of housekeeping genes|journal=Microbiology|volume=161|issue=8|pages=1600–1612|doi=10.1099/mic.0.000112|pmid=26002953|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Engberg|first1=J.|last2=Bang|first2=D.D.|last3=Aabenhus|first3=R.|last4=Aarestrup|first4=F.M.|last5=Fussing|first5=V.|last6=Gerner-Smidt|first6=P.|date=2005-04-01|title=Campylobacter concisus: an evaluation of certain phenotypic and genotypic characteristics|journal=Clinical Microbiology and Infection|language=English|volume=11|issue=4|pages=288–295|doi=10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01111.x|pmid=15760425|issn=1198-743X|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chung|first1=Heung Kit Leslie|last2=Tay|first2=Alfred|last3=Octavia|first3=Sophie|last4=Chen|first4=Jieqiong|last5=Liu|first5=Fang|last6=Ma|first6=Rena|last7=Lan|first7=Ruiting|last8=Riordan|first8=Stephen M|last9=Grimm|first9=Michael C.|date=2016-12-02|title=Genome analysis of Campylobacter concisus strains from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and gastroenteritis provides new insights into pathogenicity|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=38442|doi=10.1038/srep38442|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5133609|pmid=27910936|bibcode=2016NatSR...638442C}}</ref> The two genomospecies appear to harbor different levels of enteric pathogenic potential, with oral ''C. concisus'' strains that were invasive to human epithelial cell line (Caco2) found only in Genomospecies-2 (GS2).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ismail|first1=Yazan|last2=Mahendran|first2=Vikneswari|last3=Octavia|first3=Sophie|last4=Day|first4=Andrew S.|last5=Riordan|first5=Stephen M.|last6=Grimm|first6=Michael C.|last7=Lan|first7=Ruiting|last8=Lemberg|first8=Daniel|last9=Tran|first9=Thi Anh Tuyet|date=2012-05-30|title=Investigation of the Enteric Pathogenic Potential of Oral Campylobacter concisus Strains Isolated from Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=5|pages=e38217|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0038217|issn=1932-6203|pmc=3364211|pmid=22666490|bibcode=2012PLoSO...738217I|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mahendran|first1=Vikneswari|last2=Liu|first2=Fang|last3=Riordan|first3=Stephen M.|last4=Grimm|first4=Michael C.|last5=Tanaka|first5=Mark M.|last6=Zhang|first6=Li|date=2016-01-01|title=Examination of the effects of Campylobacter concisus zonula occludens toxin on intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages|journal=Gut Pathogens|volume=8|pages=18|doi=10.1186/s13099-016-0101-9|issn=1757-4749|pmc=4870807|pmid=27195022 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Recently, a ''C. concisus'' molecular marker ''csep1'', particularly the ''csep1'' gene with a six-nucleotide insertion (''csep1-6bpi'') was found to be associated with active Crohn's disease, and pSma1 plasmid was found to be associated with severe ulcerative colitis.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fang|first1=Liu|last2=Rena|first2=Ma|last3=Chin Yen Alfred|first3=Tay|last4=Sophie|first4=Octavia|last5=Ruiting|first5=Lan|last6=Heung Kit Leslie|first6=Chung|last7=Stephen M|first7=Riordan|last8=Michael C|first8=Grimm|last9=Rupert W|first9=Leong|last10=Mark M|first10=Tanaka|title=Genomic analysis of oral ''Campylobacter concisus'' strains identified a potential bacterial molecular marker associated with active Crohn's disease|journal=Emerg Microbes Infect|volume=7|issue=1|pages=64|doi=10.1038/s41426-018-0065-6|pmid=29636463|pmc=5893538|year=2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Fang|first1=Liu|last2=Siying|first2=Chen|last3=Laurence Don Wai|first3=Luu|last4=Seul A|first4=Lee|last5=Alfred Chin Yen|first5=Tay|last6=Ruochen|first6=Wu|last7=Stephen M|first7=Riordan|last8=Ruiting|first8=Lan|last9=Lu|first9=Liu|last10=Li|first10=Zhang|title=Analysis of complete Campylobacter concisus genomes identifies genomospecies features, secretion systems and novel plasmids and their association with severe ulcerative colitis|journal=Microbial Genomics|volume=6|issue=11|doi=10.1099/mgen.0.000457|pmid= 33111662|year=2020|pmc=7725323|doi-access=free}}</ref> The ''csep1'' gene can be located in either the pICON plasmid or the chromosome.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|1}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2087197}}


[[Category:Campylobacterota]]
{{stub}}{{uncategorised|date=November 2012}}
[[Category:Bacteria described in 1981]]

Latest revision as of 12:17, 3 December 2023

Campylobacter concisus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Campylobacterota
Class: "Campylobacteria"
Order: Campylobacterales
Family: Campylobacteraceae
Genus: Campylobacter
Species:
C. concisus
Binomial name
Campylobacter concisus
Tanner et al., 1981

Campylobacter concisus is a Gram-negative, highly fastidious, mesophilic bacterium that grows under both anaerobic and microaerobic conditions with the presence of hydrogen significantly aiding growth.[1] Motile, with either unipolar or bipolar flagella, the organisms have a characteristic spiral/corkscrew appearance and are oxidase-positive.[2][3][4] Although the human oral cavity is the natural colonization site of the bacterium, C. concisus may also colonize the intestinal tract of some individuals.[5] In particular, several studies have reported higher intestinal prevalence of C. concisus in patients with IBD compared to healthy controls,[6][7] which has led to current speculation of the bacterium's implication in the induction of Crohn's disease.

A number of studies have defined C. concisus to be composed of two phenotypically identical, yet genomically distinct genomospecies by analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP), housekeeping genes and a PCR method targeting the polymorphisms of C. concisus 23S rRNA gene.[8][9][10][11][12][13] The two genomospecies appear to harbor different levels of enteric pathogenic potential, with oral C. concisus strains that were invasive to human epithelial cell line (Caco2) found only in Genomospecies-2 (GS2).[14][15]

Recently, a C. concisus molecular marker csep1, particularly the csep1 gene with a six-nucleotide insertion (csep1-6bpi) was found to be associated with active Crohn's disease, and pSma1 plasmid was found to be associated with severe ulcerative colitis.[16][17] The csep1 gene can be located in either the pICON plasmid or the chromosome.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Lee, Hoyul (2014). "Examination of the Anaerobic Growth of Campylobacter concisus Strains". International Journal of Microbiology. 2014: 476047. doi:10.1155/2014/476047. PMC 4158115. PMID 25214843.
  2. ^ Tanner, A. C. R.; Badger, S.; Lai, C.-H; Listgarten, M. A.; Visconti, R. A.; Socransky, S. S. (1981). "Wolinella gen. nov., Wolinella succinogenes (Vibrio succinogenes Wolin et al.) comb. nov., and Description of Bacteroides gracilis sp. nov., Wolinella recta sp. nov., Campylobacter concisus sp. nov., and Eikenella corrodens from Humans with Periodontal Disease". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 31 (4): 432–45. doi:10.1099/00207713-31-4-432.
  3. ^ P. Vandamme; F. E. Dewhirst; B. J. Paster; S. L. W. On (2005). "Genus I. Campylobacter". In Garrity, G.; Krieg, N. R.; Staley, J. T.; Brenner, D. J. (eds.). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (2nd ed.). NY, USA: Springer-Verlag New York. pp. 1147–1160. ISBN 978-0-387-29298-4.
  4. ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 378–80. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
  5. ^ Zhang, Li; Budiman, Vanna; Day, Andrew S.; Mitchell, Hazel; Lemberg, Daniel A.; Riordan, Stephen M.; Grimm, Michael; Leach, Steven T.; Ismail, Yazan (2010-08-01). "Isolation and detection of Campylobacter concisus from saliva of healthy individuals and patients with inflammatory bowel disease". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 48 (8): 2965–2967. doi:10.1128/JCM.02391-09. ISSN 1098-660X. PMC 2916630. PMID 20519479.
  6. ^ Mahendran, Vikneswari; Riordan, Stephen M.; Grimm, Michael C.; Tran, Thi Anh Tuyet; Major, Joelene; Kaakoush, Nadeem O.; Mitchell, Hazel; Zhang, Li (2011-09-23). "Prevalence of Campylobacter Species in Adult Crohn's Disease and the Preferential Colonization Sites of Campylobacter Species in the Human Intestine". PLOS ONE. 6 (9): e25417. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625417M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025417. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3179513. PMID 21966525.
  7. ^ Zhang, Li; Man, Si Ming; Day, Andrew S.; Leach, Steven T.; Lemberg, Daniel A.; Dutt, Shoma; Stormon, Michael; Otley, Anthony; O'Loughlin, Edward V. (2009-02-01). "Detection and Isolation of Campylobacter Species Other than C. jejuni from Children with Crohn's Disease". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 47 (2): 453–455. doi:10.1128/jcm.01949-08. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 2643684. PMID 19052183.
  8. ^ Aabenhus, Rune; On, Stephen L. W.; Siemer, Berit L.; Permin, Henrik; Andersen, Leif P. (2005-10-01). "Delineation of Campylobacter concisus Genomospecies by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis and Correlation of Results with Clinical Data". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 43 (10): 5091–5096. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.10.5091-5096.2005. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 1248439. PMID 16207968.
  9. ^ Kalischuk, Lisa D.; Inglis, G. Douglas (2011-01-01). "Comparative genotypic and pathogenic examination of Campylobacter concisusisolates from diarrheic and non-diarrheic humans". BMC Microbiology. 11: 53. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-11-53. ISSN 1471-2180. PMC 3068073. PMID 21406111.
  10. ^ Miller, William G.; Chapman, Mary H.; Yee, Emma; On, Stephen L. W.; McNulty, Desmond K.; Lastovica, Albert J.; Carroll, Anne M.; McNamara, Eleanor B.; Duffy, Geraldine (2012-01-01). "Multilocus Sequence Typing Methods for the Emerging Campylobacter Species C. hyointestinalis, C. lanienae, C. sputorum, C. concisus, and C. curvus". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2: 45. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2012.00045. ISSN 2235-2988. PMC 3417633. PMID 22919636.
  11. ^ Mahendran, Vikneswari; Octavia, Sophie; Demirbas, Omer Faruk; Sabrina, Sheryl; Ma, Rena; Lan, Ruiting; Riordan, Stephen M.; Grimm, Michael C.; Zhang, Li (2015-01-01). "Delineation of genetic relatedness and population structure of oral and enteric Campylobacter concisus strains by analysis of housekeeping genes". Microbiology. 161 (8): 1600–1612. doi:10.1099/mic.0.000112. PMID 26002953.
  12. ^ Engberg, J.; Bang, D.D.; Aabenhus, R.; Aarestrup, F.M.; Fussing, V.; Gerner-Smidt, P. (2005-04-01). "Campylobacter concisus: an evaluation of certain phenotypic and genotypic characteristics". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 11 (4): 288–295. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01111.x. ISSN 1198-743X. PMID 15760425.
  13. ^ Chung, Heung Kit Leslie; Tay, Alfred; Octavia, Sophie; Chen, Jieqiong; Liu, Fang; Ma, Rena; Lan, Ruiting; Riordan, Stephen M; Grimm, Michael C. (2016-12-02). "Genome analysis of Campylobacter concisus strains from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and gastroenteritis provides new insights into pathogenicity". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 38442. Bibcode:2016NatSR...638442C. doi:10.1038/srep38442. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5133609. PMID 27910936.
  14. ^ Ismail, Yazan; Mahendran, Vikneswari; Octavia, Sophie; Day, Andrew S.; Riordan, Stephen M.; Grimm, Michael C.; Lan, Ruiting; Lemberg, Daniel; Tran, Thi Anh Tuyet (2012-05-30). "Investigation of the Enteric Pathogenic Potential of Oral Campylobacter concisus Strains Isolated from Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e38217. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...738217I. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038217. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3364211. PMID 22666490.
  15. ^ Mahendran, Vikneswari; Liu, Fang; Riordan, Stephen M.; Grimm, Michael C.; Tanaka, Mark M.; Zhang, Li (2016-01-01). "Examination of the effects of Campylobacter concisus zonula occludens toxin on intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages". Gut Pathogens. 8: 18. doi:10.1186/s13099-016-0101-9. ISSN 1757-4749. PMC 4870807. PMID 27195022.
  16. ^ Fang, Liu; Rena, Ma; Chin Yen Alfred, Tay; Sophie, Octavia; Ruiting, Lan; Heung Kit Leslie, Chung; Stephen M, Riordan; Michael C, Grimm; Rupert W, Leong; Mark M, Tanaka (2018). "Genomic analysis of oral Campylobacter concisus strains identified a potential bacterial molecular marker associated with active Crohn's disease". Emerg Microbes Infect. 7 (1): 64. doi:10.1038/s41426-018-0065-6. PMC 5893538. PMID 29636463.
  17. ^ Fang, Liu; Siying, Chen; Laurence Don Wai, Luu; Seul A, Lee; Alfred Chin Yen, Tay; Ruochen, Wu; Stephen M, Riordan; Ruiting, Lan; Lu, Liu; Li, Zhang (2020). "Analysis of complete Campylobacter concisus genomes identifies genomospecies features, secretion systems and novel plasmids and their association with severe ulcerative colitis". Microbial Genomics. 6 (11). doi:10.1099/mgen.0.000457. PMC 7725323. PMID 33111662.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Campylobacter_concisus&oldid=1188115466"